Etymologie, Etimología, Étymologie, Etimologia, Etymology, (griech.) etymología, (lat.) etymologia, (esper.) etimologio
US Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika, Estados Unidos de América, États-Unis d'Amérique, Stati Uniti d'America, United States of America, (esper.) Unuigintaj Statoj de Ameriko
Philosophie, Filosofía, Philosophie, Filosofia, Philosophy, (esper.) filozofio

friesian
The Proceedings of the Friesian School

...
The essays at this site, addressing many philosophical, historical, scientific, religious, economic, legal, and political issues, range from the fully annotated and technical to more informal and discursive discussions, often originally written for undergraduate classes. Many items therefore should be intelligible to those not familiar with all the arcana of academic philosophy, or with academic philosophy at all. This is done deliberately, since the trend, by which philosophy has obscured and esotericized itself and mostly dropped out of popular and literate culture, should be resisted. Work of a similar range, with the appropriate philosophical orientation and grounding, is acceptable and desired.
...

History of Philosophy (92)

• Editorial Essays
• Index
• Western Philosophy
• Classical Languages [81.4K]
• Ancient Philosophy
• Greek Philosophy
• Hellenistic Philosophy
• Philosophy in Late Antiquity
• Mediaeval Philosophy
• Modern Philosophy
• Reviews
• Letters
• Eastern Philosophy
• Languages with more than 30,000,000 Speakers as of 2005 [81.4K]
• Classical Languages
• The Earliest Civilizations
• Indian Philosophy
• Chinese Philosophy
• Buddhist Philosophy
• Links
• Jacqueline I. Stone, Princeton University
• Contributed Essays
• Schopenhauer on Conscience as the Ground of Ethics, by Pedro Blas Gonzalez, 2010 [26.7K]
• Popper on the A Priori, by David Samra, 2009 [64.7K]
• Leonard Nelson's Program of a Scientific Philosophy, by Dr. Kay Herrmann, 2008 [11.0K]
• Kay Herrmann in Conversation with Rene Saran [11.8K]
• Nelsons Beweis der Unmöglichkeit der Erkenntnistheorie, Dr. Kay Herrmann, 2007 [14.9K]
• Nelson's Proof of the Impossibility of the Theory of Knowledge, Dr. Kay Herrmann, 2008 [9.3K]
• Camus' Hero of the Absurd, by Pedro Blas Gonzalez, 2005 [47.0K]
• Emptiness and the Institutional Suicide of Chinese Buddhism, by Neal Donner [39.1K]
• Maimonides on the Sabians, A Case of Constructive Disapproval, by Mark R. Sunwall [107.7K]
• Ayn Rand's Second "A": Is It Really Averroism?, by Mark Sunwall
• Metaphysics and the Question of Animal Intelligence in the Thought of Descartes, by Dennis W. Jowers [24.0K]
• Agana Belea and the Death of Socrates, by Harold Ravitch, Ph.D. [40.1K]
• Philosophy Web Search
• Hippias
• Pathways to Philosophy
• PhiloSophos Knowledge Base
• Western Philosophy
• Ancient Philosophy
• Greek Philosophy
• The Origin of Philosophy: The Attributes of Mythopoeic Thought [136.8K]
• The Origin of Philosophy: Why the Greeks?
• An Open Letter to David W. Tandy on Warriors into Traders, The Power of the Market in Early Greece, University of California Press, 1997 [5.6K]
• Historical Background to Greek Philosophy
• Dialects of Greek
• Mathematics & Music, after Pythagoras [29.3K]
• Triangular Numbers
• Pythagorean Triplets [38.0K]
• Parmenides of Elea and the Way of Truth
• Fragments of the Way of Truth
• The Greek Elements [71.2K]
• The Four Humors
• Religion and Humanism, The Sophists to Secular Humanism [40.6K]
• Relativism [22.4K]
• Comments on the Euthyphro [55.0K]
• Commentary on Plato's Apology of Socrates [212.8K]
• Socratic Ignorance in Democracy, the Free Market, and Science [26.1K]
• Democracy
• The Free Market
• Science
• Money in Plato's Apology of Socrates
• Women in the Apology
• Reponse to "The Death of Plato," by James V. Schall [The American Scholar, Summer 1996] published in The American Scholar, Autumn, 1996 [5.7K]
• Questions about Socrates
• Plato's Republic [35.6K]
• Machiavelli's View of Government
• The Ring of Gyges and Hollow Man
• Platonic and Archimedean Polyhedra [7.8K]
• Knowledge in Plato's Meno [29.9K]
• Aristotelian Syllogisms [6.3K]
• In Defense of Bramantip [15.6K]
• The Arch of Aristotelian Logic [2.8K]
• Hellenistic Philosophy
• Historical Background to Hellenistic Philosophy [191.3K]
• Hellenistic Philosophy
• Hellenistic Science
• Historical Background, Rome and Romania [436.7K]
• Late Antiquity
• Historical Background, Rome and Romania
• Philosophy in Late Antiquity
• Christological controversies
• Mediaeval Physics
• Mediaeval Philosophy
• Philosophy in Islâm [191.3K]
• Historical Background to Mediaeval Jewish & Islâmic Philosophy [260.6K]
• Historical Background to European Philosophy
• Successors to Rome [44.2K]
• The Periphery of Francia [68.7]
• Philosophy in the Christian High Middle Ages
• Mediaeval Science
• The Renaissance
• Mistra and Athos
• Machiavelli's View of Government
• Modern Philosophy
• The Beginning of Modern Science [49.9K]
• The "Sin" of Galileo [12.1K]
• René Descartes and the Meditations on First Philosophy
• The Linguistic Turn
• Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) [16.4K]
• John Locke (1632-1704) [72.1K]
• Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) [26.1K]
• The Clarke-Leibniz Debate (1715-1716) [34.6K]
• Philosophical Problems with Calculus [14.4K]
• Hume Shifts the Burden of Proof [23.8K]
• Confusions about Hume in Antony Flew
• Key Distinctions for Value Theories, and the Importance of Hume [48.7K]
• Smith's Law, Free Trade, and Free Immigration [42.3K]
• Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) [119.7K]
• Kant Index
• Analytic and Synthetic: Kant and the Problem of First Principles
• Kant's Transcenental Idealism
• The Crooked Timber of Humanity
• Intuition and Mysticism in Kantian Philosophy
• The Most Knowable and the Most Real
• Three Points in Kant's Theory of Space and Time [34.6K]
• Kant's First Antinomy, of Space and Time
• Kant's Astronomy
• Kantian Quantum Mechanics [22.8K]
• Modern Philosophy after Kant [3.6K]
• Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) [14.0K]
• G.W.F. Hegel (1770-1831) [39.7K]
• Robert Solomon's In the Spirit of Hegel, A Study of G.W.F. Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit
• Hegel's Dialectic
• Jakob Friedrich Fries (1773-1843) [16.4K]
• Non-Intuitive Immediate Knowledge, Ratio, Vol. XXIX, No. 2, December 1987 [51.7K]
• C. Edgar Goyette, Jr. (1917-1972) [2.2K]
• The Sources and Influence of the Kant-Friesian School [6.2K]
• The Principles of Friesian Philosophy [18.5K]
• The Kant-Friesian Theory of Religion and Religious Value [25.6K]
• A New Kant-Friesian System of Metaphysics [51.8K]
• Note on Tense and Aspect
• Note on Greek Tenses
• Meaning and the Problem of Universals, A Kant-Friesian Approach [51.9K]
• The New Friesian Theory of Religious Value [16.4K]
• Faith, Works, and Knowledge [18.3K]
• Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) [20.6K]
• Arthur Schopenhauer, On "the Professors of Philosophy"
• Schopenhauer on Conscience as the Ground of Ethics, by Pedro Blas Gonzalez [26.7K]
• The Marxist-Leninist Theory of History [23.0K]
• The Essential Anti-Communist Bibliography
• The Post-Modern Left
• Friederich Nietzsche (1844-1900) [62.6K]
• Aestheticism and Moral Aestheticism in Nietzsche's The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music
• Nietzsche and the Nazis, A Personal View by Stephen Hicks, Ph.D., DVD, Ockham's Razor Publishing, 2006 [21.5K]
• Rudolf Otto (1869-1937) [4.2K]
• Rudolf Otto in Rem B. Edwards' Reason and Religion [6.4K]
• Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) [10.0K]
• Psychological Types [30.0K]
• Gender Stereotypes and Sexual Archetypes [61.3K]
• Leonard Nelson (1882-1927) [11.6K]
• Leonard Nelson's Program of a Scientific Philosophy, by Dr. Kay Herrmann, 2008 [11.0K]
• Nelsons Beweis der Unmöglichkeit der Erkenntnistheorie, Dr. Kay Herrmann, 2007 [14.9K]
• Nelson's Proof of the Impossibility of the Theory of Knowledge, Dr. Kay Herrmann, 2008 [9.3K]
• The Impossibility of the Theory of "Knowledge," by Leonard Nelson [51.4K]
• The Socratic Method, by Leonard Nelson [110.2K]
• Note on Nelson's Axiomatic Diagrams
• Paul Branton (1916-1990) [1.6K]
• Kay Herrmann in Conversation with Rene Saran [11.8K]
• Existentialism [36.1K]
• Friederich Nietzsche (1844-1900) [62.6K]
• A Letter to Commentary, "Of Time and Being a Nazi," Tod Lindberg, March 2010, p. 62, with Tod Lindberg's response [10.2K]
• Foundationalism and Hermeneutics [29.4K]
• Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913)
• Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) [30.7K]
• Friedrich A. Hayek (1899-1992) [4.9K]
• Sir Karl Popper (1902-1994) [7.6K]
• Criticism of Karl Popper in Martin Gardner's Are Universes Thicker Than Blackberries?, W.W. Norton & Company, 2003 [22.6K]
• Criticism of Karl Popper in Anthony O'Hear's An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, Oxford University Press, 1989 [7.9K]
• Popper on the A Priori, by David Samra, 2009 [64.7K]
• Ayn Rand (1905-1982) [37.6K]
• The Essential Anti-Communist Bibliography
• Grete Henry's "The Significance of Behaviour Study for the Critique of Reason," Ratio, Volume XV, No. 2, December 1973 [4.4K + 3.17MB]
• C. Edgar Goyette, Jr. (1917-1972) [2.2K]
• Roy Beaumont (1916-1977) [9.1K]
• Mircea Eliade (1907-1986) [21.9K]
• Terms used in Mircea Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane [6.2K]
• Chicago Schools: Economics, Religion, Philosophy, & Law [4.8K]
• Reviews
• The Rediscovery of the Mind, John R. Searle, the MIT Press, Cambridge, 1992 [40.5K]
• Austrian Philosophy, the Legacy of Franz Brentano, Barry Smith, Open Court, 1994 [9.8K]
• Letters
• An Open Letter to David W. Tandy on Warriors into Traders, The Power of the Market in Early Greece, University of California Press, 1997 [5.6K]
• Reponse to "The Death of Plato," by James V. Schall [The American Scholar, Summer 1996] published in The American Scholar, Autumn, 1996 [5.7K]
• Eastern Philosophy
• Indian Philosophy
• "Knowing" Words in Indo-European Languages [34.3K]
• Greek, Sanskrit, and Closely Related Languages
• The Spread of Indo-European and Turkish Peoples off the Steppe [81.4K]
• Historical Background, Emperors of India [400.9K]
• The Fours Vedas and the Parts of the Vedas
• The Thirteen Principal Upanis.ads with their associated Vedas, Brâhman.as and Âran.yakas
• The Mân.d.ûkya Upanis.ad
• The Caste System and the Stages of Life in Hinduism [13.3K]
• The "Six Schools" of India [39.1K]
• Karma, the Problem of Evil in India [26.0K]
• The Indian & Buddhist Elements [71.2K]
• Comments on the Bhagavad Gita [57.2K]
• The Major and Minor Books of the Mahâbhârata and Synopsis
• The Devotionalistic Gods in Hinduism [25.7K]
• The 33 Gods of the Vedas
• Cycles of Time in Hinduism and Buddhism
• Excerpt from the Bhavis.ya Purân.a
• Violence, Non-Violence, and Progress in History [40.2K]
• Chinese Philosophy
• Historical Background to Chinese Philosophy [400.9K]
• Categories of Chinese Characters [77.7K]
• The Dialects of Chinese
• Examples of Dialect Differences Between Peking, Shanghai and, Canton
• Pronouncing Mandarin Initials
• Mandarin Finals and Syllables
• The Contrast between Classical and Modern Chinese
• The "Six Schools" of China [39.1K]
• The Chinese Elements and Associations [71.2K]
• Chinese Colors
• Fantasy Seven Element Theory
• Seven Lucky Gods of Japan
• Fantasy Elemental Dragons
• The Solar Terms and the Chinese Calendar [19.7K]
• The Chinese 60 Year Calendar Cycle
• The Occurrence of the Solar Terms 1995-2011
• Confucius [K'ung-fu-tzu or Kongfuzi] [31.5K]
• Chinese Virtues [44.9K]
• The Six Relationships and the Mandate of Heaven
• The Confucian Chinese Classics
• Key Passages in the Analects of Confucius [8.3K]
• Comments on the Tao Te Ching [24.5K]
• Sun Tzu and Flavius Vegetius Renatus
• Yin & Yáng and the I Ching [77.7K]
• Fantasy Factorial Hexagrams [16.3K]
• Zen and the Art of Divebombing, or The Dark Side of the Tao [81.7K]
• Buddhist Philosophy
• The Basic Teachings of Buddhism [105.3K]
• Basic Buddhist Philosophical Doctrines
• The Indian & Buddhist Elements [71.1K]
• Stages in the History of Buddhism
• Theravâda Buddhism
• Mahâyâna Buddhism
• Culmen Mundi
• Vajrayâna Buddhism
• The Final Dharma Age
• Historical Background to Japan [400.9K]
• The "Six Schools" of Japan [39.1K]
• Seven Lucky Gods of Japan
• Zen and the Art of Divebombing, or The Dark Side of the Tao [81.7K]
• Jacqueline I. Stone, Princeton University

Epistemology (30)

• Contributed Works
• Popper on the A Priori, by David Samra, 2009 [64.7K]
• Nelsons Beweis der Unmöglichkeit der Erkenntnistheorie, Dr. Kay Herrmann, 2007 [14.9K]
• Nelson's Proof of the Impossibility of the Theory of Knowledge, Dr. Kay Herrmann, 2008 [9.3K]
• Editorial Essays
• Knowledge [29.9K]
• Knowledge in Plato's Meno
• Hume Shifts the Burden of Proof [23.8K]
• Confusions about Hume in Antony Flew
• Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) [70.6K]
• Intuition and Mysticism in Kantian Philosophy
• Faith, Works, and Knowledge [18.3K]
• Analytic and Synthetic: Kant and the Problem of First Principles
• Jakob Friedrich Fries (1773-1843) [16.4K]
• Leonard Nelson (1882-1927) [11.6K]
• The Socratic Method, by Leonard Nelson [100.2K]
• Note on Nelson's Axiomatic Diagrams
• The Impossibility of the Theory of "Knowledge," by Leonard Nelson [51.4K]
• Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) [30.7K]
• Sir Karl Popper (1902-1994) [7.6K]
• Criticism of Karl Popper in Martin Gardner's Are Universes Thicker Than Blackberries?, W.W. Norton & Company, 2003 [22.6K]
• Criticism of Karl Popper in Anthony O'Hear's An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, Oxford University Press, 1989 [7.9K]
• The Foundations of Value, Part I, Logical Issues: Justification (quid facti), First Principles, and Socratic Method (after Plato, Aristotle, Hume, Kant, Fries, & Nelson) [57.9K]
• Socratic Ignorance in Democracy, the Free Market, and Science [26.1K]
• Foundationalism and Hermeneutics [26.1K]
• The Arch of Aristotelian Logic [2.8K]
• In Defense of Bramantip [15.6K]
• Aristotelian Syllogisms [6.3K]
• Necessary and Sufficient Conditions [31.1K]
• Informal Fallacies [9.1K]
• Forms of the Genetic Fallacy [6.6K]
• The Reasoning of Sherlock Holmes
• The Foundations of Value, Part II, Epistemological Issues: Justification (quid juris) and Non-Intuitive Immediate Knowledge (Kant, Fries, & Nelson)
• Non-Intuitive Immediate Knowledge, Ratio, Vol. XXIX, No. 2, December 1987 [51.7K]
• Grete Henry's "The Significance of Behaviour Study for the Critique of Reason," Ratio, Volume XV, No. 2, December 1973 [4.4K + 3.17MB]
• Two Philosophical Mistakes in Poincaré [13.4K]
• Book Reviews
• Sense, Reference, and Philosophy, Jerrold J. Katz, Oxford, 2004 [25.5K]
• Meaning and Naming in Michael Devitt and Kim Sterelny's Language and Reality, MIT Press, 1999 [23.2K]
• Words and Rules, The Ingredients of Language, Steven Pinker, Basic Books, 1999 [13.0K]
• Evidence and Inquiry, Towards Reconstruction in Epistemology, Susan Haack, Blackwell, 1993 [14.5K]
• Beyond Objectivism and Relativism: Science, Hermeneutics, and Praxis, Richard J. Bernstein, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983 [25.7K]
• Contributed Works
• Popper on the A Priori, by David Samra, 2009 [64.7K]
• Nelsons Beweis der Unmöglichkeit der Erkenntnistheorie, Dr. Kay Herrmann, 2007 [14.9K]
• Nelson's Proof of the Impossibility of the Theory of Knowledge, Dr. Kay Herrmann, 2008 [9.3K]
• Principles of Predicate Calculus, by Harold Ravitch, Ph.D. [0.5K]

Metaphysics (37)

• Editorial Essays
• A Lecture on the Good [44.4K]
• The Metaphysics of Nothing [21.7K]
• What Would God Be? -- with a natural history of the gods [42.2K]
• God as Love
• God after Kant [40.0K]
• Substance and Essence [21.8K]
• The Perfect Fallacy, a Bias in Classical Metaphysics [48.9K]
• A Metaphysic of the Forces of Nature in Multiple Dimensions [21.1K]
• Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) [105.3K]
• The Most Knowable and the Most Real
• Kant's Transcenental Idealism
• The Clarke-Leibniz Debate (1715-1716) [34.6K]
• Three Points in Kant's Theory of Space and Time
• Kant's First Antinomy, of Space and Time
• Kantian Quantum Mechanics [41.8K]
• Richard Feynman's Quantum Mechanics
• Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) [20.6K]
• A New Kant-Friesian System of Metaphysics [51.8K]
• Note on Tense and Aspect
• Note on Greek Tenses
• Childhood's End, the Mystery of Order [29.7K]
• Cause and Purpose, The World Turned Inside Out [33.3K]
• Free Will
• The Foundations of Value, Part III, Metaphysical Issues: The Theory of the Good [57.9K]
• Ontological Undecidability [63.0K]
• §1. Introduction
• §2. On Method
• §3. Kant's Ontological Undecidability
• §4. The Problem of Knowledge
• §5. The Conflict of Fundamental Beliefs
• §6. Epistemological Priority and Intentionality
• §7. Ontological Undecidability
• §8. The Two Perspectives of Undecidable Ontology
• §9. Hallucination and Truth
• §10. Conclusion
• Meaning and the Problem of Universals, A Kant-Friesian Approach [51.9K]
• Note on Nelson's Axiomatic Diagrams
• Meaning and Naming in Michael Devitt and Kim Sterelny's Language and Reality, MIT Press, 1999 [23.2K]
• What Would God Be? -- with a natural history of the gods [42.2K]
• God as Love
• Thought Experiments on the Soul [44.3K]
• The "Need to Know" and the Meaning of Life [22.2K]
• The Emotions [16.9K]
• The Ontology and Cosmology of Non-Euclidean Geometry [43.4K]
• §1. Introduction
• §2. Curved Space and Non-Euclidean Geometry
• §3. Geometry in Einstein's Theory of Relativity
• §4. Conclusion
• §5. Postscript, 1999
• Note on the Metaphysic of Space [41.8K]
• Time Travel Paradoxes [7.0K]
• Imaginary Numbers [15.0K]
• Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) [16.4K]
• Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) [26.1K]
• Reviews
• Sense, Reference, and Philosophy, Jerrold J. Katz, Oxford, 2004 [25.5K]
• Meaning and Naming in Michael Devitt and Kim Sterelny's Language and Reality, MIT Press, 1999 [0.0K]
• The Rediscovery of the Mind, John R. Searle, the MIT Press, Cambridge, 1992 [40.5K]
• The Metaphysics of Meaning, Jerrold J. Katz, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1990 [13.9K]
• Contributed Essays
• Metaphysics and the Question of Animal Intelligence in the Thought of Descartes, by Dennis W. Jowers [24.0K]

Philosophy of Science (65)

• Editorial Essays
• A Summary of Modern Cosmology [57.5K]
• Childhood's End, the Mystery of Order [33.9K]
• All Living Things, in Seven Kingdoms [124.8K]
• Creationism & Darwinism, Politics & Economics [26.3K]
• Scientific Naturalism and Intelligent Design [32.1K]
• Socratic Ignorance in Science [67.2K]
• The "Sin" of Galileo [12.1K]
• The Elements and Variety of the Sciences [20.1K]
• Sir Karl Popper (1902-1994) [7.6K]
• Criticism of Karl Popper in Martin Gardner's Are Universes Thicker Than Blackberries? [22.6K]
• Criticism of Karl Popper in Anthony O'Hear's An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science [7.9K]
• Popper on the A Priori, by David Samra, 2009 [64.7K]
• Exchange with Mark Notturo on Popper and Hayek [111.9K]
• History of Science
• The Greek Elements [81.5K]
• The Four Humors
• The Indian & Buddhist Elements
• The Chinese Elements and Associations
• Chinese Colors
• Fantasy Seven Element Theory
• Hellenistic Science [192.2K]
• Late Antiquity, Mediaeval Physics
• High Middle Ages, Mediaeval Science
• The Beginning of Modern Science [49.9K]
• Geology & Astronomy
• Plutonic and Volcanic Rocks [18.8K]
• Time in Powers of Ten [11.1K]
• The Pulse of the Earth, Orogenies & Transgressions [10.1K]
• Human Evolution [30.2K]
• The 212 Galaxies of the Coma-Sculptor Cloud [244.2K]
• If a Millimeter Were a Year/Light-Year [46.6K]
• Comparison of Cosmological Distances with Historical, Paleontological, and Geological Time, as of 1993 [27.6K]
• All Living Things, in Seven Kingdoms [124.8K]
• Meteorology
• S. Fred Singer and Dennis T. Avery, Unstoppable Global Warming, Every 1,500 Years, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007 [50.8K]
• The Beaufort Wind Force Scale, The Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale, & the Fujita Scale of Tornado Intensity [35.9K]
• Clouds
• Note on Dew Point
• Snow, Sleet, Ice, and Rain
• Mathematics
• The Continued Fraction for Pi
• Imaginary Numbers [42.8K]
• Imaginary Powers of Euler's or Napier's Constant
• Philosophical Problems with Calculus [34.2K]
• Zero Divided by Zero [5.2]
• Exchange with Correspondent on Calculus and Imaginary Numbers [52.0K]
• Pythagorean Triplets [38.0K]
• Mathematics & Music, after Pythagoras [29.3K]
• Triangular Numbers
• Fantasy Factorial Hexagrams [16.3K]
• Duodecimal Counting
• Some Properties of Conic Sections [37.5K]
• Space and Time
• A Summary of Modern Cosmology [57.5K]
• Euclid's Axioms and Postulates [34.6K]
• Hilbert's Axioms of Geometry
• Platonic and Archimedean Polyhedra [7.8K]
• The Clarke-Leibniz Debate (1715-1716)
• Three Points in Kant's Theory of Space and Time
• Kant's First Antinomy, of Space and Time
• Kant's Astronomy [119.7K]
• Note on the Metaphysic of Space [41.8K]
• The Ontology and Cosmology of Non-Euclidean Geometry [43.4K]
• §1. Introduction
• §2. Curved Space and Non-Euclidean Geometry
• §3. Geometry in Einstein's Theory of Relativity
• §4. Conclusion
• §5. Postscript, 1999
• Time Travel Paradoxes [7.0K]
• Physics
• A Metaphysic of the Forces of Nature in Multiple Dimensions [21.1K]
• Relativity and the Separation Formula [40.6K]
• Historic Equations in Physics and Astronomy
• Units of Measurement
• Physical Constants
• Einstein's Equivalence Principle
• The Quantacized Atom [52.8K]
• Kantian Quantum Mechanics [41.8K]
• Richard Feynman's Quantum Mechanics
• The Sub-Atomic Zoo [18.1K]
• The Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Periodic Table of the Elements [65.6K]
• The Emperor's New Mind, Roger Penrose, Oxford University Press, 1990 [14.6K]
• Childhood's End, the Mystery of Order [29.7K]
• Coordinated Flight [13.0K]
• Linguistics
• Languages with more than 30,000,000 Speakers as of 2005 [81.4K]
• Classical Languages
• The Franco-Provençal Language
• The Semitic and Other Afroasiatic Languages [30.2K]
• The Pronunciation of Ancient Egyptian [28.7K]
• The Spread of Indo-European and Turkish Peoples off the Steppe [81.4K]
• "Knowing" Words in Indo-European Languages [34.3K]
• Greek, Sanskrit, and Closely Related Languages
• Dialects of Greek [60.4K]
• The Pronunciation of Greek
• Tense and Aspect in Greek [51.8K]
• Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) [29.4K]
• The Celtic Languages [33.7K]
• The Germanic Languages [117.1K]
• The Great English Vowel Shift
• Tense and Aspect, Expressed in English
• The Slavic Languages [95.6K]
• The Altaic and Uralic Languages [160.0K]
• The Austronesian and Polynesian Languages [36.2K]
• How to Pronounce "Hawai'i"
• A Syllabary for Hawaiian
• The Dialects of Chinese
• Examples of Dialect Differences Between Peking, Shanghai and, Canton
• Pronouncing Mandarin Initials
• Mandarin Finals and Syllables
• The Contrast between Classical and Modern Chinese
• Words and Rules, The Ingredients of Language, Steven Pinker Basic Books, 1999 [13.0K]
• Genetic Distance and Language Affinities Between Autochthonous Human Populations [30.2K]
• Human Evolution
• Linguistic Relativism
• Calendars
• The Century and the Millennium; Cardinalists vs. Ordinalists [43.1K]
• Julian Day Numbers for dates on the Gregorian and Julian Calendars [14.8K]
• The Solar Terms and the Chinese Calendar [21.7K]
• The Chinese 60 Year Calendar Cycle
• The Occurrence of the Solar Terms 1995-2011
• Chronology and Julian Day Numbers for the Egyptian XII Dynasty [20.1K]
• The Egyptian Calendar
• The Babylonian Calendar [109.9K]
• The Jewish and Moslem Calendars with the Era of Nabonassar
• The Jewish Calendar
• The Jewish Eras of the World
• Islâmic Dates with Julian Day Numbers
• A Modern Luni-Solar Calendar
• The Determination of Easter [34.3K]
• The Greek Orthodox and Soviet Calendar Reforms [95.6K]
• Iranian Calendars
• The Calendar in India
• Cycles of Time in Hinduism and Buddhism [25.7K]
• The Mayan Calendar [86.7K]
• The French Revolutionary Calendar
• The Days of the Week [15.6K]
• Fantasy Seven Element Theory [81.5K]
• David Ewing Duncan's Calendar [Avon, 1998]
• Book Reviews
• S. Fred Singer and Dennis T. Avery, Unstoppable Global Warming, Every 1,500 Years, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007 [50.8K]
• Michael Crichton, State of Fear, HarperCollins, 2004
• Words and Rules, The Ingredients of Language, Steven Pinker, Basic Books, 1999 [13.0K]
• Richard Feynman, A Life in Science, John Gribbin and Mary Gribbin, Dutton, Penguin Books, 1997 [17.1K]
• The Emperor's New Mind, Roger Penrose, Oxford University Press, 1990 [14.6K]
• Criticism of Karl Popper in Martin Gardner's Are Universes Thicker Than Blackberries?, W.W. Norton & Company, 2003 [22.6K]
• Criticism of Karl Popper in Anthony O'Hear's An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, Oxford University Press, 1989 [7.9K]
• The Great Devonian Controversy: The Shaping of Scientific Knowledge among Gentlemanly Specialists, Martin J. S. Rudwick, University of Chicago Press, 1985 [13.4K]
• Letters
• Letter Replying to: "U.S. Workers and the Law," Rodger Doyle, "News Scan," Scientific American, August 2001, p.24; published December 2001 [3.9K]
• Contributed Works
• Popper on the A Priori, by David Samra, 2009 [64.7K]

Value Theory (20)

• Editorial Essays
• A Lecture on the Good [44.4K]
• The Foundations of Value, Part I, Logical Issues: Justification (quid facti), First Principles, and Socratic Method (after Plato, Aristotle, Hume, Kant, Fries, & Nelson) [57.9K]
• The Foundations of Value, Part II, Epistemological Issues: Justification (quid juris) and Non-Intuitive Immediate Knowledge (Kant, Fries, & Nelson)
• The Foundations of Value, Part III, Metaphysical Issues: The Theory of the Good
• A New Kant-Friesian System of Metaphysics [21.4K]
• The Polynomic Theory of Value [10.9K]
• Six Domains of the Polynomic System of Value [7.0K]
• The Fallacies of Moralism and Moral Aestheticism [32.9K]
• The Fallacy of Moralism
• Anaesthesia and Anhedonia
• Religious and Political Moralism
• Anaesthetic Feminism
• Morality, Justice, and Judicial Moralism [37.4K]
• Varieties of Moralism [1.0K + 84.1K]
• Moralism in Panayot Butchvarov's Skepticism in Ethics [10.9K]
• The Fallacy of Moral Aestheticism
• Varieties of Moral Aestheticism [13.7K]
• The Fallacy of Moralistic Relativism
• Exchange with Ted Keller on Relativism and Marxism [69.2K]
• Logical Relationships of Moralism and Moral Aestheticism
• The Fallacies of Egoism and Altruism, and the Fundamental Principle of Morality [38.8K]
• Non-Contractual Duties of Commission and Privileges of Necessity
• Capitalism, the Free Market, and the Duties of Property and Contract [30.8K]
• "Justly Discredited," Trade, Moneylending, & Capital [26.9K]
• The Kant-Friesian Theory of Religion and Religious Value [29.1K]
• The New Friesian Theory of Religious Value [13.6K]
• Religious Value and the Antinomies of Transcendence [16.1K]
• Shame, Beauty, and the Ambivalence of the Flesh [12.6K]
• Zen and the Art of Divebombing, or The Dark Side of the Tao [67.4K]

Ethics (42)

• Editorial Essays
• A Lecture on the Good [44.4K]
• Prudence, Goodness, and Wisdom [65.8K]
• The Morality of Laughter, by F.H. Buckley, University of Michigan Press, 2003
• Note on Tears
• The Value Structure of Action [44.9K]
• The Generalized Structure of Ethical Dilemmas [23.0K]
• Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) [14.0K]
• Confucius [K'ung-fu-tzu or Kongfuzi] [31.5.9K]
• Chinese Virtues
• Some Moral Dilemmas [13.6K]
• Machiavelli and the Moral Dilemma of Statecraft [36.3K]
• The Seven Sins and Virtues
• Key Distinctions for Value Theories, and the Importance of Hume
• Relativism [22.4K]
• Socratic Situationism [2.1K]
• The Polynomic Theory of Value [29.2K]
• Six Domains of the Polynomic System of Value [8.5K]
• The "Need to Know" and the Meaning of Life [22.2K]
• The Emotions [16.9K]
• Free Will [33.3K]
• The Fallacies of Moralism and Moral Aestheticism [48.5K]
• The Fallacy of Moralism
• Anaesthesia and Anhedonia
• The Erotic as an Aesthetic Category [40.6K]
• The Girl in a Dress
• Religious and Political Moralism
• Anaesthetic Feminism
• Morality, Justice, and Judicial Moralism [53.8K]
• Judicial Moralism of Belief
• Judicial Moralism of Feeling
• Varieties of Moralism [1.0K + 84.1K]
• Moralism in Panayot Butchvarov's Skepticism in Ethics [10.9K]
• "Justly Discredited," Trade, Moneylending, & Capital [26.9K]
• The Fallacy of Moral Aestheticism
• Aestheticism and Moral Aestheticism in Nietzsche's The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music
• Varieties of Moral Aestheticism [38.2K]
• Friederich Nietzsche (1844-1900) [41.1K]
• Existentialism [36.1K]
• Zen and the Art of Divebombing, or The Dark Side of the Tao [77.3K]
• The Fallacy of Moralistic Relativism
• Exchange with Ted Keller on Relativism and Marxism [69.2K]
• Logical Relationships of Moralism and Moral Aestheticism
• The Fallacies of Egoism and Altruism, and the Fundamental Principle of Morality [44.3K]
• Rights of Sentient and Insentient Beings
• Non-Contractual Duties of Commission and Privileges of Necessity
• Rights, Responsibilities, and Communitarianism [21.8K]
• The Bill of No Rights
• Rent-Seeking, Public Choice, and The Prisoner's Dilemma [43.8K]
• Rent-Seeking
• Public Choice Theory
• The "Prisoner's Dilemma"
• Positive, Negative and Zero Sum Games
• John Nash
• Ethnic Prejudice, Stereotypes, Discrimination, and the Free Market [27.1K]
• Racism [47.4K]
• Religious Morality and Discrimination [22.3K]
• Psychological Types [30.0K]
• Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) [10.0K]
• Individualism
• Critique of Feminism
• Feminism [52.8K]
• Note on Gender
• Gender Stereotypes and Sexual Archetypes [61.8K]
• Against the Theory of "Sexist Language" [21.8K]
• Women in the Apology
• Pornography [4.6K, 29.2K]
• The Erotic as an Aesthetic Category [22.2K]
• Abortion [26.6K]
• Reviews
• Bisexual Romance: Kissing Jessica Stein, Fox Searchlight Pictures, 2001 [35.6K]
• The War Against Boys, How Misguided Feminism is Harming Our Young Men, Christina Hoff Sommers, Simon & Schuster, 2000 [20.8K]
• Letters
• Defense of Christina Hoff Sommers published in The Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association, 66:7 [6.9K]
• Letter in defense of Christina Hoff Sommers sent to the Los Angeles Times [6.4K]
• What Blackstone Says About Domestic Punishment
• Reviews
• The Morality of Laughter, by F.H. Buckley, University of Michigan Press, 2003 [46.3K]
• Moralism in Panayot Butchvarov's Skepticism in Ethics [10.9K]
• Contributed Essays
• Schopenhauer on Conscience as the Ground of Ethics, by Pedro Blas Gonzalez [26.7K]
• Politics and the Ideals of Culture, by Tudor B. Munteanu [29.3K]

Political Economy (80)

• Contributed Essay
• Jean François Revel and Anti-Americanism [50.4K]
• Editorial Essays
• Economics & Politics
• Say's Law and Supply Side Economics [87.5K]
• Summary
• The Catastrophe of Public Education [21.7K]
• That Hideous Strength: Satan is a Democrat, It is the Blue States that are Red, & The Evil Empire Stikes Back [100.1K]
• The Liberterians
• The Republicans
• Republican Developments in 2010
• The Democrats
• Jury Nullification and the Rule of Law [28.3K]
• Anti-American Americans [29.7K]
• Racism [47.4K]
• The Age of Reagan, 1980-2008 [22.1K]
• "Justly Discredited," Trade, Moneylending, & Capital [32.6K]
• Cargo Cult Economics
• Individualism
• The Practical Rules of Bureaucracy [21.1K]
• Essential Truths of Corporate Business [26.2K]
• Taken, 2009 [14.1K]
• Koyaanisqatsi and the "Qatsi" Trilogy [28.1K]
• The Crooked Timber of Humanity [97.3K]
• The State of Nature and Other Political Thought Experiments [54.2K]
• The "Monopoly of Force" and Mala Prohibita
• John Locke (1632-1704) [72.1K]
• Smith's Law, Free Trade, and Free Immigration [42.3K]
• The Paternal State, the Liberal State, and the Welfare State [28.3K]
• Friedrich A. Hayek (1899-1992) [4.9K]
• Exchange with Mark Notturo on Popper and Hayek [111.9K]
• Rent-Seeking, Public Choice, and The Prisoner's Dilemma [43.8K]
• Rent-Seeking
• Public Choice Theory
• The "Prisoner's Dilemma"
• Positive, Negative and Zero Sum Games
• John Nash
• Capitalism, the Free Market, and the Duties of Property and Contract [64.2K]
• "Justly Discredited," Trade, Moneylending, & Capital [26.9K]
• Cargo Cult Economics
• Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) [14.0K]
• The Astors
• The Vanderbilts [107.9K]
• The Rockefellers
• The Hearsts
• The Fords
• The Hiltons [7.3K]
• Creationism & Darwinism, Politics & Economics [26.3K]
• Business, Government, & Freedom of Association [26.2]
• The Marxist-Leninist Theory of History [96.5K]
• The Essential Anti-Communist Bibliography [37.6K]
• The Post-Modern Left
• Racism [47.4K]
• Islâmic Fascism and Satyagraha in Palestine [35.2]
• Politics
• Machiavelli and the Moral Dilemma of Statecraft [36.3K]
• Human Nature, Anarchy, and Capitalism [19.0K]
• Positive & Negative Liberties in Three Dimensions [40.2K]
• Liberties in Two Dimensions
• The "Instant" Quiz
• The Times of London Poll
• The Rasmussen Poll
• The Supreme Court
• Liberties in Three Dimensions
• Conservatism, History, and Progress [26.9K]
• Violence, Non-Violence, and Progress in History [40.2K]
• Rights, Responsibilities, and Communitarianism [21.8K]
• The Bill of No Rights
• In Praise of Apathy [10.4K]
• The Great Republic: Presidents and States of the United States, and Comments on American History [211.4K]
• Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
• The Old Republic, 1789-1861
• The Star-Spangled Banner [40.2K]
• Governors of New Mexico [149.4K]
• California [79.0K]
• Little Lake, CA [8.6K]
• Sequoia
• Sam Houston & Texas
• Elisabet Ney
• The Astors [64.2K]
• The Vanderbilts [107.9K]
• The Middle Republic, 1861-1933
• Emancipating Slaves, Enslaving Free Men, A History of the American Civil War, Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, Open Court, 1996 [27.2K]
• I am a Union man [52.3K]
• John Brown's Body and The Battle Hymn of the Republic [40.2K]
• Marching Through Georgia [15.2K]
• American Colonial Possessions
• The Kings of Hawai'i [36.2K]
• How to Pronounce "Hawai'i"
• A Syllabary for Hawaiian
• The Rockefellers [64.2K]
• The Hearsts
• The Fords
• The Roosevelts & Delanos
• The Application of the Word "Yankee"
• The New Republic, 1933-2005?
• Six Kinds of United States Paper Currency [48.7K]
• American Dollars
• Statistics on Inflation, 1946-1997
• The Grand Army of the Republic Highway [38.0K]
• Alpine County and Equal Representation [26.2K]
• The Hiltons [7.3K]
• The Kennedies [60.7K]
• The Bushes [79.0K]
• The Next Republic, 2005?-?
• Plato's Republic [35.6K]
• Machiavelli's View of Government
• Islâmic Fascism and Satyagraha in Palestine [33.1K]
• Law
• A Modest Proposal: Separation of Lawyers and Politics [4.3K]
• Two Logical Errors in Constitutional Jurisprudence [27.4K]
• The Fiction and Tyranny of "Administrative Law" [15.6K]
• The Corruption of Civil Rights and Civil Law [60.7K]
• Note on Civil Society
• Note on Alan Dershowitz
• Varieties of Civil/Social Rights [26.2K]
• Alpine County and Equal Representation
• Jury Nullification and the Rule of Law [28.3K]
• Judge Dread -- Note on Robert Bork
• An Oath for Jurors [3.8K]
• On the Powers and Duties of Juries [6.9K]
• Economics
• Essential Truths of Corporate Business [13.5K]
• Money, Value, and Monetary History [33.4K]
• Statistics on Inflation, 1946-1997
• A Simple Deflator
• Money in Plato's Apology of Socrates
• Discussion of Wages
• Six Kinds of United States Paper Currency [48.7K]
• American Dollars
• British Coins before the Florin, Compared to French Coins of the Ancien Régime [57.1K]
• The Bank of England
• British Coinage of India, 1835-1947
• Historical Statistics and Analysis on Employment, Poverty, Urbanization, etc., in the United States [30.7K]
• Chart of Federal Budget Surpluses & Deficits, 1946-1998 [14.5K]
• Reviews
• Taken, 2009 [14.1K]
• Koyaanisqatsi and the "Qatsi" Trilogy [28.1K]
• Michael Steinberg, The Fiction of a Thinkable World,
• Body, Meaning, and the Culture of Capitalism, Monthly Review Press, 2005 [16.4K]
(E?)(L?) http://www.friesian.com/econ.htm

• When I Was a Kid, This Was a Free Country, G. Gordon Liddy, Regnery Publishing, Inc., 2002 [20.1K]
• The Future and Its Enemies, The Growing Conflict over Creativity, Enterprise, and Progress, Virginia Postrel, Free Press, 1998 [65.5K]
• The Natural Law, a Study in Legal and Social History and Philosophy, Heinrich A. Rommen, Liberty Fund, Indianapolis, 1998 [20.4K]
• American Sphinx, The Character of Thomas Jefferson, Joseph J. Ellis, Alfred A. Knopf, 1997 [18.8K]
• Emancipating Slaves, Enslaving Free Men, A History of the American Civil War, Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, Open Court, 1996 [27.2K]
• Quotes
• On Politics and Government [35.4K]
• On the Powers and Duties of Juries [6.9K]
• Humor
• Who Reads the Newspapers [2.3K]
• A Modest Proposal: The Restoration of Slavery [15.7K]
• A Modest Proposal: Second Class Citizenship
• A Short Guide to Comparative Government [4.8K]
• Letters
• A Letter to The UCLA Foundation, UCLA Fund [2.3K]
• Letter Replying to: "U.S. Workers and the Law," Rodger Doyle, "News Scan," Scientific American, August 2001, p.24; published December 2001 [3.9K]
• Reply to a column, Commentary: "U.S. Won't Let Japan Inc. Get Moving Again," Chalmers Johnson, Wednesday, in the Los Angeles Times, Wednesday, March 21, 2001 [2.0K]
• Reply to a column, Opinion, The State: "A Multiracial and Multilingual Progressivism Is Born in L.A.," Peter Dreier and Robert Gottlieb, in the Los Angeles Times, Sunday, March 11, 2001; published Thursday, March 15, 2001 [2.0K]
• An Open Letter to Judge George H. King, United States District Court, on the Death of Peter McWilliams [3.2K]
• Reply to a story, "Judge Denies AIDS Patient's Request for Marijuana," Los Angeles Times, A18, Wednesday, March 10, 1999; published Tuesday, March 16, 1999 [2.1K]
• Reply to a story, "GOP Holds Fast Against Pressure to Slash Taxes," Janet Hook, Los Angeles Times, Monday, March 30, 1998 [3.4K]
• Reply to a column, "Asia Fights the Virus of the Capitalism Culture," by William Pfaff, in the Los Angeles Times, Monday, December 1, 1997 [3.6K]
• An Open Letter to David W. Tandy on Warriors into Traders, The Power of the Market in Early Greece, University of California Press, 1997 [5.6K]
• Defense of John Stuart Mill against Gertrude Himmelfarb published in The American Scholar
• Reply to a Review by Jedediah S. Purdy of The End of Work, by Jeremy Rifkin [G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1995], in the April 1995 Perspective, Harvard-Radcliffe's Liberal Monthly.
• Reply to a column, "A Warning From a Consummate Player," by Robert Kuttner, in the Los Angeles Times, Monday, January 27, 1997
• Reply to a column, "War-rocked Congo could be wealthy leader for Africa," Kevin Danaher, in the Los Angeles Daily News, Thursday, June 5, 1997; published Friday, June 6, 1997
• Contributed Essays
• Jean François Revel and Anti-Americanism [50.4K]
• Mysticism and the Idea of Freedom: A Libertarian View, by Neal Donner, Ph.D. [91.1K]
• Politics and the Ideals of Culture, by Tudor B. Munteanu [29.3K]

Philosophy of Religion (51)

• Links
• Jacqueline I. Stone, Princeton University
• Editorial Essays
• God after Kant [40.0K]
• What Would God Be? -- with a natural history of the gods [56.5K]
• God as Love
• The gods of Euripides
• Religion and Humanism, The Sophists to Secular Humanism [57.0K]
• Why I am not a Christian
• Bertrand Russell's "Why I Am Not a Christian"
• The Kant-Friesian Theory of Religion and Religious Value [29.1K]
• Intuition and Mysticism in Kantian Philosophy [70.6K]
• Jakob Friedrich Fries (1773-1843) [16.4K]
• Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) [20.6K]
• Rudolf Otto (1869-1937) [4.2K]
• Rudolf Otto in Rem B. Edwards' Reason and Religion [7.9K]
• Mircea Eliade (1907-1986) [19.9K]
• Terms used in Mircea Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane [6.2K]
• The New Friesian Theory of Religious Value [25.6K]
• Scientific Naturalism and Intelligent Design [8.2K]
• Childhood's End, the Mystery of Order [29.7K]
• Thought Experiments on the Soul [44.3K]
• The Egyptian Soul
• The Metaphysics of Nothing [21.7K]
• Faith, Works, and Knowledge [18.3K]
• The "Need to Know" and the Meaning of Life [22.2K]
• Cause and Purpose, The World Turned Inside Out [17.5K]
• Myth, Religion, and Philosophy [7.9K]
• Religious Value and the Antinomies of Transcendence [16.1K]
• Shame, Beauty, and the Ambivalence of the Flesh [12.6K]
• Pornography [4.6K, 29.2K]
• Religious Morality and Discrimination [22.3K]
• Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) [16.4K]
• Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) [26.1K]
• Existentialism [36.1K]
• Egyptian Royal Tombs of the New Kingdom [49.5K]
• Judaism
• Kings of Israel and Judah
• Hasmonean & Herodian Judaea
• The State of Israel
• The Jewish Calendar
• The Jewish Eras of the World
• The Jewish and Moslem Calendars with the Era of Nabonassar
• Christianity
• Why I am not a Christian [57.0K]
• Bertrand Russell's "Why I Am Not a Christian"
• The Determination of Easter [34.3K]
• Faith, Works, and Knowledge [18.3K]
• Elaine Pagels, The Gnostic Gospels, Vintage Books, 1979, 1989, and Beyond Belief, the Secret Gospel of Thomas, Random House, 2003 [46.6K]
• The Passion of the Christ: A Response to Critics, 2004 [14.8K]
• The Bishops of Rome, the Popes, 42 AD-present [328.4K]
• Patriarchal Index
• Bishops of Rome and Popes
• Patriarchs of Aquileia, Grado, and Venice [15.7K]
• Archbishops of Milan [123.9K]
• Archbishop-Electors of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne
• Prince-Bishops of Liège [144.4K]
• Archbishops of Salzburg
• Patriarchs of Constantinople
• Primates of Russia, Metropolitans & Patriarchs of Kiev & Moscow [12.2K]
• Latin Patriarchs of Constantinople
• Armenian Patriarchs of Constantinople
• Coptic Patriarchs of Alexandria
• Melkite Patriarchs of Alexandria
• Latin Patriarchs of Alexandria
• Coptic Catholic Patriarchs of Alexandria
• Primates & Patriarchs of Ethiopia [25.0K]
• Patriarchs of Antioch
• Syrian Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch
• Maronite Patriarchs of Lebanon
• Latin Patriarchs of Antioch
• Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarchs of Antioch, Jerusalem, & Alexandria
• Syriac Catholic Patriarchs of Antioch
• Patriarchs of Jerusalem
• Armenian Patriarchs of Jerusalem
• Latin Patriarchs of Jerusalem
• Jerusalem in Sacred Geography
• Purgatory
• Patriarchs of Armenia
• Patriarchs of the Great House of Cilicia
• Patriarchs of the East
• Zoroastrianism
• Zoroastrianism under the Achaemenids [136.8K]
• The Zoroastrian Immortals and Elements
• Zoroastrianism under the Sassanids [38.9K]
• Islam
• Islam, 622 AD-present [263.9K]
• "Islamophobia"
• Islâmic Fascism and Satyagraha in Palestine [33.1K]
• Hinduism
• The Fours Vedas and the Parts of the Vedas [92.7K]
• The Thirteen Principal Upanis.ads with their associated Vedas, Brâhman.as and Âran.yakas
• The Mân.d.ûkya Upanis.ad
• The Caste System and the Stages of Life in Hinduism [10.4K]
• The "Six Schools" of India [22.2K]
• Karma, the Problem of Evil in India [26.0K]
• Comments on the Bhagavad Gita
• The Major and Minor Books of the Mahâbhârata and Synopsis [44.7K]
• The Devotionalistic Gods in Hinduism [25.7K]
• The 33 Gods of the Vedas
• Cycles of Time in Hinduism and Buddhism
• Excerpt from the Bhavis.ya Purân.a
• Violence, Non-Violence, and Progress in History [40.2K]
• The Calendar in India [109.9K]
• Buddhism
• The Basic Teachings of Buddhism [105.0K]
• Basic Buddhist Philosophical Doctrines
• Stages in the History of Buddhism
• Theravâda Buddhism
• Mahâyâna Buddhism
• Vajrayâna Buddhism
• The Final Dharma Age
• The Seven Lucky Gods of Japan [59.0K]
• The "Six Schools" of Japan [27.8K]
• Zen and the Art of Divebombing, or The Dark Side of the Tao [81.7K]
• Jacqueline I. Stone, Princeton University
• Calendars
• The Century and the Millennium; Cardinalists vs. Ordinalists [43.1K]
• The Days of the Week [15.6K]
• David Ewing Duncan's Calendar [Avon, 1998]
• The Determination of Easter [34.3K]
• The Greek Orthodox and Soviet Calendar Reforms [41.4K]
• Chronology and Julian Day Numbers for the Egyptian XII Dynasty [20.1K]
• The Egyptian Calendar
• The Babylonian Calendar [109.9K]
• The Jewish and Moslem Calendars with the Era of Nabonassar
• Islâmic Dates with Julian Day Numbers
• The Jewish Calendar
• The Jewish Eras of the World
• The Solar Terms and the Chinese Calendar [21.7K]
• The Chinese 60 Year Calendar Cycle
• The Occurrence of the Solar Terms 1995-2011
• The Calendar in India
• Cycles of Time in Hinduism and Buddhism [25.7K]
• Iranian Calendars
• The Mayan Calendar [86.7K]
• Julian Day Numbers for dates on the Gregorian and Julian Calendars [14.8K]
• Reviews
• Bertrand Russell's "Why I Am Not a Christian," Why I Am Not a Christian and other essays on religion and related subjects, edited by Paul Edwards, A Touchstone Book, George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1957 [57.0K]
• Elaine Pagels, The Gnostic Gospels, Vintage Books, 1979, 1989, and Beyond Belief, the Secret Gospel of Thomas, Random House, 2003 [46.6K]
• The Passion of the Christ: A Response to Critics, 2004 [14.8K]
• Humor
• A Short Guide to Comparative Religions [2.9K]
• Contributed Essays
• Emptiness and the Institutional Suicide of Chinese Buddhism, by Neal Donner [39.1K]
• Mysticism and the Idea of Freedom: A Libertarian View, by Neal Donner, Ph.D. [91.1K]

Philosophy of History

• Essays
• Decadence, Rome and Romania, and the Emperors Who Weren't [193.3K]
• Decadence
• Rome and Romania
• The Emperors Who Weren't
• Summary
• Egyptian Royal Tombs of the New Kingdom [49.5K]
• The Egyptian Soul [44.3K]
• The Pronunciation of Ancient Egyptian [28.7K]
• The Semitic and Other Afroasiatic Languages [24.8K]
• The Sun Never Set on the British Empire [138.2K]
• The Fragility of Thalassocracy, Pericles to Heinlein [29.3K]
• The Vlach Connection, and Further Reflections on Roman History [54.5K]
• The Vlach Connection
• Taxes and Survival
• The Romanian Sui
• The Islamic Tide
• The True Dark Age
• Catholic and Orthodox
• The Crooked Timber of Humanity [97.3K]
• Conservatism, History, and Progress [26.7K]
• Violence, Non-Violence, and Progress in History [40.2K]
• The Great Republic: Presidents and States of the United States, and Comments on American History [211.4K]
• Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
• The Old Republic, 1789-1861
• The Star-Spangled Banner [40.2K]
• Governors of New Mexico [149.4K]
• California [79.0K]
• Little Lake, CA [8.6K]
• Sequoia
• Sam Houston & Texas
• Elisabet Ney
• The Astors [64.2K]
• The Vanderbilts [133.0K]
• The Middle Republic, 1861-1933
• John Brown's Body and The Battle Hymn of the Republic [40.1K]
• Marching Through Georgia [15.2K]
• American Colonial Possessions
• The Kings of Hawai'i [36.2K]
• How to Pronounce "Hawai'i"
• A Syllabary for Hawaiian
• United States Battleships and Other Ships Named After States [119.6K]
• The Rockefellers [64.2K]
• The Hearsts
• The Fords
• The Roosevelts & Delanos
• The Application of the Word "Yankee"
• The New Republic, 1933-2005?
• Six Kinds of United States Paper Currency [48.7K]
• American Dollars
• Statistics on Inflation, 1946-1997
• The Grand Army of the Republic Highway [38.0K]
• Alpine County and Equal Representation [26.2K]
• The Hiltons [7.3K]
• The Kennedies [62.4K]
• The Bushes [79.0K]
• The Next Republic, 2005?-?
• British Coins before the Florin, Compared to French Coins of the Ancien Régime [72.3K]
• The Bank of England
• British Coinage of India, 1835-1947
• The Marxist-Leninist Theory of History [9.4K]
• The Essential Anti-Communist Bibliography
• The Post-Modern Left
• Military History
• The Roman Army in 14/24 AD [445.3K]
• Legions of the Roman Army [13.0K]
• The Roman Army in 74/79 AD
• The Roman Army in 138/150 AD
• The Roman Army in 230 AD
• The Roman Army, c.408 AD
• Sun Tzu and Flavius Vegetius Renatus
• The Organization of the Themes and Exarchates, 668 AD
• The Tagmata, 743 AD
• The Organization of the Themes and Tagmata, 840 AD
• The Varangian Guard, 988 AD
• Sources of the Varangian Guard
• The English Varangians, 1066 AD
• Dreadnought [119.6K]
• British Pre-Dreadnoughts
• The Battleship Kongô [55.9K]
• Japanese Battleships,
• Russian Battleships [95.6K]
• United States Battleships and Other Ships Named After States
• United States Ships Named After Rivers
• U.S. Battle Cruisers & Aircraft Carrier Names
• Dreadnoughts in Other Navies
• The Pearl Harbor Strike Force, [30.3K]
• Zen and the Art of Divebombing, or The Dark Side of the Tao [77.3K]
• Naval Aircraft Designations of Japan and the United States [28.2K]
• U.S. Army Air Corps, Air Force, and Navy-Airforce Aircraft Designations
• The Treaty Cruisers,
• Renamed U.S. Cruisers
• U.S. Light Aircraft Carriers and Lost Carriers
• Advanced Japanese Destroyers of World War II, [26.5K]
• A Guadalcanal Chronology & Order of Battle, 7 August 1942 - 6 March 1943 [38.7K]
• World War II in Burma [145.5K]
• Military Rank [99.1K]
• Strategy, Tactics, and Operations
• Feudal Hierarchy
• Chinese Feudal Hierarchy
• Reflections on Fencing [12.8K]
• Sir Richard Burton, 1821-1890
• Calendars
• Julian Day Numbers for dates on the Gregorian and Julian Calendars [14.8K]
• The Solar Terms and the Chinese Calendar [21.7K]
• The Chinese 60 Year Calendar Cycle
• The Occurrence of the Solar Terms 1995-2011
• Chronology and Julian Day Numbers for the Egyptian XII Dynasty [35.4K]
• The Egyptian Calendar
• The Babylonian Calendar [109.9K]
• The Jewish and Moslem Calendars with the Era of Nabonassar
• The Jewish Calendar
• The Jewish Eras of the World
• Islâmic Dates with Julian Day Numbers
• A Modern Luni-Solar Calendar
• The Determination of Easter [34.3K]
• The Greek Orthodox and Soviet Calendar Reforms [95.6K]
• Iranian Calendars
• The Calendar in India
• Cycles of Time in Hinduism and Buddhism [25.7K]
• The Mayan Calendar [149.4K]
• The French Revolutionary Calendar
• The Days of the Week [15.6K]
• David Ewing Duncan's Calendar [Avon, 1998]
• Reviews
• American Sphinx, The Character of Thomas Jefferson, Joseph J. Ellis, Alfred A. Knopf, 1997 [18.8K]
• Emancipating Slaves, Enslaving Free Men, A History of the American Civil War, Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, Open Court, 1996 [27.2K]
• I am a Union man [52.3K]
• Marching Through Georgia [15.2]
• Nietzsche and the Nazis, A Personal View by Stephen Hicks, Ph.D., DVD, Ockham's Razor Publishing, 2006 [21.5K]
• Reference Resources
• Guide and Index to Lists of Rulers [59.5K]
• Feudal Hierarchy [99.1K]
• The Earliest Civilizations [81.4K]
• Languages with more than 30,000,000 Speakers as of 2005
• Classical Languages
• The Spread of Indo-European and Turkish Peoples off the Steppe
• The Altaic and Uralic Languages [160.0K]
• The Semitic and Other Afroasiatic Languages [27.0K]
• "Knowing" Words in Indo-European Languages [34.3K]
• Greek, Sanskrit, and Closely Related Languages
• Index of Egyptian History [49.6K]
• The Pronunciation of Ancient Egyptian [28.7K]
• Egyptian Royal Tombs of the New Kingdom [49.5K]
• The Egyptian Soul [44.3K]
• The Archaic or Early Dynastic Period of Egypt
• I Dynasty
• II Dynasty
• The Old Kingdom of Egypt
• III Dynasty
• IV Dynasty
• V Dynasty
• VI Dynasty
• Index of Mesopotamian and Ancient Middle Eastern History
• Kings of Sumer and Akkad
• The First Intermediate Period of Egypt
• VII Dynasty
• VIII Dynasty
• IX Dynasty
• X Dynasty
• The Middle Kingdom of Egypt [50.9K]
• XI Dynasty
• Chronology and Julian Day Numbers for the Egyptian XII Dynasty
• The Egyptian Calendar
• The Isin-Larsa and Old Babylonian Periods
• The Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
• XIII Dynasty
• XIV Dynasty
• XV Dynasty
• XVI Dynasty
• XVII Dynasty
• Chronology of the Egyptian New Kingdom [96.9K]
• XVIII Dynasty
• XIX Dynasty
• XX Dynasty
• Egyptian Royal Tombs of the New Kingdom, List
• Kings of Babylonia
• The Canon of Kings
• Kings of Assyria
• Kings of the Hittites
• Kings of Mitanni
• Kings of Urart.u
• Kings of Israel and Judah
• Arabia Felix, Yemen [263.9K]
• at-Tababi'a
• Saba/Sheba
• Dhu-Raydan & Himyar
• The Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
• XXI Dynasty
• XXII Dynasty
• XXIII Dynasty
• XXIV Dynasty
• XXV Dynasty & Kings of Kush
• Historical Background to Greek Philosophy, Middle Eastern Political Events During the Course of Greek Philosophy [136.8K]
• Kings of Assyria
• Kings of Babylon, Neo-Babylonian Period
• Kings of the Medes
• Kings of Lydia
• Kings of Phrygia
• Kings of Egypt in the Late Period
• XXVI Dynasty
• XXVII (& "XXXI") Dynasty
• XXVIII Dynasty
• XXIX Dynasty
• XXX Dynasty
• Great Kings of Persia, Achaemenids
• Zoroastrianism under the Achaemenids
• Genealogy of the Achaemenids
• Kings of Macedonia
• Eponymous Archons of Athens [60.4K]
• Dialects of Greek
• The Pronunciation of Greek
• Kings of Sparta
• Tyrants and Kings of Syracuse
• Consuls of the Roman Republic [92.1K]
• The Bosporan Kingdom
• Historical Background to Hellenistic Philosophy & Hellenistic Monarchs [151.4K]
• Macedonian Great Kings
• Kings of Epirus
• The Bosporan Kingdom
• Antigonid Kings
• Kings of Thrace
• Kings of Macedonia
• Aetolian & Achaean Leagues
• Tyrants and Kings of Syracuse
• Consuls of the Roman Republic [92.1K]
• The Seleucids, Macedonian Kings of Iran, Iraq, Syria, etc.
• The Seven Wonders of the World
• Kings of Armenia [42.0K]
• Kings of Pontus
• Chiefs & Kings of Galatia
• Kings of Bithynia
• The Attalids of Pergamum
• Kings of Cappadocia
• Macedonian Kings of Bactria
• The Parthian Arsacids [38.9]
• Leaders & Kings of Judaea [445.3K]
• Kings of Commagene
• Kings of Caria
• Kings of Osrhoene or Edessa
• Kings of Emesa or Homs
• The Ptolemies, Macedonian Kings of Egypt ("XXXII" Dynasty)
• The Kingdom of the Nabataeans
• Arabia Felix, Yemen [263.9K]
• at-Tababi'a
• Saba/Sheba
• Dhu-Raydan & Himyar
• Rome and Romania, 27 BC-1453 AD, Maps and List of Emperors [445.3K]
• Index
• Animated History of Romania [202.5K]
• Consuls of the Roman Republic [92.1K]
• Sources
• First Empire, "Rome," 27 BC-284 AD
• A. "Principate," 27 BC-235, 261 years
• 1. JULIO-CLAUDIANS
• Consuls of the Roman Empire [56.0K]
• Legions of the Roman Army [13.0K]
• The Roman Army in 14/24 AD
• Roman Coinage
• 2. The Bosporan Kingdom
• 3. Armenia, c.330 BC-428 AD [42.0K]
• The Patriarchs of Armenia [328.4K]
• 4. Numidia
• 5. Judaea
• 6. Nabataeans
• 7. FLAVIANS & ANTONINES
• The Roman Army in 74/79 AD
• The Roman Army in 138/150 AD
• 8. SEVERANS
• The Roman Army in 230 AD
• B. Crisis of the Third Century, 235-284, 49 Years
• Crisis of the Third Century Chart [27.0K]
• Second Empire, Early "Romania," 284 AD-610 AD
• A. "Dominate," 284-379, 95 years
• 1. TETRARCHS
• Chart of the Tetrarchy [11.9K]
• Late Roman Capitals [10.9]
• 2. CONSTANTIANS
• The Approaches and Environs of Constantinople [22.1K]
• The Theodosian Walls of Constantinople [23.0K]
• Cross Section of the Walls [7.0K]
• The Patriarchs of Jerusalem [328.4K]
• The Patriarchs of Antioch
• The Patriarchs of Constantinople
• 3. VALENTIANS
• Flavius Vegetius Renatus
• B. Crisis of the Fifth Century, 379-476, 97 Years
• 1. THEODOSIANS
• St. Augustine of Hippo
• The Roman Army, c.408 AD
• Bishops & Archbishops of Milan [123.9K]
• Maronite Patriarchs of Lebanon
• Syrian Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch
• King Arthur
• Scotia: Picts, Britons, & Scots [33.7K]
• The Celtic Languages
• Visigoths [117.1K]
• Burgundians
• Vandals
• Western Provinces of the Notitia Dignitatum, c.400 AD [18.1K]
• Eastern Provinces of the Notitia Dignitatum, c.400 AD [15.2K]
• 2. LAST WESTERN EMPERORS
• the End of Roman Gaul
• C. The East Alone, 476-518, 42 Years
• 1. LEONINES
• The disappearance of the Tria Nomina
• Changing Architecture
• Ostrogoths
• Roman Coinage
• D. Returning to the West, 518-610, 92 years
• 1. JUSTINIANS
• Lombards
• Provinces at the Death of Justinian, 565 AD
• 2. Georgia, 588-1505 [42.0K]
• 3. Ghassanids, 220-638
• Third Empire, Middle "Romania," Early "Byzantium," 610 AD-1059 AD
• A. The Advent of Islam, 610-802, 192 years
• 1. HERACLIANS
• The Organization of the Themes and Exarchates, 668 AD
• 2. The Khazar Khagans & Beks, 618-1016
• 3. Armenia, 628-806 AD [42.0]
• Armenian Patriarchs of Jerusalem
• 4. SYRIANS (ISAURIANS)
• The Tagmata, 743 AD
• 5. Doges (Dukes) of Venice, 727-1797
• Patriarchs of Aquileia, Grado, and Venice [15.7K]
• B. Revival and Ascendency, 802-1059, 257 years
• 1. NICEPHORANS
• 2. AMORIANS (PHRYGIANS)
• The Organization of the Themes and Tagmata, 840 AD
• 3. Bulgaria before Roman Conquest
• Macedonian Bulgaria
• 4. MACEDONIANS
• the Varangian Guard
• Sources of the Varangian Guard
• Mt. Athôs
• 5. Armenia, 806-1064 [42.0K]
• Fourth Empire, Late "Romania/Byzantium," 1059 AD-1453 AD
• A. The Advent of the Turks, 1059-1185, 126 years
• 1. DUCASES
• The English Varangians
• 2. Seljuk Sult.âns of Rûm
• 3. COMNENI
• 4. Lesser Armenia [42.0K]
• Patriarchs of the Great House of Cilicia [3.8K]
• 5. Kings of Jerusalem and Cyprus, 1099-1489 [160.0K]
• Latin Patriarchs of Jerusalem
• County of Edessa
• Principality of Antioch
• County of Tripoli
• Order of the Knights of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem
• Order of the Poor Knights of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon
• Order of the Knights of the Hospital of St. Mary of the Teutons in Jerusalem
• B. The Latin Empire, 1185-1261, 76 years
• 1. ANGELI
• 2. Bulgaria, Asens
• 3. LATINS
• Latin Patriarchs of Constantinople [328.4K]
• Kings of Thessalonica [123.9K]
• Dukes of Athens
• Princes of Achaea
• 4. Eprius
• 5. Trebizond
• 6. LASCARIDS
• C. The Last Days, 1261-1453, 192 years
• 1. Serbia
• 2. Bosnia [313.0K]
• 3. Bulgaria, Terters
• 4. The Oghullar of Rûm [75.5K]
• Aydïn Oghullarï
• Sarukhân Oghullarï
• Menteshe Oghullarï
• Germiyân Oghullarï
• H.amîd Oghullarï
• Tekke Oghullarï
• Jândâr Oghullarï
• Qaramân Oghullarï
• Eretna Oghullarï
• Dulghadïr Oghullarï
• Osmanli Oghullarï [160.0K]
• 5. PALAEOLOGI
• The Flag of Romania
• The Dicephalic Eagle
• The Morea & Mistra
• The Fall of Constantinople
• 6. Romanians
• The Bishops of Rome, the Popes, 42 AD-present [328.4K]
• Patriarchal Index
• Bishops of Rome and Popes
• Patriarchs of Aquileia, Grado, and Venice [15.7K]
• Archbishops of Milan [123.9K]
• Archbishop-Electors of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne
• Prince-Bishops of Liège [144.4K]
• Archbishops of Salzburg
• Patriarchs of Constantinople
• Primates of Russia, Metropolitans & Patriarchs of Kiev & Moscow [12.2K]
• Latin Patriarchs of Constantinople
• Armenian Patriarchs of Constantinople
• Coptic Patriarchs of Alexandria
• Melkite Patriarchs of Alexandria
• Latin Patriarchs of Alexandria
• Coptic Catholic Patriarchs of Alexandria
• Primates & Patriarchs of Ethiopia [25.0K]
• Patriarchs of Antioch
• Syrian Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch
• Maronite Patriarchs of Lebanon
• Latin Patriarchs of Antioch
• Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarchs of Antioch, Jerusalem, & Alexandria
• Syriac Catholic Patriarchs of Antioch
• Patriarchs of Jerusalem
• Armenian Patriarchs of Jerusalem
• Latin Patriarchs of Jerusalem
• Jerusalem in Sacred Geography
• Purgatory
• Patriarchs of Armenia
• Patriarchs of the Great House of Cilicia
• Patriarchs of the East
• Emperors of Ethiopia (Abyssinia) [13.5K]
• Kings of Kush (Ethiopia), XXV Dynasty of Egypt [96.9K]
• The Coptic & Melkite Patriarchs of Alexandria
• Primates & Patriarchs of Ethiopia
• Rivals to Rome:
• Irân [38.9K]
• The Parthian Arsacids, 248 BC-227 AD
• The Sassanid Shâhs (Great Kings), 224-651 AD
• Zoroastrianism under the Sassanids
• Patriarchs of the East [328.4K]
• Successors of Rome in Romania
• Islâmic Romania/Byzantium: The Ottoman Sultâns, 1290 AD-1924 AD, Maps and List of Emperors [160.0K]
• The Altaic and Uralic Languages
• The Patriarchs of Constantinople [328.4K]
• Maronite Patriarchs of Lebanon
• Patriarchs of the East
• Animated History of Turkiya [80.8K]
• Modern Romania, Ottoman Successor States in the Balkans
• Modern Romania Index
• 1817, Serbian Autonomy
• 1834, after Greek Independence
• 1858, after the Crimean War
• Romania, 1599-present
• 1875
• Congress of Berlin, 1878
• Montenegro, 1697-1918
• 1908
• Greece, 1821-present
• 1912, before the Balkan Wars
• Serbia & Yugoslavia, 1817-present
• 1913-1914, after the Balkan Wars, & before World War I
• Bulgaria, 1879-present
• 1925, after World War I
• Albania, 1914-present
• 1943, Axis Occupation in World War II
• 1947, after World War II
• Macedonia, 1991-present
• 1999, Ethnic Cleansing
• Armenia, 1991-present [42.0K]
• Georgia, 1991-present
• Culmen Europae
• Successors of Rome: Germania, Francia, Russia, & the Periphery of Francia
• Germania, 395-774 [117.1K]
• Introduction
• Index
• The Germanic Languages
• The Great English Vowel Shift
• Visigoths
• Suevi
• Early Gothic History
• Burgundians
• Vandals
• Ostrogoths
• Lombards
• Dukes of Benevento and Spoleto [123.9K]
• Thuringians
• Dukes of Thuringia
• Bavarians
• Alemanni
• Saxons
• Franks [327.3K]
• Anglo-Saxon England
• Kings of Kent
• Kings of Sussex
• Kings of Northumbria
• Kings of Essex
• Kings of Mercia
• Kings of East Anglia
• Kings of Wessex
• Legendary and Early Kings of Scandinavia
• Runes
• Kings & Lords of the Isles
• Earls of Orkney
• Kings of York
• The Danelaw
• Kings & Lords of Man
• Kings of Dublin
• Francia, 447-Present [327.3K]
• Index
• Sources
• Introduction
• Feudal Hierarchy [99.1K]
• Merovingian Franks
• Carolingian Franks
• Early
• Middle
• Late
• Lorraine
• Vermandois
• Francia after the Carolingians
• Francia Occidentalis, France
• Margraves & Counts of Flanders [133.0K]
• Counts of Anjou
• Dukes of Normandy
• CAPETIAN KINGS
• Counts of Blois & Champagne
• Seigneurs of Châtillon
• Dukes of Burgundy
• Counts of Toulouse
• Dukes of Aquitaine
• Dukes of Gascony
• Counts of Barcelona [144.4K]
• Lords & Counts of Foix
• VALOIS KINGS
• ORLÉANS & ANGOULÊME KINGS
• BOURBON KINGS
• House of Condé
• French Colonial Possessions
• Kings of Tahiti
• Kings of Madagascar
• Governors of Kwangchouwan
• The French Revolution & the First Republic
• The Directory
• The Consulate
• BONAPARTE EMPERORS
• First Empire
• Second Empire
• Presidents of France
• Second Republic
• Third Republic
• La Marseillaise [40.2K]
• Vichy State
• Provisional Government
• Fourth Republic
• Fifth Republic
• Francia Media
• Lorraine [144.4K]
• DUKES OF LORRAINE
• Counts & Dukes of Brabant
• Counts & Dukes of Bar
• Prince-Bishops of Cologne & Trier
• Prince-Bishops of Liège
• Counts of Hainault
• Counts & Dukes of Berg, Jülich, Mark, & Cleves
• Counts & Dukes of Luxemburg
• Counts of Holland
• Stadholders and Kings of the Netherlands
• Ceylon, Dutch Governors [105.0K]
• Kings of Belgium
• Grand Dukes of Luxembourg
• Burgundy
• KINGS OF BURGUNDY
• The Franco-Provençal Language
• Culmen Franciae
• The Welfs
• Counts of Burgundy, the Free County
• Princes of Orange
(E?)(L?) http://www.friesian.com/philhist.htm









• Counts of Provence
• Counts & Dukes of Savoy
• Grimaldi Princes of Monaco
• Italy [123.9K]
• The Bishops of Rome, the Popes [328.4K]
• Doges of Venice [445.3K]
• Patriarchs of Aquileia, Grado, and Venice [15.7K]
• Dukes of Spoleto
• KINGS OF ITALY & EMPERORS
• Margraves of Tuscany and Spoleto
• Margraves of Montferrat
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• d'Estes & Dukes of Modena
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• Dukes of Parma
• KINGS OF ITALY
• Presidents of Italy
• Italian Colonial Possessions
• Prime Ministers of Italy
• Francia Orientalis, Germany
• The Stem Duchies [137.8K]
• FRANCONIAN KING
• Dukes of Franconia
• SAXON KINGS & EMPERORS
• Dukes, Electors, & Kings of Saxony
• Dukes of Pomerania
• Counts & Princes of Schwarzburg
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• Dukes of Brunswick, Electors & Kings of Hanover
• Dukes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
• Archbishop-Electors of Mainz, Trier, & Cologne [328.4K]
• Grand Duke of Frankfurt
• FRANCONIAN EMPERORS
• Dukes & Landgraves of Thuringia
• Margraves of Meißen
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• Teutonic and Livonian Knights
• The German Confederation, 1815-1866 [50.3K]
• HAPSBURG EMPERORS of Austria
• Republic of Austria
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• The Treaty of Versailles
• Deutschland über Alles [40.2K]
• No Emperors of German "Third Reich"
• East Germany, 1949-1990 [4.9K]
• Federal Republic, 1949-present
• The Periphery of Francia, 445 AD-Present [313.0K]
• Introduction
• Index
• The Kings of Spain and Portugal
• Counts of Aragón
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• Spanish & Portuguese Colonial Possessions [149.4K]
• Ceylon, Portuguese Governors [105.0K]
• The Pillars of Hercules
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• Spanish and Mexican Governors of Texas [5.9K]
• California [79.0K]
• The Incas
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• Counts of Urgel, Pallars, & Ribagorza
• Presidents of Portugal
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• Scotia: Picts, Britons, & Scots [33.7K]
• The Celtic Languages
• Anglo-Saxon England [117.1K]
• Kings of Kent
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• God Save the Queen [40.2K]
• British Coins before the Florin, Compared to French Coins of the Ancien Régime [57.1K]
• The Great English Vowel Shift [117.1K]
• The Bank of England
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• Index of Princely States & Protectorates of British India
• British Coinage of India, 1835-1947
• The Himalayan Realms, Nepal, Bhutan, & Sikkim [105.0K]
• The Sun Never Set on the British Empire [138.2K]
• Sir Richard Burton, 1821-1890 [12.8K]
• Gibraltar [149.4K]
• Ceylon, British Governors [105.0K]
• Burma, British Governors [145.5K]
• Hong Kong [460.7K]
• Kings of Tonga
• Prime Ministers of the Dominions [138.2K]
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• The Slavic Languages [95.6K]
• Kings of Great Moravia
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• Norman, Swabian, Anjevian, Aragonese, & Bourbon Counts, Dukes, and Kings of Naples and Sicily [91.0K]
• Dukes of Benevento
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• Legendary and Early Kings of Scandinavia [112.4K]
• Grand Princes of Kiev [95.6K]
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• Outremer, 1099-1489 [160.0K]
• Kings of Jerusalem and Cyprus
• Latin Patriarchs of Jerusalem [328.4K]
• Counts of Edessa
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• Order of the Knights of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem
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• Latin Emperors of Constantinople [445.3K]
• Latin Patriarchs of Constantinople
• Kings of Thessalonica [123.9K]
• Dukes of Athens
• Princes of Achaea
• The State of Israel
• Russia, 862-present [95.6K]
• Introduction
• The Slavic Languages
• Index
• Sources
• Grand Princes of Kiev
• Primates of Russia, Metropolitans & Patriarchs of Kiev & Moscow [12.2K]
• Grand Dukes of Vladimir
• Grand Dukes of Moscow and Emperors of Russia
• Romanov Emperors
• The Russian Empire
• Russian Battleships
• Provisional Government
• General Secretaries of the Communist Party &
• Presidents of the Russian Federation/Soviet Union
• The Greek Orthodox and Soviet Calendar Reforms
• Presidents of Russia
• Presidents of Belarus
• Hetmans & Presidents of the Ukraine
• Presidents of Armenia [42.0K]
• Presidents of Georgia
• Culmen Europae
• Rivals to Rome:
• Islâm, 622 AD-present [263.9K]
• "Islamophobia"
• The Prophet, 622-632 AD
• The Rightly Guided Caliphs, 632-661 AD
• The Shi'ite Imâms, 632-878 AD
• The Omayyad Caliphs, 661-750 AD
• The Abbasid Caliphs, 750-1258 AD
• The Aghlabids, 800-909 AD
• The T.âhirids, 821-873 AD
• The T.ûlûnids, 868-905 AD
• The Sâmânids, 819-1005 AD
• The S.affârid, 861-1003 AD
• The Ikhshîdids, 935-969 AD
• The H.amdânids of Aleppo, 944-1004
• The Buwayid Amirs of Iraq, 945-1055
• The Qarakhânids, c.992-1212 AD
• The Ghaznawids, 977-1186 AD
• The Ghûrids, 1011-1215 AD
• Islâmic Rulers of Spain, 756-1492 AD
• The Omayyad Amirs, 756-912
• The Omayyad Caliphs, 912-1031
• The Mulûk at-Tawâ'if, 1010-1114
• The Jahwarids of Cordova
• Murcia
• The 'Abbâdids of Seville
• The H.ammûdids of Málaga
• The Zîrids of Granada
• Aft.asids of Badajoz
• The 'Âmirids of Valencia
• The Dhu'n-Nûnids of Toledo
• The Banû Mujâhid of Denia and Majorca
• The Tujîbids of Saragossa
• The Hûdids of Saragossa
• The Murabit (Almoravid) Sult.âns, 1067-1147 AD
• The Mulûk at-Tawâ'if, 1145-1266
• Cordova
• Valencia
• Murcia
• The Banû Ghâniya of Majorca
• The Muwahid (Almohad) Caliphs, 1147-1238
• The Nas.rid Sult.âns of Granada, 1232-1492 AD
• The Hûdids of Murcia
• Islâmic Rulers of North Africa, 789-1163 AD
• The Idrîsids of Morocco, 789-985 AD
• The Rustamids of Algeria, 778-909 AD
• The Aghlabids, 800-909 AD
• The Shi'ite Fatimid Caliphs, 909-1171 AD
• The Zîrids of Tunisia, 947-1163 AD
• The Hammâdids of Algeria, 1015-1152 AD
• The Murabit (Almoravid) Sult.âns, 1067-1147 AD
• The Muwahid (Almohad) Caliphs, 1147-1238 AD
• The Seljuk Great Sult.âns, 1037-1157 AD
• Seljuk Sult.âns of Rûm, 1078-1307 AD [445.3K]
• The Zangid Atabegs of Mosul, Aleppo, & Damascus, 1127-1262 AD
• The Khwârazm Shâhs, 1097-1231 AD
• The Oghullar of Rûm [75.5K]
• Aydïn Oghullarï
• Sarukhân Oghullarï
• Menteshe Oghullarï
• Germiyân Oghullarï
• H.amîd Oghullarï
• Tekke Oghullarï
• Jândâr Oghullarï
• Qaramân Oghullarï
• Eretna Oghullarï
• Dulghadïr Oghullarï
• Osmanli Oghullarï [160.0K]
• The Il Khâns, 1256-1353 [49.0K]
• The Jalâyirids, 1340-1432
• The Qara Qoyunlu, 1351-1469
• The Timurids, 1370-1500
• The Aq Qoyunlu, 1396-1508
• The Khâns of the Golden Horde
• The Khâns of the White Horde
• The Khâns of Kazan
• The Khâns of Astrakhan
• The Khâns of the Crimea
• The Ayyûbid Sult.âns, 1169-1252 AD
• Islâmic Rulers of North Africa, 1217-1659 AD
• The Marînid Amîrs of Morocco, 1195-1465
• The Wat.t.âsid Amîrs of Morocco, 1472-1554
• The Sa'did Sharîfs of Morocco, 1510-1659
• The H.afs.id Amirs, Caliphs, or Sult.âns of Tunisia, 1229-1574
• The Zayyânid or Ziyânid Amîrs of Algeria, 1236-1555
• The 'Alawid Sharîfs, Sult.âns, & Kings of Morocco, 1640-present
• The H.usaynid Beys of Tunisia, 1705-1957
• The Keita Kings of Mali, 1230-1390
• The Si & Askiya Kings of Songhay, 1464-1592
• The Mamlûk Sult.âns of Egypt, 1252-1517 AD
• The Abbasid Puppet Caliphs of Egypt, 1261-1517 AD
• The Ottoman Sultâns, 1290-1924 AD, Maps and List of Emperors [160.0K]
• The Shihâbî Amîrs of Lebanon, 1697-1842 AD
• Maronite Patriarchs of Lebanon
• The House of Muh.ammad 'Alî in Egypt, 1805-1953 AD
• The Sanûsî Amîrs & Kings of Libya, 1837-1969 AD
• Shibânid Özbegs, 1438-1599
• Kazakhs, 1394-1748
• Toqay Temürids, 1599-1758
• Mangïts of Bukhara, 1747-1920
• The Shâhs of Irân, 1501-1979 AD [38.9K]
• The Safavids, 1501-1736
• The Afsharids, 1736-1750
• The Zands, 1750-1794
• The Qajars, 1794-1924
• The Pahlavis, 1924-1979
• Sult.âns of Delhi, 1206-1555 [460.7K]
• Mu'izzî or Shamsî Slave Kings, 1206-1290
• Khaljîs, 1290-1320
• Tughluqids, 1320-1414
• Sayyids, 1414-1451
• Lôdîs, 1451-1526
• Sûrîs, 1540-1555
• Moghul Emperors, 1526-1540, 1555-1858
• Nawwâbs of Oudh, 1722-1856
• Niz.âms of Hyderabad, 1720-1948
• Nawwâbs of Bengal, 1704-1765
• Sult.âns of Malacca, 1403-1511
• Sult.âns of Acheh, c.1450-1903
• Yemen, 1230 BC-1962 AD
• at-Tababi'a, 1230 BC-533 AD
• Saba/Sheba, 755 BC-100 AD
• Dhu-Raydan & Himyar, 120 BC-629 AD
• Rassids, 860-1226
• Ayyûbids, 1173-1229
• Rasûlids, 1229-1454
• T.âhirids, 1454-1517
• Qâsimids, 1597-1962
• Modern Islâm
• The Shihâbî Amîrs of Lebanon, 1697-1842 AD
• The House of Muh.ammad 'Alî in Egypt, 1805-1953 AD
• The Sanûsî Amîrs & Kings of Libya, 1837-1969 AD
• The Sult.âns of Oman and Zanzibar, 1754-present
• The Hâshimites, 1827-present
• The 'Alawid Sharîfs, Sult.âns, & Kings of Morocco, 1640-present
• The H.usaynid Beys of Tunisia, 1705-1957
• The House of Sa'ûd, 1735-present
• The Sultans of Brunei, 1405-present
• The Rajahs of Sarawak, 1841-1946
• Afghanistan, 1747-1973 [35.2K]
• Prime Ministers & Presidents of Pakistan [138.2K]
• Islâmic Fascism and Satyagraha in Palestine
• Emperors of the Sangoku, the "Three Kingdoms," of India, China, & Japan [460.7K]
• Index
• Emperors of India
• The Nandas, c.450-c.321
• The Mauryas, c.322-184 BC
• Ceylon, Kings of Lanka & Kandy [105.0K]
• The Macedonian Kings of Bactria, 256-c.55 BC
• The Sakas/Parthians, 97 BC-125 AD
• The Saka Era, The Indian Historical Era, 79 AD
• The Calendar in India [109.9K]
• Cycles of Time in Hinduism and Buddhism [25.7K]
• The Kushans, c.20 BC-c.260 AD
• The Guptas, c.320-550 AD
• Vardhanas of Thanesar, c.500-647 AD
• The Deccan, Carnatic, & Maharashtra, 543-1317 AD
• Kârkot.as of Kashmir, 711-810 AD
• Gurjara-Pratîhâras of Ujjain & Dantidurga, 725-1017 AD
• the Chola Kingdom, c.846-1279
• Sult.âns of Delhi, 1206-1555
• Mu'izzî or Shamsî Slave Kings, 1206-1290
• Khaljîs, 1290-1320
• Tughluqids, 1320-1414
• Sayyids, 1414-1451
• Lôdîs, 1451-1526
• Sûrîs, 1540-1555
• Râjâs and Sult.âns of Mysore, 1100-1949
• Vijayanagar, 1336-c.1660
• Sikh Gurûs and the Khâlsâ, 1469-1849
• Moghul Emperors, 1526-1540, 1555-1858
• Maratha (Mahratta) Confederacy/Empire, 1674-1848
• Nawwâbs of the Carnatic, at Arcot
• Nawwâbs of Bengal, 1704-1765
• Titular Nawwâbs of Bengal, to 1969
• British Governors of Bengal and Governors-General of India, 1765-1858
• Nawwâbs of Oudh, 1722-1856
• Niz.âms of Hyderabad, 1720-1948
• British Coinage of India, 1835-1947
• British Emperors and Viceroys, 1876-1947 (1858-1950)
• Index of Princely States & Protectorates of British India
• Ceylon, British Governors [105.0K]
• Culmen Mundi
• The Himalayan Realms, Nepal, Bhutan, & Sikkim
• Prime Ministers of India
• Prime Ministers of Pakistan
• Prime Ministers of Ceylon/Sri Lanka
• Emperors of China
• The Chinese Historical Era, 2637 BC
• Eras (Nien-hao) of Chinese History
• Shang Dynasty, 1523-1028
• Chou Dynasty, 1027-256
• Chinese Feudal Hierarchy [99.1K]
• Spring and Autumn Period
• Warring States Period
• States of the Eastern Chou [52.5K]
• Ch'in Dynasty, 255-207 BC
• Former Han Dynasty, 206 BC-25 AD
• Later Han Dynasty, 25-220 AD
• The Three Kingdoms, 220-265
• Northern and Southern Empires, 265-589
• The Six Southern Dynasties, 266-589
• The Sixteen Kingdoms of the Five Barbarians, 304-439
• The Five Northern Dynasties, 386-581
• Sui Dynasty, 590-618
• T'ang Dynasty, 618-906
• Judge Dee (630-700) [17.6K]
• The Five Dynasties, 907-960
• The Ten Kingdoms, 896-979
• Tartar Dynasties
• Liao (Khitan) Dynasty, 907-1125
• Hsi-Hsia (Tangut) State, 990-1227
• Sung Dynasty, 960-1126
• Tartar Dynasties
• Northern Liao (Khitan) Dynasty, 1122-1123
• Western Liao (Qara-Khitaï) Dynasty, 1125-1218
• Kin/Chin (Jurchen) Dynasty, 1115-1234
• Southern Sung Dynasty, 1127-1279
• Yüan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1280-1368
• Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644
• Southern Ming Dynasty, 1644-1662
• Manchu Ch'ing Dynasty, 1644-1911
• Foreign Encroachments
• Macao [149.4K]
• Hong Kong
• Kwangchouwan
• Tibet
• Republic of China, First Republic, 1912-1928
• Second Republic, 1928-present
• Communist China, Third Republic, 1949-present
• Categories of Chinese Characters [35.5K]
• The Dialects of Chinese
• Examples of Dialect Differences Between Peking, Shanghai and, Canton
• Pronouncing Mandarin Initials
• Mandarin Finals and Syllables
• The Contrast between Classical and Modern Chinese
• The Solar Terms and the Chinese Calendar [21.7K]
• The Chinese 60 Year Calendar Cycle
• The Occurrence of the Solar Terms in 1995-2011
• Emperors, Shoguns, & Regents of Japan
• The Japanese Historical Era, 660 BC
• Eras (Nengô) of Japanese History
• The Legendary Period, 660 BC-539 AD
• The Historical Period, 539-645
• The Yamato Period, 645-711
• The Nara Period, 711-793
• The Heian Period, 793-1186
• Fujiwara Chancellors and Imperial Regents, 858-1868
• Genealogy of the Fujiwara
• The Kamakura Period, 1186-1336
• Hôjô Regents
• The Nambokuchô Period, 1336-1392
• Ashikaga Shôguns
• The Muromachi Period, 1392-1573
• The Azuchi-Momoyama Period, 1573-1603
• Himeji Castle
• The Edo Period, 1603-1868
• Edo Castle, Tôkyô Imperial Palace
• The Modern Period, 1868-
• Prime Ministers, 1885-present
• The Pearl Harbor Strike Force [28.2K]
• A Guadalcanal Chronology & Order of Battle, 7 August 1942 - 6 March 1943 [38.7K]
• The Battleship Kongô [55.9K]
• Japanese Battleships
• The Treaty Cruisers
• Advanced Japanese Destroyers of World War II [26.5K]
• Naval Aircraft Designations of Japan and the United States [28.2K]
• The Periphery of China -- Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Burma, Tibet, and Mongolia [145.5K]
• Kings of Korea
• Kings of Koguryo
• Kings of Paekche
• Kings of Silla and Korea
• Kings and Emperors of Vietnam
• Kings of Champa
• Kings and Emperors of Annam and Vietnam
• Kings of Thailand
• Kings of Sukhothai
• Kings of Lan Na
• Chao of Chiang Mai
• Kings of Ayudhya
• King of Thonburi
• Kings of Bangkok, Chakri Dynasty
• Kings of Laos
• Kings of Vientiane, 1353-1778
• Kings of Luang Prabang, 1707-1975
• Kings of Cambodia, 6th century AD-present
• Kings of Burma
• Kings of Arakan, 788-1784
• Kings of Pagan, c.900-1325
• Kings of Pinya, 1298-1364
• Kings of Ava, 1364-1555
• Kings of Shan, 1287-1757
• Kings of Taungu, 1531-1751
• Kings of Konbaung/Burma, 1753-1885
• British Governors, 1862-1948
• Heads of State of Burma, 1948-present
• World War II in Burma
• The Kings of Tibet and the Dalai Lamas
• First Kingdom of Tibet
• Mongol Regents
• Second Kingdom of Tibet
• The Dalai Lamas
• The Panchen Lamas
• The Himalayan Realms, Nepal, Bhutan, & Sikkim [105.0K]
• Culmen Mundi
• The Mongol Khâns [75.5K]
• Index
• The Conquests of Chingiz Khân, 1227
• The Great Khâns and the Yüan Dynasty of China
• The Grandsons of Chingiz Khân, 1280
• The Chaghatayid Khâns
• The Khâns of the Golden Horde
• The Khâns of the Blue Horde
• The Khâns of the White Horde
• The Khâns of the Golden Horde
• The Khâns of Kazan
• The Khâns of Astrakhan
• The Khâns of the Crimea
• The Il Khâns
• The Jalâyirids, 1340-1432
• The Qara Qoyunlu, 1351-1469
• The Timurids, 1370-1501
• The Aq Qoyunlu, 1396-1508
• Shibânid Özbegs, 1438-1599
• Kazakhs, 1394-1748
• Toqay Temürids, 1599-1758
• Mangïts of Bukhara, 1747-1920
• Links
• Brian Tompsett's Royal and Noble Genealogy
• Bruce R. Gordon's Regnal Chronologies
• WW-Person, A WWW Data base of European nobility

Dissertations

• Doctoral Dissertations
• The Religious Epistemology of Jakob Fries, by Kent Eugene Richter, Ph.D., Stanford University, 1990, UMI order number 9102339.
• The Origin of Value in a Transcendent Function, by Kelley Lee Ross, Ph.D., The University of Texas at Austin, 1985, UMI order number 8527639.
• Master's Thesis

Correspondence

• A Letter to Commentary, "Of Time and Being a Nazi," Tod Lindberg, March 2010, p. 62, with Tod Lindberg's response [10.2K]
• A Letter to Daily Variety, "Off Broadway," Charles Isherwood: Trumbo, Wednesday, September 3, 2003, published Wednesday, October 1, 2003 [5.7K]
• A Letter to Reason Magazine on an Interview with Daniel Dennett, "Pulling Our Own Strings," May 2003 [4.4K]
• A Letter to The UCLA Foundation, UCLA Fund [2.3K]
• Michael Matogo on Africa [7.1K]
• Protest and Reply Over "Note on the Modern Assyrians" [19.1K]
• Exchange with James Good on Hegel [122.1K]
• Exchange with Jeff Thompson on Libertarianism [61.3K]
• Exchange with Correspondent on Calculus and Imaginary Numbers [52.0K]
• Glen Gordon on "Genetic Distance and Language Affinities Between Autochthonous Human Populations" [4.7K]
• A Letter to Blackwell Publishers on Philosophy of Language, the Big Questions, edited by Andrea Nye, Blackwell Publishers, 1998 [2.1K]
• Exchange with Mark Notturo on Popper and Hayek [111.9K]
• An Open Letter to David W. Tandy on Warriors into Traders, The Power of the Market in Early Greece, University of California Press, 1997 [5.6K]
• Exchange with a Correspondent on God, Soul, Etc., and Logical Positivism [107.9K]
• Exchange with Ted Keller on Relativism and Marxism [69.2K]
• Exchange with T. P. Uschanov on Determinism [59.7K]
• Exchange with Tomaz Castello Branco on John Gray [17.3K]
• Gregory D. Alles on Wilhelm Bousset [5.4K]
• A Letter to Scientific American Magazine, "Hard Times," October, 1993 [3.1K]

jhu
Philosophy and Literature

lshauser
Hauser, Larry
Mostly Modern Philosophical Glossary

peters
Suber, Peter
Glossary of First-Order Logic

Philosophy Department, Earlham College
This glossary is limited to basic set theory, basic recursive function theory, two branches of logic (truth-functional propositional logic and first-order predicate logic) and their metatheory.

philosophaster

philosophersnet
Philosophy Articles

philosophy

philosophypages
Dictionary of Philosophical Terms and Names

This is a concise guide to technical terms and personal names often encountered in the study of philosophy. What you will find here naturally reflects my own philosophical interests and convictions, but everything is meant to be clear, accurate, and fair, a reliable source of information on Western philosophy for a broad audience. The curriculum vitae elsewhere on this site describes my experience in academic life.

Although the entries are often brief, many include links to electronic texts and to more detailed discussions on this site or in other on-line resources, including:

• "The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" ("IEP"),
• "The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy" ("SEP"),
• "Tom Stone's EpistemeLinks.com" ("ELC"),
• "The Encyclopædia Brittanica Online" ("EB"),
• "The Columbia Encyclopedia" ("ColE"),
• "The Perseus Digital Library" ("PP"),
• "Mathematical MacTutor" ("MMT"),
• "Peter Saint-André's The Ism Book" ("ISM"),
• "Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography" ("WSB"),
• "Chris Eliasmith's Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind" ("DPM"),
• "The Catholic Encyclopedia" ("CE"),
• "Kristin Switala's Feminist Theory Website" ("FTW"),
• "The Fallacy Files from Gary N. Curtis" ("FF"), and
• "Stephen Downes's Guide to the Logical Fallacies" ("GLF").

Links to these and other resources listed in the "Also see . . . " list at the end of a dictionary entry—along with references to on-line texts—will appear in a second browser window.

For convenient access to the work of many Internet lexicographers, see: "Bob Ware's OneLook Dictionaries" and "Robert Beard's yourDictionary.com". For additional discussion of philosophers, the issues they discuss, and the terms they use, consult other philosophy sites, especially "Andrew Chrucky's Meta-Encyclopedia of Philosophy" and "Harmut Krech's Bio-Bibliographical Directory".

"A" proposition | abandonment | abduction | Peter Abelard | the Absolute | absolutism | Absorption (Abs.) | abstraction | absurd | Abunaser | Academy | accent fallacy | accident | accident fallacy | act / rule utilitarianism | action theory | actuality / potentiality | Jane Addams | Addition (Add.) | ad hominem argument | adiafora [adiaphora] | Alfred Adler | Theodor Adorno | aesthetics | affirmative conclusion | affirmative proposition | affirming the alternative | affirming the consequent | a fortiori | agent | agnosticism | Method of Agreement | aisqhsiV [aisthêsis] | aition [aition] | akrasia [akrásia] | Albert the Great | alhqeia [alêtheia] | Samuel Alexander | Algazel | alienation | Alpharabius | alternation | alternative occurrence | Louis Althusser | altruism | ambiguity | amoral | amphiboly | analogy | analysis | analytic / synthetic | analytic philosophy | anamnhsiV [anámnêsis] | anagkh [anankê] | anarchism | Anaxagoras | Anaximander | Anaximenes | ancestral | andreia [andreia] | Angst | anima | animals | animal rights | animism | anomalous monism | G.E.M. Anscombe | Anselm | Life and Works | Ontological Argument | Bibliography | Internet Sources | antecedent | Susan B. Anthony | anthropic principle | anthropomorphism | antinomy | Antisthenes | antithesis | anxiety | apeirwn [apeirôn] | apodeictic | aporia [aporia] | a posteriori | appearance / reality | apperception | Kwame Anthony Appiah | applied ethics | a priori / a posteriori | Aquinas | Life and Works | Faith & Reason | Five Ways | Metaphysics | Bibliography | Internet Sources | arch [archê] | Archimedes | Hannah Arendt | ArhV [Ares] | areth [aretê] | argument | argument form | argumentum ad . . . | Aristippus | aristocracy | Aristotelian logic | Aristotelianism | Aristotle | Life and Works | Logic | Demonstration | Four Causes | Metaphysics | Universals | Knowledge | Virtue | Volition | Friendship | Politics | Poetics | Bibliography | Internet Sources | arithmetic | D.M. Armstrong | Antoine Arnauld | Kenneth Arrow | | asceticism | assent | assertion | assertoric | Association (Assoc.) | association of ideas | assumption | Mary Astell | ataraxia [ataraxia] | atheism | atomism | attribute | Aufklärung | Augustine | Life and Works | Platonism | Human Nature | God | Freedom | Bibliography | Internet Sources | John Austin | Austin | Life and Works | Ordinary Language | Speech Acts | Bibliography | Internet Sources | authenticity | appeal to authority | autonomy / heteronomy | Averroës | Avicebron | Avicenna | axiology | axiom | A. J. Ayer

Charles Babbage | Gaston Bachelard | Francis Bacon | Roger Bacon | arg. ad baculum | bad faith | Annette Baier | Kurt Baier | Mikhail Bakunin | "Barbara" | "Baroco" | Thomas Bayes | Bayle | Life and Works | Skepticism | Bibliography | Internet Sources | beauty | de Beauvoir | Life and Works | Bibliography | Internet Sources | Bedeutung | begging the question | Begriff | behaviorism | belief | Jeremy Bentham | Nicolai Berdyaev | Bergmann | Life and Works | Bibliography | Internet Sources | Henri Bergson | Berkeley | Life and Works | Abstract Ideas | Immaterialism | Spirits | Common Sense | Science | Bibliography | Internet Sources | Isaiah Berlin | best of all possible worlds | Bewußtsein | biconditional | bivalence | Brand Blanshard | "Bocardo" | Boethius | Boetius of Dacia | Niels Bohr | Bernard Bolzano | Bonaventure | George Boole | Susan Bordo | Bernard Bosanquet | the Boundless | Robert Boyle | F. H. Bradley | Franz Brentano | C. D. Broad | Giordano Bruno | Martin Buber | bundle theory | Jean Buridan | Edmund Burke | Joseph Butler

Edward Caird | Cambridge Platonists | "Camenes" | "Camestres" | Albert Camus | Georg Cantor | Rudolf Carnap | Carneades | Lewis Carroll | Cartesianism | Ernst Cassirer | casuistry | categorical imperative | categorical logic | categorical proposition | categorical syllogism | categorical term | category | category mistake | catharsis | cause / effect | the four causes | Margaret Cavendish | "Celarent" | "Cesare" | chain of being | Pierre Charron | Roderick Chisholm | Noam Chomsky | Alonzo Church | Cicero | circularity | Hélène Cixous | Samuel Clarke | class | clear and distinct | W. K. Clifford | Catherine Cockburn | cogito ergo sum | cognition | cognitive science | coherence theory | R.G. Collingwood | communism | Commutation (Comm.) | compatibilism | complement | completeness | complex question | composition fallacy | Auguste Comte | concept | conceptualism | conclusion | Concomitant Variation | Étienne de Condillac | conditional | confirmation | conjunction | Conjunction (Conj.) | connective | connotation | conscience | consciousness | consequent | consequentialism | consistency | constant | | continence/incontinence | contingent | contradiction | contradictories | contraposition | contraries | conventionalism | converse accident | conversion | converting conditional | Anne Conway | Nicolas Copernicus | Géraud de Cordemoy | corpuscularianism | correspondence theory | cosmological argument | counter-example | counterfactual | courage | Hasdai Crescas | criterion | critical theory | Benedetto Croce | Ralph Cudworth | Richard Cumberland | Nicolas of Cusa | cynicism

Jean d'Alembert | Mary Daly | "Darii" | Charles Darwin | Dasein | "Datisi" | Donald Davidson | Dorothy Day | decision procedure | deconstruction | Richard Dedekind | de dicto / de re | deduction / induction | de facto / de jure | definite description | definition | deism | de jure | Gilles Deleuze | Democritus | Augustus De Morgan | De Morgan's Th. (DeM.) | Daniel Dennett | denotation / connotation | denying the antecedent | deontology | de re | Jacques Derrida | Descartes | Life and Works | Method | Animals | Doubt | Cogito | God | Error | Extension | Dualism | Cartesianism | Bibliography | Internet Sources | descriptive ethics | argument from design | determinable/determinate | determinism | Dewey | Life and Works | Knowledge | Morality | Bibliography | Internet Sources | Baron d'Holbach | dialectic | dialectical materialism | dianoia [diánoia] | Denis Diderot | Method of Difference | dikh [díkê] | | Wilhelm Dilthey | "Dimaris" | Ding an sich | Diogenes | direct realism | directive use of language | "Disamis" | | Disjunctive Syll. (D.S.) | disposition | distribution of terms | Distribution (Dist.) | division fallacy | double aspect theory | Double Negation | method of doubt | doxa [dóxa] | mind-body dualism | W.E.B. Dubois | Pierre Duhem | Michael Dummett | dunamiV [dynamis] | Émile Durkheim | duties | Ronald Dworkin

"E" proposition | Meister Eckhart | Umberto Eco | ecofeminism | effect | efficient cause | egoism | eidos [eidos] | eikasia [eikásia] | Albert Einstein | Eleatics | eliminativism | Elizabeth of Bohemia | emanation | emergent property | Ralph Waldo Emerson | appeal to emotion | emotive meaning | emotivism | Empedocles | empirical | empiricism | Encyclopedists | end | energeia [energeia] | Friedrich Engels | Enlightenment | entailment | Entäusserung | enteleceia [entelecheia] | enthusiasm | enthymeme | Epictetus | Life and Works | Stoicism | Bibliography | Internet Sources | Epicurus | Life and Works | Epicureanism | Bibliography | Internet Sources | epiphenomenalism | episthmh [epistêmê] | epistemology | epoch [epochê] | equivalence | Equivalence (Equiv.) | equivocal | equivocation | Desiderius Erasmus | Eratosthenes | Erfahrung | John Scotus Erigena | Erlebnis | eroV [eros] | esse est percipi | essence / accident | estrangement | eternal return | ethics | eqos [ethos] | Euclid | eudaemonism | Leonhard Euler | evidence | problem of evil | excluded middle | exclusive premises | existence | existential fallacy | Existential Generalization | existential import | Existential Instantiation | existentialism | expected value | explanation | Exportation (Exp.) | expressive use of language | extension | extension / intension | extensionality | extrinsic

fact / value | facticity | fallacy | fallibilism | false cause | falsifiability | al-Farabi | fatalism | Herbert Feigl | feminism | "Ferio" | "Ferison" | Pierre de Fermat | "Festino" | Ludwig Feuerbach | Paul Feyerabend | Richard Feynman | | Johann Fichte | Marsillio Ficino | fideism | figure | Robert Filmer | final cause | five ways | appeal to force | formal cause | formal fallacy | Platonic Forms | Michel Foucault | Simon Foucher | four terms fallacy | Joseph Fourier | Frankfurt school | freedom | Gottlob Frege | "Fresison" | Sigmund Freud | Margaret Fuller | functionalism | fuzzy logic

H.-G. Gadamer | Galileo Galilei | Mahatma Gandhi | Pierre Gassendi | C. F. Gauss | John Gay | Gemeinschaft/Gesellschaft | gender / sex | general will | genus and differentia | Gersonides | Edmund Gettier | Arnold Geulincx | al-Ghazali | Carol Gilligan | Charlotte Perkins Gilman | Joseph Glanvill | Glück | gnwsiV [gnôsis] | existence of god | William Godwin | Emma Goldman | good | Nelson Goodman | Antonio Gramsci | greatest happiness | T.H. Green | Paul Grice | Robert Grosseteste | Hugo Grotius | grue

Jürgen Habermas | haecceity | William Hamilton | Stuart Hampshire | happiness | Donna Haraway | Sandra Harding | R.M. Hare | H.L.A. Hart | David Hartley | Nicolai Hartmann | Friedrich Hayek | hedonism | Hegel | Life and Works | Dialectic | Subjective | | Absolute | Bibliography | Internet Sources | | Werner Heisenberg | Virginia Held | Helvetius | Carl Hempel | Heraclitus | Herbert of Cherbury | hermeneutics | heteronomy | heterological | heuristic | David Hilbert | Hippias | historicism | Sarah Lucia Hoagland | Hobbes | Life and Works | Human Nature | Society | Bibliography | Internet Sources | Douglas Hofstadter | homological / heterological | bell hooks | Max Horkheimer | Karen Horney | 'ulh [hylê] | humanism | Hume | Life and Works | Ideas | Belief | Cause & Effect | The Self | Skepticism | Morality | Religion | Bibliography | Internet Sources | Edmund Husserl | Francis Hutcheson | hylomorphic | Hypatia | hypostasization | hypothesis | hypothetical imperative | Hypothetical Syll.(H.S.)

"I" proposition | Ibn Daud | Ibn Gabirol | Ibn Rushd | Ibn Sina | idea | idealism | identity | identity theory | appeal to ignorance | arg. ad ignoratiam | ignoratio elenchi | illicit major | illicit minor | illocutionary act | imagination | immediate inference | impartiality | implication | Implication (Impl.) | incommensurability | incontinence | incorrigible | indexical | indirect proof | individual constant | individual variable | indubitable | induction | ineffable | inference | rules of inference | infinite regress | informal fallacy | informative use of language | Roman Ingarden | ingenium | innate ideas | instrumentalism | intension | intentionality | interactionism | intertextuality | intrinsic / extrinsic | intuition | intuitionism | invalid | Luce Irigaray | irony | irrelevant conclusion | "-ism"

James | Life and Works | Psychology | Meaning | Truth | Religion | Bibliography | Internet Sources | Jansenism | Karl Jaspers | Thomas Jefferson | Joint Method | joint occurrence | judgment | C. G. Jung | just war theory | justice | justification |

Kant | Life and Works | Critical Philosophy | Analytic / Synthetic | Mathematics | Natural Science | Experience & Reality | Phenomena / Noumena | Metaphysical Ideas | Limits of Reason | The Moral Law | Categorical Imperative | Autonomy of the Will | Third Critique | Bibliography | Internet Sources | Hans Kelsen | Garth Kemerling | Johannes Kepler | John Maynard Keynes | Kierkegaard | Life and Works | The Individual | Freedom & Dread | Subjective Truth | Bibliography | Internet Sources | Jaegwon Kim | al-Kindi | kinhsiV [kinêsis] | Martin Luther King, Jr. | knowledge | knowledge by acquaintance / | knowledge by description | theoretical knowledge | Saul Kripke | Julia Kristeva | Queen Kristina | Thomas Kuhn

Jacques Lacan | laissez-faire | Imre Lakatos | Jean-Baptiste Lamarck | Julien La Mettrie | Susanne Langer | P. S. de Laplace | Michèle Le Dœuff | legal positivism | Keith Lehrer | Leibniz | Life and Works | Logic & Truth | Individual Substances | Sufficient Reason | Space & Time | Best of All Possible | Freedom | Bibliography | Internet Sources | V. I. Lenin | G. E. Lessing | Leucippus | C. I. Lewis | lexical definition | lex talionis | liar paradox | libertas | N.I. Lobachevsky | Locke | Life and Works | Empiricism | Qualities | Liberty | Substance | Identity | Words | Knowledge | Property | Government | Bibliography | Internet Sources | locutionary act | logic | modal logic | logical form | logical positivism | logicization of arithmetic | logos / muqos [logos/mythos] | | Konrad Lorenz | Rudolf Hermann Lotze | A.O. Lovejoy | Lucretius | Gyorgy Lukacs | Jan Lukasiewicz | Rosa Luxemburg | J.-F. Lyotard

Ernst Mach | Machiavelli | Life and Works | The Prince | Leadership | Bibliography | Internet Sources | MacKinnon | Life and Works | Bibliography | Internet Sources | J.M.E. McTaggart | magnanimity | Moses Maimonides | major premise | major term | Nicolas Malebranche | Thomas Malthus | Benoit Mandelbrot | Bernard Mandeville | Manichaeanism | Mao Zedong | Gabriel Marcel | Marcus Aurelius | Herbert Marcuse | Jacques Maritain | Marsilius of Padua | Marx | Life and Works | Alienation | Communism | Economics | Bibliography | Internet Sources | Damaris Masham | material cause | material equivalence | material implication | materialism | matter | mauvaise foi | maximin principle | George Herbert Mead | mean | meaning | mechanism | megaloyucia [megalopsychia] | Alexius Meinong | meme | memory | Gregor Mendel | Moses Mendelssohn | mens | mention | Maurice Merleau-Ponty | Marin Mersenne | mesoV [mesos] | meta-ethics | metanarrative | metaphilosophy | metaphysics | microcosm | middle term | Mary Midgley | Milesians | James Mill | Mill | Life and Works | Utilitarianism | Individual Liberty | Women's Rights | Bibliography | Internet Sources | Mill's Methods | mimhsiV [mimêsis] | mind | mind-body problem | minor premise | minor term | Marvin Minsky | arg. ad misericordiam | moderation | Modus Ponens (M.P.) | Modus Tollens (M.T.) | monad | monism | Michel de Montaigne | Baron de la Montesquieu | mood and figure | Moore | Life and Works | Against Idealism | Common Sense | Indefinable Good | Bibliography | Internet Sources | moral / non-moral | moral argument | moral sense | Henry More | Thomas More | morfh [morphê] | muqos [mythos] | mysticism

Ernest Nagel | Thomas Nagel | natural law theory | naturalism | naturalistic fallacy | necessary / contingent | necessary / sufficient | negating the ant. and con. | negation | negative proposition | neikoV [neikos] | neoplatonism | neo-Thomism | Otto Neurath | neutral monism | Isaac Newton | Pierre Nicole | Nietzsche | Life and Works | Transvaluation | Slave Morality | Bibliography | Internet Sources | Nihil in intellectu... | nihilism | Nel Noddings | nohsiV [nóêsis] | nominalism | non sequitur | noncognitivism | normative ethics | John Norris | noumena | nouV [nous] | Robert Nozick | Martha Nussbaum

"O" proposition | obligation | obscurum per obscurius | obversion | occasionalism | | oligarchy | ontological argument | ontology | open question | operationalism | opinion | José Ortega y Gasset | ostension | Rudolf Otto | ousia [ousia]

pacifism | Thomas Paine | William Paley | panpsychism | pantheism | Paracelsus | paradigm | paradox | parallelism | Vilfredo Pareto | Parmenides | paronymous | law of parsimony | particular prop. | Blaise Pascal | patriarchy | | Peirce | Life and Works | Belief | Reality | Pragmatism | Bibliography | Internet Sources | perception | perceptual illusion | perfectibility | performative utterance | Peripatetics | perlocutionary act | Ralph Barton Perry | per se / per accidens | person | personal identity | persuasive definition | petitio principii | phenomenalism | phenomenology | phenomenon | Philo Judaeus | philosophy | fronhsiV [phrónêsis] | physicalism | fusiV [physis] | Pico della Mirandola | pistiV [pístis] | appeal to pity | Max Planck | Plato | Life and Works | Socratic method | Knowing Virtue | Soul & Form | Justice | Social Life | Specific Virtues | Good Rulers | Knowledge | Value of Justice | Love | Bibliography | Internet Sources | principle of plenitude | Plotinus | pluralism | pneuma [pneuma] | poihsiV [poiêsis] | Jules Henri Poincare | Polish notation | politics | George Polya | Karl Popper | arg. ad populum | Porphyry | Port-Royal | positivism | post hoc fallacy | | postulate | potentiality | pragmatic theory | pragmatism | praxiV [praxis] | precising definition | predicate calculus | predicate constant | prediction | premise | prescriptivism | presocratic philosophers | presupposition | H.H. Price | Richard Price | H.A. Prichard | primary / secondary qual. | Pringle-Pattison, Seth | private language | probability | problematic judgment | proof | proposition | propositional calculus | Protagoras | P.-J. Proudhon | prudence | yuch [psychê] | Samuel Pufendorf | punishment | Hilary Putnam | Pyrrho of Elis | Pythagoras

| qualia | qualities | propositional quality | quantification rules | quantification theory | quantifiers | propositional quantity | quantum mechanics | quaternio terminorum | Quine | Life and Works | "Two Dogmas" | Bibliography | Internet Sources

Frank Ramsey | | Ayn Rand | rationalism | John Rawls | realism | perceptual realism | reality | reason | recollection | recursive | reductio ad absurdum | reductionism | redundancy theory | reference | Tom Regan | Pierre Régis | Hans Reichenbach | Thomas Reid | reification | relativism | Renaissance | replacement rules | representationalism | res cogitans/extensa | Method of Residues | responsibility | Paul Ricouer | Bernhard Riemann | rights | rigid designator | David George Ritchie | Jacques Rohault | Richard Rorty | W.D. Ross | Rousseau | Life and Works | Inequality | Social Contract | General Will | Bibliography | Internet Sources | Josiah Royce | Sara Ruddick | rule utilitarianism | Russell | Life and Works | Mathematics | Descriptions | Logical Atomism | Social Concerns | Bibliography | Internet Sources | Ryle | Life and Works | Methods | Concept of Mind | Bibliography | Internet Sources

Gaon Saadiah | Comte de Saint-Simon | salva veritate | moral sanction | George Santayana | Sartre | Life and Works | Freedom | Responsibility | Self-Deception | Despair | Bibliography | Internet Sources | Ferdinand de Saussure | F.W.J. von Schelling | Friedrich Schiller | Friedrich Schleiermacher | Moritz Schlick | scholasticism | Arthur Schopenhauer | Erwin Schrödinger | scientia | scientific method | John Duns Scotus | John Searle | secondary qualities | secundum quid | self-deception | self-evident | Wilfrid Sellars | semantic theory | semantics | Seneca | sensation | sense / reference | sense data | Seth Pringle-Pattison | Sextus Empiricus | Shaftesbury | Sheffer stroke | Henry Sidgwick | Siger of Brabant | simpliciter | Simplification (Simp.) | sine qua non | Peter Singer | singular proposition | Sinn / Bedeutung | skepticism | B.F. Skinner | J.J.C. Smart | Adam Smith | social contract | Socrates | Life and Teachings | Defining Piety | Methods / Aims | Civil Obedience | Knowing Virtue | Bibliography | Internet Sources | solipsism | sofia [sophía] | sophism | sophists | swfrosunh [sophrosúnê] | sorites | soul | sound / unsound | Madeleine de Souvré | speech acts | Herbert Spencer | Spinoza | Life and Works | Method | Metaphysics | God / Nature | Mind and Body | Human Nature | Epistemology | Freedom | Bibliography | Internet Sources | square of opposition | Madame de Staël | standard form | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | statement | statement constant | statement form | statement variable | C.L. Stevenson | Dugald Stewart | | stoicism | P.F. Strawson | structuralism | Francisco Suarez | subalternation | subcontraries | subjective | sublime | sub specie aeternitatis | substance | substitution-instance | sufficient condition | sui generis | summum bonum | supererogatory | supervenient | syllogism | | logical symbols | syncategorematic | synderesis | synonymous | syntactics | synthesis | synthetic

Alfred Tarski | tautology | Tautology (Taut.) | Harriet Taylor | tecnh [technê] | teleological argument | teloV [télos] | Teresa of Avila | terminus a quo/ad quem | Thales | theism | theodicy | theoretical definition | thesis /antithesis / synthesis | thing-in-itself | Thomas Aquinas | Judith Jarvis Thomson | H.D. Thoreau | Paul Tillich | time | timh [timê] | time travel | Timon of Philius | token | John Toland | transcendental argument | Transposition (Trans.) | Hegelian triad | Leon Trotsky | truth | truth-functional | truth-table | Sojourner Truth | tuch [tychê] | tu quoque | Alan Turing | type / token | types, theory of

Übermensch | Miguel de Unamuno | unconscious | underdetermination | understanding | undistributed middle | uniformity of nature | Universal Generalization | Universal Instantiation | universal proposition | problem of universals | universalizability | univocal / equivocal | Ursache | Urteil | use / mention | utilitarianism

vagueness | Hans Vaihinger | valid / invalid | Lorenzo Valla | value | variable | Thorsten Veblen | John Venn | verbal dispute | arg. ad verecundiam | verifiability principle | veritas | | Verstehen | Giambattista Vico | Vienna Circle | virtue | virtue ethics | volition | volonté générale | Voltaire | voluntarism | voluntary / involuntary | John von Neumann | voting paradox

Wahrheit | Friedrich Waismann | J. B. Watson | weakness of will | Max Weber | Simone Weil | well-formed formula | | Wert | Cornel West | Richard Whately | William Whewell | Alfred North Whitehead | Wiener Kreis | will | Edward O. Wilson | John Cook Wilson | Wirklichkeit | Wirkung | wisdom | John Wisdom | Wissen | Wittgenstein | Life and Works | Picture Theory | Fact and Value | New Methods | Language Games | Private Language | Bibliography | Internet Sources | Christian Wolff | Wollstonecraft | Life and Works | Bibliography | Internet Sources

Xenocrates | Xenophanes | Xenophon

Zeit | Zeno of Citium | Zeno of Elea | Ernest Zermelo | zombie

ppp
Palmquist, Stephen
Glossary of Kant's Technical Terms

refdesk.com
FACTS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Philosophy Resources

• 4th Tetralogy, The - Exploring Plato's Middle Dialogues
• Alchemy Website and Virtual Library, The - Site provides information on alchemy in all its facets. Divided into over 1300 sections and providing tens of thousands of pages of text, over 2000 images, over 200 complete alchemical texts, extensive bibliographical material on the printed books and manuscripts, numerous articles, introductory and general reference material on alchemy.
• Altar to the Eclectic (Tarot)
• And Adam Knew Eve - A Dictionary of Sex in the Bible
• Ask a Philosopher - Submit a philosophical question and receive an answer within seven days.
• Atheism Web, The
• Australasian Philosophy Home Page, The
• The Automated Reasoning Project
• BEARS: Brown Electronic Article Review Service on Moral and Political Philosophy
• The Official Joseph Campbell Foundation
• Catholic Encyclopedia, The
• Catholic Information Center
• Charles S. Peirce - Studies on the Internet
• Chomsky web page at MIT - Information and Computation.
• Collaborative Bibliography of Women in Philosophy
• Critical Inquiry - published by the University of Chicago Press.
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• DharmaNet
• Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind - a free resource to all those interested in the philosophy of mind.
• Dictionary of Philosophical Terms and Names
• Early Greek Philosophy - site reprints the text of John Burnet's classic book (3rd edition, 1920) on Presocratic philosophy. Philosophers such as Thales, Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Parmenides, Anaxagoras, Zeno, and Diogenes are discussed, and some of their more noteworthy writings are translated.
• Earth Portals - exploring the mystery of existence through language
• Eclectic Diner
• Erratic Impact -- Philosophy Research Base - Site is categorized by history, subject and author, is a meta-index featuring thousands of annotated links, text resources and community services for students and teachers conducting research in the field of philosophy.
• Ethics Updates - “Updates on current literature, both popular and professional, that relate to ethics,” intended for college-level ethics instructors and their students. Includes introductions to primary issues within theoretical and applied ethics, summaries of recent literature addressing these topics.
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Great Illusion, The- "The reality of surreal images, words & thoughts that are hidden from you...within your own mind."
• Great Thinkers and Visionaries on the Web
• Guide to Early Church Documents
• Guide to Philosophy on the Internet
• Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, The
• The Ism Book - A Field Guide to the Nomenclature of Philosophy
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Johns Hopkins University Dept. of Philosophy Home Page
• Just Think Foundation - promoting critical thinking about popular media.
• Krishnamurti's "Mind is a Myth"
• Kurts Favorite Catholic Links
• Mastering Enlightenments Arts - Information on Alan Watts
• Many Paths
• Memory Hole, The
• MennoLink: Mennonite Information Center
• Metaphysics Research Lab at CSLI
• Mysticism in World Religions
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Namaste
• New Universal Consciousness, The
• Objectivism and Ayn Rand - Introduction to the life and work of Rand and explanation of objectivist philosophy.
• Objectivist Center, The - "An open community for those interested in Ayn Rand and Objectivism."
• Pathways to Philosophy
• Philosophy in Cyberspace - Site indexes thousands of philosophy resources and is one of few such indexes which is annotated and updated regularly.
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Rand, Ayn - A Resource Guide
• Rand, Ayn Institute - Information on Rand's life, work, and theory of objectivism.
• Socrates - 469-399 B.C. - annotated, hyperlinked, online texts of the Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, and Phaedo, in addition to annotated links to other Internet resources relating to Socrates. Produced by the Philosophy Department at Clarke College.
• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Dynamic encyclopedia of nearly 500 entries covering all areas of philosphy written by experts in the field.
• SufiTraditions
• Su Tzu's Chinese Philosophy Page
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Ten Bulls, The - updated version of a classic book by the 12th-century Chinese master Kahuan
• Thinking's Legacy and the Evolution of Experience - a history of 19th and 20th century philosophy, and means to be an advanced introduction to thinking's contemporary developments. The text is oriented toward Continental European Philosophy, but Anglo-English perspectives as represented by Shakespearte, William James, Alfred North Whitehead, Susanne Langer and David Bohm are included as well.
• Thinking Man's Minefield, The
• UFMCC World Center - Universal Fellowship of Metropolitan Community Churches; "Church for the 21st Century"
• University of British Columbia - Centre for Applied Ethics
• University of Chicago Philosophy Project
• University of Waterloo - Department of Philosophy
• Valdosta State University Dept. of Philosophy Home Page
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• The WWW Virtual Library: Philosophy
• What is Reality? - "An introduction to philosophy and logic with a view to educate in an informal and entertaining manner regarding issues of the scope, impact and relevance of one's personal worldview; Plus Features: The Hall of '-Isms': Essays on systems impacting contemporary culture, Quotations, Trivia, Philosophy Quiz, Book Reviews, Music Recommendations, Fallacy of the Day, Links and More!"
• Window, The - "Welcome to The Window, the comprehensive clearinghouse for philosophy on the Web."

skepdic
The Skeptic's Dictionary

What is The Skeptic's Dictionary?
The Skeptic's Dictionary is a website and a book. Each features definitions, arguments, and essays on occult topics ranging from acupuncture to zombies, and provides a lively, commonsense trove of detailed information on things supernatural, paranormal, and pseudoscientific.

Dozens of topics in logic, perception, science, and philosophy are also covered to help explain the appeal and popularity of occult beliefs and to provide a guide for critical thinking. » More about the SD & Reader comments on the SD

The Web site was created in 1994 - thanks to the Davis Community Network - and is still evolving. The book was published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, thanks in large part to literary agent Ted Weinstein and former Wiley editor Jeff Golick.

• A
• abracadabra | acupuncture | ad hoc hypothesis | ad hominem | Afrocentrism | agnosticism | AIDS/HIV denial | akashic record | alchemy | alien abduction | allopathy | alphabiotics | alpha waves | altered state of consciousness | alternative health practice | Amityville hoax | amulet | Amway | anchoring effect | ancient astronauts | anecdotal evidence | angel | angel therapy | animal quacker | animism | anomalous cognition | anomalous luminous phenomena | anomalous perturbation | anomaly | anoxia | anthropometry | anthropic principle | anthroposophic medicine | anthroposophy | apophenia | appeal to authority | applied kinesiology | apport | Archaeoraptor | Area 51 | argument from design | argument from incredulity | argument to ignorance | aromatherapy | astral body | astral projection | astrology | astrotherapy | atheism | aura | aura therapy | autism | autokinetic effect | automatic writing | availability error | avatar | Ayurvedic medicine | Aztec UFO hoax
• B
• Bach flower therapy | Backster effect | backward (satanic) messages | ball lightning | Barnum effect | begging the question | Bermuda triangle | Bible Code | Bigfoot | bio-ching | bioharmonics | biorhythms | Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna | Blondlot | blood type diet | Bloxham tapes | "blue sense" | Brain Gym® | breatharianism | Bridey Murphy | bright | bunyip
• C
• cabala | Cambrian explosion | Cardiff giant | "Carlos" hoax | cartomancy | Castaneda, Carlos | cattle mutilation | Cayce, Edgar | Celestine Prophecy | cellular memory | chain letter | chakra | change blindness | channeling | Charcot, Jean-Martin | Chariots of the Gods? | charm | chelation therapy | chemtrails | chi | ch'i kung (qigong) | chiromancy | chiropractic | Chopra, Deepak | Christian ultra-fundamentalism [CUF] | chupacabra | clairaudience | clairvoyance | cleansing scam | Clever Hans phenomenon | climate skeptics | clustering illusion | codependency | cognitive bias | cognitive dissonance | coincidence | cold reading | collective hallucination | collective unconscious | colloidal minerals | communal reinforcement | complementary medicine | complex homeopathy | conditioning | confabulation | confirmation bias | coning | conjuring | Consegrity® | conspiracy, paranoid theorists | contrarian | control study | Consilience Energy Mirrors | cosmobiology | cosmology | A Course in Miracles | craniometry | craniosacral therapy | cranioscopy | creationism and creation science | criminal profiling | crop circle | Crowley, Aleister | cryptomnesia | crystal power | crystal skull | cult | cupping | curse | curse removal, cleansing scam
• D
• D'Adamo, Peter J. | Däniken, Erich von | decline effect | déjà vu | deport | dermo-optical perception | design, argument from | determinism | devadasi | DHEA | Dianetics / Scientology | displacement | divination | the divine fallacy | Dixon, Jeane | Dogon and Sirius II | dolphin-assisted therapy | Dominionism | double-blind test | dowsing | Dragon Dabic | dreams | druid | dualism
• E
• ear candling | ectoplasm | educational kinesiology | EHF (extraordinary human function) | electromagnetic field (electromagnetic radiation) | electronic voice phenomenon | e-meter | Emotional Freedom Techniques | empiricism | EM-Power Disc | EMF (EMR) | energy | enneagram | E-ray | Erhard, Werner | ESP | ESP cards (Zener cards) | est | evil eye | exorcism | experimenter effect | exploitainment | extraterrestrial | eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
• F
• face on Mars | | fairy | faith | faith healing | fakir | false analogy | | false implication | false memory | falun gong (falun dafa) | feng shui | fetish | file-drawer effect | fire walking | flying saucer | Ford, Arthur hoax | Forer effect | Fort, Charles | fortune telling | free energy machine | Freemason | free will | Freud, Sigmund | Friday the 13th | Dr. Fritz | frontier medicine | full moon
• G
• gambler's fallacy | ganzfeld | Geller, Uri | geomancy | ghost | global warming | glossolalia | god | graphology | Gurdjieff, G.I.
• H
• | healing touch | herbal fuel | herbs | hidden persuaders | HIV/AIDS denial | d'Holbach (Paul Henri Thiry) | holistic medicine | hollow Earth | Holocaust denial | homeopathy | hot reading | houris | Houston, Jean and the Mystery School | Hubbard, L. Ron & Scientology | hundredth monkey phenomenon | hypersensory perception (HSP) | hypnagogic | hypnopompic | hypnosis | hystero-epilepsy
• I
• Ica stones | I Ching | ideomotor effect | Illuminati | inattentional blindness | incantation | incorruptible body | Indian rope trick | Indigo child | inedia | infrasound | Inset Fuel Stabilizer | integrative medicine | intelligent design | instrumental transcommunication (ITC) | intuitionist | intuitive | intuitive healer | invocation | IQ and race | iridology | isopathy
• J
• jamais vu | Januarius | jinni | jogini | John of God (João Teixeira de Faria) | Jonas, Dr. Eugen | joy touch | Jung, Carl
• K
• Kabalah | Kabalarian Philosophy | karma | Kennedy curse | kinesiologist | Kirlian photography | Knight, J.Z. | koro
• L
• Landmark Forum | laundry balls | large group awareness training program | law of attraction | law of truly large numbers | Lenz, Frederick | levitation | ley lines | lie detector | Lintgen, Arthur B., M.D. | Littlewood's law of miracles | Lobsang Rampa | Loch Ness monster | logical positivism | Lourdes | lucid dreaming | lunar effects | lycanthropy | Lysenkoism
• M
• macrobiotic | magical thinking | magick | magnet therapy | mahasamahdi | St. Malachy | manifesting | Mapinguari | Marfa lights | Mars Effect | Mars, face on | massage therapy | materialism | maternal impressions | Mayan prophecy | meditation | medium | memory | men in black | mentalist | mesmerism | meta-analysis | metaphysics | metempsychosis | metoposcopy | microacupuncture | mind | mind control | Mineral Doctor | minerals | miracle | mokele mbembe | molecular frequency discrimination | moment of silence | Moody, Raymond | (full) moon | morphic resonance | Moses syndrome | Mothman | Mozart Effect | multi-frequency discrimination (MFD) | multi-level marketing (MLM) | | multiple personality disorder | Murphy, Bridey | Myers-Briggs Type Indicator®
• N
• natural | naturalism | naturopathy | Nazca lines | near-death experience | Nessie | network marketing (mlm) | neuro-linguistic programming | New Age therapies | New World Order | Nigerian scam | N'kisi & the N'kisi Project | Noah's Ark | nocebo | non sequitur | nosode | Nostradamus | N-rays | numerology
• O
• | occult | occultism | occult statistics | ontology | optional starting and stopping | oracle | orb | organic (food and farming) | orgone energy | osteopathy | Ouija board | Ouspensky, Petyr Demianovich | out-of-body experience
• P
• pagan | palmistry | pantheism | papyromancy | paradigm shift | paranoid conspiracy theorists | paranormal | parapsychology | paratrinket | pareidolia | past life regression | pathological science | PEAR (Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research) | penile plethysmograph | perfect prediction scam | perpetual motion machine | personology | pet psychic (see animal quackers) | Philadelphia experiment | philosopher's stone | phrenology | physicalism | physiognomy | Piltdown Hoax | pious fraud | placebo effect | plant perception | Pleiadians | poltergeist | polygraph | Ponzi scheme | positive-outcome bias | post hoc fallacy | pragmatic fallacy | prana | prayer | precognition | predictive remote viewing | The Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research (PEAR) | profiling, criminal | Project Alpha | prophecy | Protocols of the Elders of Zion | Protsch, Reiner (von Zieten) | pseudohistory | pseudoscience | pseudosymmetry | psi | psi assumption | psi-conducive state | psi-focus assumption | psi-missing | Psi-Tronics Super-Sensor Dowsing Rod | psychic | psychic detective | psychic drift | psychic healing | psychic photography | psychic surgery | psychoanalysis | psychokinesis | psychology | psychometry | psychotherapies, New Age | publication bias | Pufedorf hoax | pyramidiocy | pyramid scheme
• Q
• Q-Ray bracelet | quackery | Quadro Tracker | Quixtar®
• R
• radionics | Raël and the Raëlians | Rama | Rampa, T. Lobsang | Ramtha | Randi paranormal challenge | Rath, Matthias M.D. | referral marketing (mlm) | reflexology | regressive fallacy | Reich, Wilhelm | reiki | reincarnation | remote viewing | representativeness error | repressed memory | repressed memory therapy | Resurrection, The | retroactive clairvoyance | retrocognition | retrospective falsification | revelation | reverse speech | Catalina Rivas | rods | Rolfing® | Rorschach ink blot test | Roswell | rumpology | runes
• S
• Sai Baba | saint | sanpaku | Santa Claus | Santo, Audrey | sarcode | Sasquatch | Satan | satanic ritual abuse | Scallion, Gordon-Michael | scapulimancy | science | scientism | Scientology | scrying | séance | second sight | seeding trial | selection bias | selective thinking | self-deception | sensitive | sensory leakage | shark cartilage as a cancer cure | sheep-goat effect | shoehorning | shotgunning | shroud of Turin | shyness effect | Sicher-Targ Distant Healing Report | Silva Mind Control (Silva Method) | Sitchin, Zecharia | sixth sense | skepticism, philosophical | sleep paralysis | slick 50& other oil additives | Soal-Goldney experiment | Sokal hoax | sorcery | souls | speaking in tongues (glossolalia) | speed reading | spell | spirit photography | spiritualism | spontaneous human combustion | star child | Steiner, Rudolf | Sternberg Richard M. | Stevenson, Ian | Steve Terbot hoax | stichomancy | stigmata | straw man | subconscious | subjective validation | subliminal | substance abuse treatment | sunk-cost fallacy | super | superstition | supplements | suppressed evidence fallacy | swastika | sympathetic magic | synchronicity | synaesthesia
• T
• tachyons & takionics | talisman | tantra | tarot cards | Tart, Charles | Team of Destiny® (TOD) | telekinesis | telepathy | teleportation | Ten Commandments | Tensegrity | testimonial evidence | Texas sharpshooter fallacy | theism | theist | theosophy | therapeutic touch | thought field therapy | thoughtography | Toft, Mary hoax | trance writing | Transcendental Meditation® (TM) | transubstantiation | trepanation | Trudeau, Kevin | true-believer syndrome
• U
• UFO [Unidentified Flying Object] | ultrafundamentalism (Christian) | unconscious mind | unicorn | Urantia Book | urine therapy
• V
• vampire | vastu | Velikovsky's Worlds in Collision | victim soul | vinyl vision | vitalism | vitamins | voodoo science | von Däniken, Erich | von Zieten, Reiner Protsch
• W
• | Wallach, Joel D. "The Mineral Doctor" | warlock | warm reading | Watsonville, Our Lady of | werewolf | Wicca | wishful thinking | witch | wizard | woo-woo | World Association of Christian Fundamentalists
• X
• xenoglossy
• Y
• Yellow Bamboo | Yeti | yin-yang
• Z
• Zeitoun | Zener (ESP) cards | Zermatism | zombies & p-zombies

stanford
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - SEP

Table of Contents (22.10.2008)

• A
• Abelard [Abailard], Peter (Peter King) | Abrabanel, Judah (Aaron Hughes) | abstract objects (Gideon Rosen) | accidental properties - see essential vs. accidental properties | action (George Wilson) | action at a distance - see quantum mechanics: action at a distance in | actualism (Christopher Menzel) | Addams, Jane (Maurice Hamington) | Adorno, Theodor W. (Lambert Zuidervaart) | Aegidius Romanus - see Giles of Rome | Aenesidemus - see skepticism: ancient | aesthetics | aesthetic judgment (Nick Zangwill) | Beardsley - see Beardsley, Monroe C.: aesthetics | British, in the 18th century (James Shelley) | Collingwood - see Collingwood, Robin George: aesthetics | Croce - see Croce, Benedetto: aesthetics | Dewey - see Dewey, John: aesthetics | environmental (Allen Carlson) | feminist - see feminist (interventions): aesthetics | French, in the 18th century (Jacques Morizot) | Gadamer - see Gadamer, Hans-Georg: aesthetics | German, in the 18th century (Paul Guyer) | Goodman - see Goodman, Nelson: aesthetics | Hume - see Hume, David: aesthetics | Japanese - see Japanese Philosophy: aesthetics | Plato - see Plato: aesthetics | Wittgenstein - see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: aesthetics | affirmative action (Robert Fullinwider) | African Philosophy | sage philosophy (Dismas Masolo) | afterlife (William Hasker) | agent-relative vs. agent-neutral reasons - see reasons for action: agent-neutral vs. agent-relative | agnosticism - see atheism and agnosticism | Agrippa - see skepticism: ancient | Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius (Charles Nauert) | Akan Philosophy | of the person (Ajume Wingo) | akrasia - see weakness of will | Al-Ghazali (Frank Griffel) | Al-Kindi (Peter Adamson) | Albert of Saxony (Joél Biard) | Albert the Great [= Albertus magnus] (Markus Führer) | Albo, Joseph (Dror Ehrlich) | Alcmaeon (Carl Huffman) | Alexander of Aphrodisias (Dorothea Frede) | algebra (Vaughan Pratt) | altruism | biological (Samir Okasha) | Alyngton, Robert (Alessandro Conti) | Ammonius (David Blank) | Ammonius Saccas - see Plotinus | analogy | medieval theories of (E. Jennifer Ashworth) | analysis (Michael Beaney) | analytic/synthetic distinction (Georges Rey) | anaphora (Jeffrey C. King) | Anaxagoras (Patricia Curd) | Anaxarchus - see Pyrrho | Andronicus of Rhodes - see Aristotle, commentators on | animal consciousness - see consciousness: animal | animals, moral status of (Lori Gruen) | anomalous monism (Steven Yalowitz) | | anti-realism, moral - see moral anti-realism | Antiochus of Ascalon (James Allen) | a posteriori knowledge - see a priori justification and knowledge | appearance vs. reality | epistemological problems of perception - see perception: epistemological problems of | skepticism - see skepticism | a priori justification and knowledge (Bruce Russell) | Aquinas, Saint Thomas (Ralph McInerny and John O'Callaghan) | moral, political, and legal philosophy (John Finnis) | Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, disciplines in | natural philosophy and natural science (Jon McGinnis) | philosophy of language and logic (Tony Street) | psychology and philosophy of mind (Alfred Ivry) | Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, historical and methodological topics in | influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on Judaic thought (Mauro Zonta) | influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West (Dag Nikolaus Hasse) | Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, special topics in | Ibn Kammuna - see Ibn Kammuna | Ikhwan al-Safa (Carmela Baffioni) | Arcesilaus (Charles Brittain) | Archytas (Carl Huffman) | Arendt, Hannah (Maurizio Passerin d'Entreves) | arete - see ethics: ancient | Aristotelianism | commentators on Aristotle - see Aristotle, commentators on | in the Renaissance (Heinrich Kuhn) | Aristotle, commentators on (Andrea Falcon) | Alexander of Aphrosias - see Alexander of Aphrodisias | Ammonius - see Ammonius | David - see David | Elias - see Elias | Olympiodorus - see Olympiodorus | Philoponus - see Philoponus | Aristotle, General Topics | biology (James Lennox) | categories (Paul Studtmann) | ethics (Richard Kraut) | logic (Robin Smith) | metaphysics (S. Marc Cohen) | political theory (Fred Miller) | psychology (Christopher Shields) | rhetoric (Christof Rapp) | Aristotle, Special Topics | causality (Andrea Falcon) | mathematics (Henry Mendell) | natural philosophy (Istvan Bodnar) | on non-contradiction (Paula Gottlieb) | Arnauld, Antoine (Elmar Kremer) | art, conceptual (Elisabeth Schellekens) | art, definition of (Thomas Adajian) | artifact (Risto Hilpinen) | | logic and (Richmond Thomason) | assertion (Peter Pagin) | Astell, Mary (Alice Sowaal) | atheism and agnosticism (J. J. C. Smart) | atomism | 17th to 20th century (Alan Chalmers) | ancient (Sylvia Berryman) | attributes - see properties | Augustine, Saint (Michael Mendelson) | Auriol [Aureol, Aureoli], Peter (Russell L. Friedman) | Austin, John (Brian Bix) | authority (Tom Christiano) | legal - see legal obligation and authority | automated reasoning - see reasoning: automated | autonomy | in moral and political philosophy (John Christman) | personal (Sarah Buss) | Ayer, Alfred Jules (Graham Macdonald)
• B
• Bacon, Francis (Juergen Klein) | Bacon, Roger (Jeremiah Hackett) | Bain, Alexander - see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century | basing relation, epistemic (Keith Allen Korcz) | Baudrillard, Jean (Douglas Kellner) | Bauer, Bruno (Douglas Moggach) | Bayes' Theorem (James Joyce) | | Beardsley, Monroe C. | aesthetics (Michael Wreen) | Beattie, James - see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century | Beauvoir, Simone de (Debra Bergoffen) | behaviorism (George Graham) | being - see existence | being and becoming - see time | in modern physics - see space and time: being and becoming in modern physics | belief (Eric Schwitzgebel) | Bell's Theorem (Abner Shimony) | beneficence, principle of (Tom Beauchamp) | | Berkeley, George (Lisa Downing) | Berlin, Isaiah (Joshua Cherniss and Henry Hardy) | binarium famosissimum [= most famous pair] (Paul Vincent Spade) | biodiversity - see ecology: biodiversity | biological information - see information: biological | biology | conservation - see conservation biology | molecular - see molecular biology | notion of individual (Robert A. Wilson) | notion of self - see self: the biological notion of | teleological notions in - see teleology: teleological notions in biology | biology, philosophy of (Paul Griffiths) | Blair, Hugh - see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century | Bodin, Jean (Mario Turchetti) | body - see substance | Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (John Marenbon) | Bolzano, Bernard (Edgar Morscher) | logic (Jan Sebestik) | Bonaventure, Saint (Tim Noone and R. E. Houser) | | the mathematics of (J. Donald Monk) | Bosanquet, Bernard (William Sweet) | boundary (Achille Varzi) | Boyle, Robert (J. J. MacIntosh and Peter Anstey) | Bradley, Francis Herbert (Stewart Candlish) | brain death - see death: definition of | brains in a vat (Tony Brueckner) | Brentano, Franz (Wolfgang Huemer) | theory of judgement (Johannes Brandl) | Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan (Mark van Atten) | Brown, Thomas - see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century | Buber, Martin (Michael Zank) | Buddhism | Zen - see Japanese Philosophy: Zen Buddhism | bundle theory - see substance | Buridan, John [Jean] (Jack Zupko) | Burke, Edmund (Ian Harris) | Burley [Burleigh], Walter (Alessandro Conti) | Burnet, James [Lord Monboddo] - see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century | Byzantine philosophy (Katerina Ierodiakonou and Börje Bydén)
• C
• Caird, Edward - see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century | Callicles - see Plato: Callicles and Thrasymachus | Cambridge Platonists (Sarah Hutton) | Campanella, Tommaso (Germana Ernst) | Campbell, George - see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century | Carneades (James Allen) | Cassirer, Ernst (Michael Friedman) | casuistry - see reasoning: moral | categories (Amie Thomasson) | medieval theories of (Jorge Gracia and Lloyd Newton) | category theory (Jean-Pierre Marquis) | causation | backward (Jan Faye) | causal processes (Phil Dowe) | counterfactual theories of (Peter Menzies) | in the law (Antony Honoré) | and manipulability (James Woodward) | medieval theories of (Graham White) | mental - see mental causation | the metaphysics of (Jonathan Schaffer) | probabilistic (Christopher Hitchcock) | censorship - see pornography: and censorship | certainty (Baron Reed) | change (Chris Mortensen) | chaos (Robert Bishop) | character, moral (Marcia Homiak) | Chatton, Walter (Rondo Keele) | childhood, the philosophy of (Gareth Matthews) | children, philosophy for (Michael Pritchard) | Chinese ethics - see ethics: Chinese | Chinese room argument (David Cole) | choice, axiom of (John L. Bell) | choice, dynamic (Chrisoula Andreou) | Christian theology, philosophy and (Michael Murray and Michael Rea) | Church-Turing Thesis (B. Jack Copeland) | Church's Thesis - see Church-Turing Thesis | citizenship (Dominique Leydet) | Civic education (Jack Crittenden) | civic humanism (Athanasios Moulakis) | civil disobedience (Kimberley Brownlee) | civil rights (Andrew Altman) | Clarke, Samuel (Ezio Vailati) | Clement of Alexandria - see doxography of ancient philosophy | cloning (Katrien Devolder) | Cockburn, Catharine Trotter (Patricia Sheridan) | coercion (Scott Anderson) | cognition, animal (Kristin Andrews) | cognitive science (Paul Thagard) | cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral (Mark van Roojen) | Collingwood, Robin George (Giuseppina D'Oro) | aesthetics (Gary Kemp) | Collins, Anthony (William Uzgalis) | colonialism (Margaret Kohn) | color (Barry Maund) | common knowledge (Peter Vanderschraaf and Giacomo Sillari) | communitarianism (Daniel Bell) | comparative philosophy | Chinese and Western (David Wong) | compatibilism (Michael McKenna) | competence, in biomedical decision-making - see decision-making capacity | composition, the vagueness of - see many, problem of | compositionality (Zoltán Gendler Szabó) | computability and complexity (Neil Immerman) | computational theory of mind - see mind: computational theory of | computer and information ethics | basic concepts and historical overview (Terrell Bynum) | computing | modern history of (B. Jack Copeland) | and moral responsibility (Kari Gwen Coleman) | concepts (Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence) | condemnation of 1277 (Hans Thijssen) | Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de (Lorne Falkenstein) | conditionals (Dorothy Edgington) | logic of - see logic: conditionals | Confucius (Jeffrey Riegel) | connectionism (James Garson) | conscience | medieval theories of (Douglas Langston) | consciousness (Robert Van Gulick) | animal (Colin Allen) | higher-order theories (Peter Carruthers) | and intentionality (Charles Siewert) | representational theories of (William Lycan) | unity of (Andrew Brook and Paul Raymont) | consent - see political obligation | consequentialism (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong) | rule (Brad Hooker) | conservation biology (Sahotra Sarkar) | constitutionalism (Wil Waluchow) | contextualism, epistemic (Patrick Rysiew) | Continental Rationalism (Thomas M. Lennon and Shannon Dea) | continuant - see change | continuity and infinitesimals (John L. Bell) | contractarianism (Ann Cudd) | contractualism (Elizabeth Ashford and Tim Mulgan) | contradiction (Laurence R. Horn) | convention (Michael Rescorla) | Conway, Lady Anne (Sarah Hutton) | Copernicus, Nicolaus (Sheila Rabin) | Cordemoy, Geraud de (Fred Ablondi) | corruption (Seumas Miller) | cosmological argument (Bruce Reichenbach) | cosmology | methodological debates in the 1930s and 1940s (George Gale) | cosmopolitanism (Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown) | counterpart theory - see possible objects | Crathorn, William (Aurélien Robert) | creation and conservation (Jonathan Kvanvig) | creationism (Michael Ruse) | criminal law, theories of (Antony Duff) | critical theory (James Bohman) | Croce, Benedetto | aesthetics (Gary Kemp) | Cudworth, Ralph - see Cambridge Platonists | cultural evolution - see evolution: cultural | Culverwell, Nathaniel - see Cambridge Platonists | Curry's paradox (JC Beall)
• D
• Damian, Peter (Toivo J. Holopainen) | Dante Alighieri (Winthrop Wetherbee) | Daoism - see Taoism | Darwinism (James Lennox) | Daud, Abraham Ibn - see Ibn Daud, Abraham | David (Christian Wildberg) | Davidson, Donald (Jeff Malpas) | death (Steven Luper) | definition of (David DeGrazia) | de Beauvoir, Simone - see Beauvoir, Simone de | deception | definition of - see lying and deception: definition of | self - see self-deception | decision-making capacity (Louis Charland) | Dedekind, Richard | contributions to the foundations of mathematics (Erich Reck) | defaults in semantics and pragmatics (K. M. Jaszczolt) | definitions (Anil Gupta) | Deleuze, Gilles (Daniel Smith and John Protevi) | Delmedigo, Elijah (Jacob Ross) | demarcation of science - see science and pseudo-science | democracy (Tom Christiano) | Democritus (Sylvia Berryman) | demonstration | Aristotle's theory of - see Aristotle, General Topics: logic | medieval theories of (John Longeway) | demonstratives - see indexicals | denotation - see reference | deontological ethics - see ethics: deontological | dependence, ontological (E. Jonathan Lowe) | Derrida, Jacques (Leonard Lawlor) | Descartes, René | epistemology (Lex Newman) | ethics (Donald Rutherford) | life and works (Kurt Smith) | modal metaphysics (David Cunning) | ontological argument (Lawrence Nolan) | physics (Edward Slowik) | and the pineal gland (Gert-Jan Lokhorst) | theory of emotion - see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of | theory of ideas (Andrew Pessin) | descriptions (Peter Ludlow) | desert (Owen McLeod) | Desgabets, Robert (Patricia Easton) | design, argument from - see teleology: teleological arguments for God's existence | determinates vs. determinables (David H. Sanford) | determinism | causal (Carl Hoefer) | developmental biology | epigenesis and preformationism (Jane Maienschein) | Dewey, John | aesthetics (Tom Leddy) | moral philosophy (Elizabeth Anderson) | political philosophy (Matthew Festenstein) | diagrams (Sun-Joo Shin and Oliver Lemon) | Dialectical School (Susanne Bobzien) | dialetheism [dialethism] (Graham Priest) | Dietrich of Freiberg (Markus Führer) | Dilthey, Wilhelm (Rudolf Makkreel) | Diogenes Laertius - see doxography of ancient philosophy | Dionysius the Areopagite - see Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite | discourse representation theory (Bart Geurts and David I. Beaver) | | dispositions (Michael Fara) | distributive justice - see justice: distributive | diversity | religious - see religious diversity | divine, concepts of the - see God: concepts of | divine command theory - see voluntarism, theological | divine illumination (Robert Pasnau) | doing vs. allowing harm (Frances Howard-Snyder) | double effect, doctrine of (Alison McIntyre) | doxography of ancient philosophy (Jaap Mansfeld) | dualism (Howard Robinson) | Duhem, Pierre (Roger Ariew) | Dunbar, James - see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century | Duns Scotus, John (Thomas Williams)
• E
• Eckhart, Meister - see Meister Eckhart | ecology (Sahotra Sarkar) | biodiversity (Daniel P. Faith) | conservation biology - see conservation biology | economics, philosophy of (Daniel M. Hausman) | economics and economic justice (Marc Fleurbaey) | education, philosophy of (D.C. Phillips) | Edwards, Jonathan (William Wainwright) | egalitarianism (Richard Arneson) | egoism (Robert Shaver) | Einstein, Albert | the hole argument - see space and time: the hole argument | philosophy of science (Don A. Howard) | Elias (Christian Wildberg) | emergent properties (Timothy O'Connor and Hong Yu Wong) | Emerson, Ralph Waldo (Russell Goodman) | emotion (Ronald de Sousa) | 17th and 18th century theories of (Amy M. Schmitter) | in the Christian tradition (Robert Roberts) | empathy (Karsten Stueber) | Empedocles (Richard Parry) | empiricism - see rationalism vs. empiricism | entailment - see logical consequence | envy (Justin D'Arms) | Epicurus (David Konstan) | epiphenomenalism (William Robinson) | episteme and techne [= scientific knowledge and expertise] (Richard Parry) | epistemic basing relation - see basing relation, epistemic | epistemic closure principle (Steven Luper) | epistemic paradoxes (Roy Sorensen) | epistemology (Matthias Steup) | Bayesian (William Talbott) | contextualism in - see contextualism, epistemic | evolutionary (Michael Bradie and William Harms) | feminist - see feminist (interventions): epistemology and philosophy of science | moral - see moral epistemology | naturalized (Richard Feldman) | reliabilism - see reliabilism | social (Alvin Goldman) | social feminist - see feminist (interventions): social epistemology | virtue (John Greco) | epsilon calculus (Jeremy Avigad and Richard Zach) | equality (Stefan Gosepath) | of opportunity (Richard Arneson) | equivalence of mass and energy (Francisco Flores) | Eriugena, John Scottus (Dermot Moran) | essentialism - see essential vs. accidental properties | essential vs. accidental properties (Teresa Robertson) | eternity (Paul Helm) | ethics | ancient (Richard Parry) | business (Alexei Marcoux) | Chinese (David Wong) | computer and information - see computer and information ethics: basic concepts and historical overview | deontological (Larry Alexander and Michael Moore) | environmental (Andrew Brennan and Yeuk-Sze Lo) | feminist - see feminist (interventions): ethics | natural law tradition (Mark Murphy) | and personal identity - see personal identity: and ethics | utilitarian - see consequentialism | virtue (Rosalind Hursthouse) | ethics, applied | phenomenological approaches to ethics and information technology - see information technology: phenomenological approaches to ethics and | ethics, biomedical | cloning - see cloning | decision-making capacity - see decision-making capacity | stem cell research (Andrew Siegel) | eudaimonia - see ethics: ancient | euthanasia | voluntary (Robert Young) | events (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi) | evidence (Thomas Kelly) | evil, problem of (Michael Tooley) | evolution (Phillip Sloan) | cultural (Tim Lewens) | | evolutionary psychology - see psychology: evolutionary | existence (Barry Miller) | existentialism (Steven Crowell) | experimentation | in physics - see physics: experiment in | explanation | in mathematics - see mathematics: explanation in | scientific - see scientific explanation | exploitation (Alan Wertheimer) | extrinsic - see intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties | Ezra, Abraham Ibn - see Ibn Ezra, Abraham
• F
• facts (Kevin Mulligan and Fabrice Correia) | Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn (Steve Harvey) | fallacies - see logic: informal | fatalism (Hugh Rice) | federalism (Andreas Føllesdal) | feminism, approaches to (Nancy Tuana) | analytic philosophy (Ann Garry) | continental philosophy (Ann J. Cahill) | intersections between analytic and continental philosophy (Georgia Warnke) | intersections between pragmatist and continental philosophy (Shannon Sullivan) | pragmatism (Judy Whipps) | feminist (interventions) | aesthetics (Carolyn Korsmeyer) | bioethics (Anne Donchin) | epistemology and philosophy of science (Elizabeth Anderson) | ethics (Rosemarie Tong and Nancy Williams) | history of philosophy (Charlotte Witt) | liberal feminism (Amy R. Baehr) | metaphysics (Sally Haslanger) | philosophy of language (Jennifer Saul) | philosophy of religion (Nancy Frankenberry) | social epistemology (Heidi Grasswick) | feminist (topics) (Sally Haslanger and Nancy Tuana) | perspectives on class and work (Ann Ferguson) | perspectives on power (Amy Allen) | perspectives on reproduction and the family (Debra Satz) | perspectives on sex and gender (Mari Mikkola) | perspectives on sex markets (Laurie Shrage) | perspectives on the self (Diana Meyers) | Ferguson, Adam - see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century | Ferrier, James - see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century | Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (Van A. Harvey) | Feyerabend, Paul (John Preston) | Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (Dan Breazeale) | fictionalism (Matti Eklund) | in the philosophy of mathematics - see mathematics, philosophy of: fictionalism | modal (Daniel Nolan) | fideism (Richard Amesbury) | film, philosophy of (Thomas Wartenberg) | Fitch's paradox of knowability (Berit Brogaard and Joe Salerno) | fitness (Alexander Rosenberg and Frederic Bouchard) | folk psychology | as mental simulation (Robert M. Gordon) | as a theory (Ian Ravenscroft) | foreknowledge, divine - see free will: divine foreknowledge and | Forms [Platonic] - see Plato: middle period metaphysics and epistemology | Foucault, Michel (Gary Gutting) | four dimensionalism - see temporal parts | frame problem (Murray Shanahan) | Francis of Marchia (Christopher Schabel) | freedom | divine (William Rowe) | positive and negative - see liberty: positive and negative | of speech (David van Mill) | free rider problem (Russell Hardin) | free will (Timothy O'Connor) | (nondeterministic) theories of - see incompatibilism: (nondeterministic) theories of free will | divine foreknowledge and (Linda Zagzebski) | Frege, Gottlob (Edward N. Zalta) | controversy with Hilbert (Patricia Blanchette) | logic, theorem, and foundations for arithmetic (Edward N. Zalta) | friendship (Bennett Helm) | function | in biology - see teleology: teleological notions in biology | recursive (Piergiorgio Odifreddi) | functionalism (Janet Levin) | future contingents | medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila)
• G
• Gadamer, Hans-Georg (Jeff Malpas) | aesthetics (Nicholas Davey) | Galileo Galilei (Peter Machamer) | and ethics (Bruno Verbeek and Christopher Morris) | evolutionary (J. McKenzie Alexander) | Gassendi, Pierre (Saul Fisher) | gene (Hans-Jörg Rheinberger and Staffan Müller-Wille) | generalized quantifiers (Dag Westerståhl) | general relativity | early philosophical interpretations of (Thomas A. Ryckman) | genetics | evolutionary (Michael Wade) | genotype/phenotype distinction (Richard Lewontin) | molecular (Ken Waters) | population (Samir Okasha) | geometry | finitism in (Jean-Paul Van Bendegem) | in the 19th century (Roberto Torretti) | Gerard, Alexander - see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century | German Philosophy | in the 18th century, prior to Kant (Brigitte Sassen) | Gersonides (Tamar Rudavsky) | Giles of Rome (Roberto Lambertini) | given, the - see justification, epistemic: foundationalist theories of | globalization (William Scheuerman) | God | concepts of (William Wainwright) | and other necessary beings (Matthew Davidson) | God, arguments for belief in | pragmatic - see pragmatic arguments for belief in God | God, arguments for the existence of | cosmological - see cosmological argument | Descartes' ontological - see Descartes, René: ontological argument | moral arguments (Peter Byrne) | ontological - see ontological arguments | teleological - see teleology: teleological arguments for God's existence | Godfrey of Fontaines (John Wippel) | Godwin, William (Mark Philp) | | Goodman, Nelson | aesthetics (Alessandro Giovannelli) | Green, Thomas Hill (Colin Tyler) | Gregory of Rimini (Christopher Schabel) | Grice, Paul (Richard E. Grandy and Richard Warner) | Grosseteste, Robert (Neil Lewis) | Grotius, Hugo (Jon Miller)
• H
• Habermas, Jürgen (James Bohman and William Rehg) | haecceity - see substance | medieval theories of (Richard Cross) | Halevi, Judah (Barry Kogan) | Hamann, Johann Georg (Gwen Griffith-Dickson) | Hamilton, William - see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century | Hartley, David (Richard Allen) | Hartshorne, Charles (Dan Dombrowski) | heaven and hell (Jonathan Kvanvig) | hedonism (Andrew Moore) | Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (Paul Redding) | hell - see heaven and hell | Helmholtz, Hermann von (Lydia Patton) | Henry of Ghent (Pasquale Porro) | Heraclitus (Daniel W. Graham) | Herder, Johann Gottfried von (Michael Forster) | heredity and heritability (Stephen M. Downes) | hermeneutics (Bjørn Ramberg and Kristin Gjesdal) | Heytesbury, William (John Longeway) | Hilbert, David | controversy with Frege - see Frege, Gottlob: controversy with Hilbert | program in the foundations of mathematics (Richard Zach) | history, philosophy of (Daniel Little) | Hobbes, Thomas | moral and political philosophy (Sharon A. Lloyd and Susanne Sreedhar) | theory of emotion - see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of | Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry (Baron) d' (Michael LeBuffe) | holes (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi) | Holkot [Holcot], Robert (Hester Gelber) | Home, Henry [Lord Kames] - see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century | homosexuality (Brent Pickett) | Hook, Sidney (David Sidorsky) | humanism | civic - see civic humanism | human rights - see rights: human | Humboldt, Wilhelm von (Kurt Mueller-Vollmer) | Hume, David (William Edward Morris) | aesthetics (Ted Gracyk) | and Kant on causality - see Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on causality | and Kant on morality - see Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on morality | moral philosophy (Rachel Cohon) | Newtonianism and Anti-Newtonianism (Eric Schliesser) | on free will (Paul Russell) | on religion (Paul Russell) | theory of emotion - see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of | Husserl, Edmund (Christian Beyer) | Hutcheson, Francis - see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century | theory of emotion - see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of | Hutton, James - see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century | hybrid logic - see logic: hybrid
• I
• Ibn Arabi (William Chittick) | Ibn Bajja (Josep Puig Montada) | Ibn Daud, Abraham (Resianne Fontaine) | Ibn Ezra, Abraham (Tzvi Langermann) | Ibn Falaquera, Shem Tov - see Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn | Ibn Kammuna (Tzvi Langermann) | Ibn Tibbon, Samuel - see Tibbon, Samuel Ibn | identity (Harold Noonan) | of indiscernibles (Peter Forrest) | over time (Andre Gallois) | personal - see personal identity | relative (Harry Deutsch) | transworld (Penelope Mackie) | identity politics (Cressida Heyes) | identity theory of mind (J. J. C. Smart) | idiolects (Alex Barber) | imagery, mental - see mental imagery | imitation game - see Turing test | immortality - see afterlife | immunology, philosophy of - see self: the biological notion of | immutability (Brian Leftow) | impartiality (Troy Jollimore) | implicature (Wayne Davis) | optimality theoretic and game theoretic approaches (Robert van Rooij) | incommensurability | of values - see value: incommensurable | incomparable values - see value: incommensurable | incompatibilism | (nondeterministic) theories of free will (Randolph Clarke) | arguments for (Kadri Vihvelin) | indexicals (David Braun) | individual, biological notion of - see biology: notion of individual | individualism, methodological (Joseph Heath) | induction | problem of (John Vickers) | inductive logic - see logic: inductive | inequality - see equality | inertial systems - see space and time: inertial frames | infinitesimals - see continuity and infinitesimals | | information | biological (Peter Godfrey-Smith and Kim Sterelny) | semantic conceptions of (Luciano Floridi) | information technology | phenomenological approaches to ethics and (Lucas Introna) | Ingarden, Roman (Amie Thomasson) | inherence - see substance | innateness | historical controversies (Jerry Samet) | and language (Fiona Cowie) | insolubles [= insolubilia] (Paul Vincent Spade) | integrity (Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine) | intelligent design, theory of - see creationism | intensional transitive verbs (Graeme Forbes) | intentionality (Pierre Jacob) | consciousness and - see consciousness: and intentionality | in ancient philosophy (Victor Caston) | internal vs. external reasons for action - see reasons for action: internal vs. external | intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties (Brian Weatherson) | intuitionism - see mathematics, philosophy of: intuitionism | intuitionistic logic - see logic: intuitionistic | development of - see logic, history of: intuitionistic logic | inverted qualia - see qualia: inverted | Israeli, Isaac (Leonard Levin and R. David Walker)
• J
• Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich (George di Giovanni) | James, William (Russell Goodman) | Japanese Philosophy | aesthetics (Graham Parkes) | Confucian (John Tucker) | Kokugaku School [Native Studies School] (Susan Burns) | Kûkai (John Krummel) | Kyoto School (Bret W. Davis) | Nishida Kitarô - see Nishida Kitarô | Watsuji Tetsurô - see Watsuji Tetsurô | Zen Buddhism (Shigenori Nagatomo) | Jaspers, Karl (Chris Thornhill) | Jevons, William Stanley (Bert Mosselmans) | John of Salisbury (Kevin Guilfoy) | Judah Halevi - see Halevi, Judah | judgment | aesthetic - see aesthetics: aesthetic judgment | justice | distributive (Julian Lamont and Christi Favor) | intergenerational (Lukas Meyer) | international (Michael Blake) | as a virtue (Michael Slote) | justification,epistemic | justification, epistemic | a priori - see a priori justification and knowledge | coherentist theories of (Jonathan Kvanvig) | foundationalist theories of (Richard Fumerton) | internalist vs. externalist conceptions of (George Pappas) | reliabilism - see reliabilism | justification, political | public (Fred D'Agostino)
• K
• Kant, Immanuel | account of reason (Garrath Williams) | aesthetics and teleology (Hannah Ginsborg) | critique of metaphysics (Michelle Grier) | and Hume on causality (Graciela De Pierris and Michael Friedman) | and Hume on morality (Lara Denis) | and Leibniz (Catherine Wilson) | moral philosophy (Robert Johnson) | philosophical development (Martin Schönfeld) | philosophy of religion (Philip Rossi) | philosophy of science (Eric Watkins) | social and political philosophy (Frederick Rauscher) | theory of judgment (Robert Hanna) | view of mind and consciousness of self (Andrew Brook) | Kaspi, Joseph (Hannah Kasher) | Kierkegaard, Søren (William McDonald) | killing vs. letting die - see doing vs. allowing harm | Kilvington, Richard (Elzbieta Jung) | knowledge | analysis of (Matthias Steup) | a priori - see a priori justification and knowledge | by acquaintance vs. description (Richard Fumerton) | self- - see self-knowledge | knowledge, value of (Duncan Pritchard) | Kochen-Specker theorem - see quantum mechanics: Kochen-Specker theorem | Kuhn, Thomas (Alexander Bird) | Kûkai - see Japanese Philosophy: Kûkai
• L
• Lange, Friedrich Albert (Nadeem J. Z. Hussain) | language of thought hypothesis (Murat Aydede) | Laozi (Alan Chan) | law | and ideology (Christine Sypnowich) | and language (Timothy Endicott) | limits of - see limits of law | nature of - see nature of law: natural law theories | laws of nature (John W. Carroll) | learning theory, formal (Oliver Schulte) | legal obligation and authority (Leslie Green) | legal philosophy | economic analysis of law (Lewis Kornhauser) | legal positivism - see nature of law: legal positivism | legal punishment - see punishment, legal | legal reasoning | interpretation and coherence in (Julie Dickson) | precedent and analogy in (Grant Lamond) | legal rights (Kenneth Campbell) | Le Grand, Antoine (Patricia Easton) | Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (Brandon C. Look) | ethics (Andrew Youpa) | modal metaphysics (Brandon C. Look) | on causation (Marc Bobro) | on the problem of evil (Michael Murray) | philosophy of mind (Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin) | philosophy of physics (Jeff Mcdonough) | Lesniewski, Stanislaw (Peter Simons) | Leucippus (Sylvia Berryman) | Levinas, Emmanuel (Bettina Bergo) | Lewis, Clarence Irving (Bruce Hunter) | liberal feminism - see feminist (interventions): liberal feminism | liberalism (Gerald Gaus and Shane D. Courtland) | libertarianism (Peter Vallentyne) | liberty | positive and negative (Ian Carter) | life (Bruce Weber) | meaning of (Thaddeus Metz) | lifeworld - see Husserl, Edmund | limits of law (John Stanton-Ife) | linear logic - see logic: linear | Lipsius, Justus (Jan Papy) | Locke, John (William Uzgalis) | political philosophy (Alex Tuckness) | logic | ancient (Susanne Bobzien) | | of belief revision (Sven Ove Hansson) | classical (Stewart Shapiro) | combining (Walter Carnielli and Marcelo Esteban Coniglio) | conditionals (Horacio Arlo-Costa) | connexive (Heinrich Wansing) | deontic (Paul McNamara) | epistemic (Vincent Hendricks and John Symons) | fuzzy (Petr Hajek) | and games (Wilfrid Hodges) | hybrid (Torben Braüner) | inductive (James Hawthorne) | infinitary (John L. Bell) | informal (Leo Groarke) | intensional (Melvin Fitting) | intuitionistic (Joan Moschovakis) | linear (Roberto Di Cosmo and Dale Miller) | many-valued (Siegfried Gottwald) | modal (James Garson) | non-monotonic (G. Aldo Antonelli) | paraconsistent (Graham Priest and Koji Tanaka) | propositional dynamic (Philippe Balbiani) | provability (Rineke (L.C.) Verbrugge) | relevance (Edwin Mares) | second-order and higher-order (Herbert B. Enderton) | substructural (Greg Restall) | temporal (Antony Galton) | logic, history of | intuitionistic logic (Mark van Atten) | proof theory - see proof theory: development of | set theory, early - see set theory: early development | logical atomism | Russell's (Kevin Klement) | Wittgenstein's (Ian Proops) | logical consequence (JC Beall and Greg Restall) | propositional consequence relations and algebraic logic (Ramon Jansana) | logical constants (John MacFarlane) | logical constructions (Bernard Linsky) | logical form (Paul Pietroski) | logical truth (Mario Gómez-Torrente) | logic and ontology (Thomas Hofweber) | Lotze, Hermann (David Sullivan) | love (Bennett Helm) | loyalty (John Kleinig) | luck | justice and bad luck (Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen) | moral (Dana K. Nelkin) | Lucretius (David Sedley) | Lvov-Warsaw School (Jan Wolenski) | lying and deception | definition of (James Edwin Mahon)
• M
• Mach, Ernst (Paul Pojman) | Machiavelli, Niccolò (Cary Nederman) | Maimon, Salomon (Peter Thielke and Yitzhak Melamed) | Maimonides (Kenneth Seeskin) | the influence of Islamic thought on (Sarah Pessin) | Malebranche, Nicolas (Tad Schmaltz) | theory of emotion - see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of | theory of ideas and vision in God (Lawrence Nolan) | Mally, Ernst (Alexander Hieke and Gerhard Zecha) | deontic logic (Gert-Jan Lokhorst) | many, problem of (Brian Weatherson) | Marcel, Gabriel (-Honoré) (Brian Treanor) | Maritain, Jacques (William Sweet) | Marsilius of Inghen (Maarten Hoenen) | Marx, Karl (Jonathan Wolff) | Masham, Lady Damaris (Sarah Hutton) | mass/energy equivalence - see equivalence of mass and energy | materialism | eliminative (William Ramsey) | mathematics | constructive (Douglas Bridges) | explanation in (Paolo Mancosu) | inconsistent (Chris Mortensen) | mathematics, foundations of | Dedekind's contributions to - see Dedekind, Richard: contributions to the foundations of mathematics | Hilbert's program - see Hilbert, David: program in the foundations of mathematics | mathematics, philosophy of (Leon Horsten) | fictionalism (Mark Balaguer) | indispensability arguments in the (Mark Colyvan) | intuitionism (Rosalie Iemhoff) | naturalism (Alexander Paseau) | Wittgenstein - see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: philosophy of mathematics | Mead, George Herbert (Mitchell Aboulafia) | measurement | in quantum theory - see quantum theory: measurement in | medieval philosophy (Paul Vincent Spade) | literary forms of (Eileen Sweeney) | medieval theories | analogy - see analogy: medieval theories of | categories - see categories: medieval theories of | causation - see causation: medieval theories of | conscience - see conscience: medieval theories of | of demonstration - see demonstration: medieval theories of | future contingents - see future contingents: medieval theories of | haecceity - see haecceity: medieval theories of | of mental representation - see mental representation: in medieval philosophy | modality - see modality: medieval theories of | of obligationes - see obligationes, medieval theories of | practical reason - see practical reason: medieval theories of | properties of terms - see terms, properties of: medieval theories of | relations - see relations: medieval theories of | of singular terms - see singular terms: medieval theories of | syllogism - see syllogism: medieval theories of | Meister Eckhart (Burkhard Mojsisch and Orrin F. Summerell) | memory (John Sutton) | epistemological problems of (Thomas D. Senor) | Mencius (Kwong Loi Shun) | Mendelssohn, Moses (Daniel Dahlstrom) | mental causation (David Robb and John Heil) | mental content | externalism about (Joe Lau and Max Deutsch) | narrow (Curtis Brown) | nonconceptual (José Bermúdez and Arnon Cahen) | teleological theories of (Karen Neander) | mental illness (Christian Perring) | mental imagery (Nigel J.T. Thomas) | mental representation (David Pitt) | in medieval philosophy (Henrik Lagerlund) | mereology (Achille Varzi) | medieval (Andrew Arlig) | Merleau-Ponty, Maurice (Bernard Flynn) | metaethics (Geoff Sayre-McCord) | moral anti-realism - see moral anti-realism | moral cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism - see cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral | moral epistemology - see moral epistemology | moral motivation - see motivation: moral | moral naturalism - see naturalism: moral | moral non-naturalism - see non-naturalism, moral | moral particularism - see moral particularism | moral realism - see moral realism | moral skepticism - see skepticism: moral | metaphysics (Peter van Inwagen) | Mill, Harriet Taylor (Dale E. Miller) | Mill, James (Terence Ball) | Mill, John Stuart (Fred Wilson) | moral and political philosophy (David Brink) | mind | computational theory of (Steven Horst) | identity theory of - see identity theory of mind | miracles (Michael Levine) | modal epistemology - see modality: epistemology of | modality | epistemology of (Anand Vaidya) | medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila) | modal logic - see logic: modal | models in science (Roman Frigg and Stephan Hartmann) | model theory (Wilfrid Hodges) | first-order (Wilfrid Hodges) | Mohism (Chris Fraser) | Mohist Canons (Chris Fraser) | molecular biology (Lindley Darden and James Tabery) | Molyneux's problem (Marjolein Degenaar and Gert-Jan Lokhorst) | monism (Jonathan Schaffer) | anomalous - see anomalous monism | monotheism (William Wainwright) | Montaigne, Michel de (Marc Foglia) | Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de (Hilary Bok) | Moore, George Edward (Tom Baldwin) | moral philosophy (Thomas Hurka) | moral anti-realism (Richard Joyce) | moral character - see character, moral | | moral epistemology (Richmond Campbell) | morality, definition of (Bernard Gert) | moral luck - see luck: moral | moral naturalism - see naturalism: moral | moral non-naturalism - see non-naturalism, moral | moral particularism (Jonathan Dancy) | moral psychology | empirical approaches (John Doris and Stephen Stich) | moral realism (Geoff Sayre-McCord) | moral reasoning - see reasoning: moral | moral relativism (Chris Gowans) | moral responsibility (Andrew Eshleman) | moral skepticism - see skepticism: moral | moral status | of animals - see animals, moral status of | More, Henry (John Henry) | motivation | moral (Connie S. Rosati) | multiple realizability (John Bickle) | music, philosophy of (Andrew Kania) | mysticism (Jerome Gellman)
• N
• names (Sam Cumming) | nationalism (Nenad Miscevic) | Natorp, Paul (Alan Kim) | naturalism (David Papineau) | in epistemology - see epistemology: naturalized | in legal philosophy (Brian Leiter) | in the philosophy of mathematics - see mathematics, philosophy of: naturalism | moral (James Lenman) | natural kinds (Alexander Bird and Emma Tobin) | natural law | tradition in ethics - see ethics: natural law tradition | natural selection (Robert Brandon) | units and levels of (Elisabeth Lloyd) | nature of law (Andrei Marmor) | interpretivist theories (Nicos Stavropoulos) | legal positivism (Leslie Green) | natural law theories (John Finnis) | pure theory of law (Andrei Marmor) | necessary and sufficient conditions (Andrew Brennan) | necessary beings | and God - see God: and other necessary beings | neuroscience, philosophy of (John Bickle, Peter Mandik, and Anthony Landreth) | neutral monism (Leopold Stubenberg) | Newton, Isaac (George Smith) | Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (George Smith) | philosophy (Andrew Janiak) | views on space, time, and motion (Robert Rynasiewicz) | Nicholas of Autrecourt [de Altricuria, Autricuria, Ultricuria, Autricort] (Hans Thijssen) | Nietzsche, Friedrich (Robert Wicks) | moral and political philosophy (Brian Leiter) | Nishida Kitarô (John Maraldo) | noema - see Husserl, Edmund | nominalism | in metaphysics (Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra) | non-naturalism, moral (Michael Ridge) | nonconceptual content - see mental content: nonconceptual | nonexistent objects (Maria Reicher) | Norris, John (June Yang) | nothingness (Roy Sorensen)
• O
• object (Henry Laycock) | obligation | legal - see legal obligation and authority | obligationes, medieval theories of (Paul Vincent Spade) | obligations | special (Diane Jeske) | | Olivi, Peter John (Robert Pasnau) | Olympiodorus (Christian Wildberg) | omnipotence (Joshua Hoffman and Gary Rosenkrantz) | omnipresence (Edward Wierenga) | ontological arguments (Graham Oppy) | ontological dependence - see dependence, ontological | original position (Fred D'Agostino) | other minds (Alec Hyslop)
• P
• pacifism (Andrew Fiala) | pain (Murat Aydede) | panpsychism (William Seager and Sean Allen-Hermanson) | pantheism (Michael Levine) | paradox | Curry's - see Curry's paradox | Fitch's paradox of knowability - see Fitch's paradox of knowability | Russell's paradox - see Russell's paradox | Simpson's paradox - see Simpson's paradox | St. Petersburg paradox - see St. Petersburg paradox | Zeno's paradoxes - see Zeno of Elea: Zeno's paradoxes | and contemporary logic (Andrea Cantini) | epistemic - see epistemic paradoxes | parenthood and procreation (Tim Bayne and Avery Kolers) | Parmenides (John Palmer) | part/whole - see mereology | Pascal, Blaise (Desmond Clarke) | Pascal's wager (Alan Hájek) | paternalism (Gerald Dworkin) | Patrizi, Francesco (Fred Purnell) | Paul of Venice (Alessandro Conti) | Peirce, Benjamin (Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh) | Peirce, Charles Sanders (Robert Burch) | logic (Eric Hammer) | theory of signs (Albert Atkin) | Penbygull, William (Alessandro Conti) | perception | the contents of (Susanna Siegel) | epistemological problems of (Laurence BonJour) | the problem of (Tim Crane) | perfectionism, in moral and political philosophy (Steven Wall) | persistence - see temporal parts | personal identity (Eric T. Olson) | and ethics (David Shoemaker) | persons - see personal identity | Peter of Spain [= Petrus Hispanus] (Joke Spruyt) | Petrizi, Joane (Tengiz Iremadze) | phenomenology (David Woodruff Smith) | Philip the Chancellor (Colleen McCluskey) | Philolaus (Carl Huffman) | Philo of Larissa (Charles Brittain) | Philoponus (Christian Wildberg) | Philo the Dialectician - see Dialectical School | physicalism (Daniel Stoljar) | physics | experiment in (Allan Franklin) | holism and nonseparability (Richard Healey) | intertheory relations in (Robert Batterman) | quantum field theory - see quantum theory: quantum field theory | Reichenbach's common cause principle (Frank Arntzenius) | structuralism in (Heinz-Juergen Schmidt) | symmetry and symmetry breaking (Katherine Brading and Elena Castellani) | Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni (Brian Copenhaver) | pineal gland - see Descartes, René: and the pineal gland | Plato (Richard Kraut) | aesthetics (Nickolas Pappas) | Callicles and Thrasymachus (Rachel Barney) | Cratylus (David Sedley) | ethics (Dorothea Frede) | ethics and politics in The Republic (Eric Brown) | friendship and eros (C. D. C. Reeve) | method and metaphysics in the Sophist and Statesman (Mary Louise Gill) | middle period metaphysics and epistemology (Allan Silverman) | on knowledge in the Theaetetus (Timothy Chappell) | | Parmenides (Samuel Rickless) | rhetoric and poetry (Charles Griswold) | shorter ethical works (Paul Woodruff) | Timaeus (Donald Zeyl) | Platonism | in metaphysics (Mark Balaguer) | pleasure (Leonard D. Katz) | Plotinus (Lloyd Gerson) | pluralism | religious - see religious diversity | plurality of forms - see binarium famosissimum | plural quantification (Øystein Linnebo) | political obligation (Richard Dagger) | political philosophy | medieval (John Kilcullen) | Pomponazzi, Pietro (Stefano Perfetti) | Popper, Karl (Stephen Thornton) | population genetics - see genetics: population | pornography | and censorship (Caroline West) | Porphyry (Eyjólfur Emilsson) | possible objects (Takashi Yagisawa) | | poverty of the stimulus argument - see innateness: and language | practical reason (R. Jay Wallace) | medieval theories of (Anthony Celano) | and the structure of actions (Elijah Millgram) | pragmatic arguments for belief in God (Jeff Jordan) | pragmatics (Kepa Korta and John Perry) | defaults in - see defaults in semantics and pragmatics | pragmatism (Christopher Hookway) | predicate calculus - see logic: classical | preferences (Sven Ove Hansson and Till Grüne-Yanoff) | preformationism - see developmental biology: epigenesis and preformationism | Presocratic Philosophy (Patricia Curd) | Principia Mathematica (A. D. Irvine) | notation in (Bernard Linsky) | Prior, Arthur (B. Jack Copeland) | | privacy (Judith DeCew) | private language (Stewart Candlish and George Wrisley) | probability, interpretations of (Alan Hájek) | process philosophy (Nicholas Rescher) | process theism - see theism: process | procreation - see parenthood and procreation | proof theory | development of (Jan von Plato) | properties (Chris Swoyer) | emergent - see emergent properties | essential vs. accidental - see essential vs. accidental properties | property (Jeremy Waldron) | prophecy (Scott Davison) | propositional attitude reports (Thomas McKay and Michael Nelson) | propositional consequence relations in algebraic logic - see logical consequence: propositional consequence relations and algebraic logic | propositions (Matthew McGrath) | singular (Greg Fitch and Michael Nelson) | structured (Jeffrey C. King) | providence, divine (Hugh J. McCann) | Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (Kevin Corrigan and Michael Harrington) | pseudo-science, science and - see science and pseudo-science | psyche - see soul, ancient theories of | psychologism (Martin Kusch) | psychology | evolutionary (Stephen M. Downes) | publicity (Axel Gosseries) | punishment (Hugo Adam Bedau) | punishment, legal (Antony Duff) | Pyrrho (Richard Bett) | Pyrrhonism - see skepticism: ancient | Pythagoras (Carl Huffman) | Pythagoreanism (Carl Huffman)
• Q
• qualia (Michael Tye) | inverted (Alex Byrne) | knowledge argument (Martine Nida-Rümelin) | qualiton - see tropes | quantum mechanics (Jenann Ismael) | action at a distance in (Joseph Berkovitz) | Bell's Theorem - see Bell's Theorem | Bohmian mechanics (Sheldon Goldstein) | collapse theories (Giancarlo Ghirardi) | Copenhagen interpretation of (Jan Faye) | Everett's relative-state formulation of (Jeffrey Barrett) | Kochen-Specker theorem (Carsten Held) | many-worlds interpretation of (Lev Vaidman) | modal interpretations of (Michael Dickson and Dennis Dieks) | relational (Federico Laudisa and Carlo Rovelli) | the role of decoherence in (Guido Bacciagaluppi) | quantum theory | and consciousness (Harald Atmanspacher) | the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen argument in (Arthur Fine) | identity and individuality in (Steven French) | measurement in (Henry Krips) | quantum computing (Amit Hagar) | quantum entanglement and information (Jeffrey Bub) | quantum field theory (Meinard Kuhlmann) | quantum gravity (Steven Weinstein) | quantum logic and probability theory (Alexander Wilce) | uncertainty principle in - see Uncertainty Principle | von Neumann vs. Dirac (Fred Kronz) | Quine, Willard van Orman | New Foundations (Thomas Forster) | quotation (Herman Cappelen and Ernest LePore)
• R
• race (Michael James) | Ramsay, Allan - see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century | Ramus, Petrus (Erland Sellberg) | rationalism vs. empiricism (Peter Markie) | rationality | Bayesian - see epistemology: Bayesian | historicist theories of (Carl Matheson) | Rawls, John (Leif Wenar) | realism (Alexander Miller) | moral - see moral realism | scientific - see scientific realism | semantic challenges to (Drew Khlentzos) | structural - see structural realism | reasoning | automated (Frederic Portoraro) | defeasible (Robert Koons) | moral (Henry S. Richardson) | reasons for action | agent-neutral vs. agent-relative (Michael Ridge) | internal vs. external (Stephen Finlay and Mark Schroeder) | recursive function - see function: recursive | redistribution (Christian Barry) | reference (Marga Reimer) | reflective equilibrium (Norman Daniels) | Regius, Henricus (Desmond Clarke) | Rehberg, August Wilhelm (Fred Beiser) | Reichenbach, Hans (Clark Glymour and Frederick Eberhardt) | Reid, Thomas (Gideon Yaffe) | Reinhold, Karl Leonhard (Dan Breazeale) | reism (Jan Wolenski) | relations - see properties | medieval theories of (Jeffrey Brower) | relativism (Chris Swoyer) | moral - see moral relativism | relaton - see tropes | reliabilism (Alvin Goldman) | religion | epistemology of (Peter Forrest) | feminist philosophy of - see feminist (interventions): philosophy of religion | and morality (John Hare) | philosophy of (Charles Taliaferro) | and science (Alvin Plantinga) | religious diversity (David Basinger) | replication (David Hull and John S. Wilkins) | representation, political (Suzanne Dovi) | republicanism (Frank Lovett) | repugnant conclusion, the (Jesper Ryberg, Torbjörn Tännsjö, and Gustaf Arrhenius) | respect (Robin S. Dillon) | responsibility | collective (Marion Smiley) | Richard the Sophister [Ricardus Sophista, Magister abstractionum] (Paul Streveler) | Ricoeur, Paul (Bernard Dauenhauer) | rights (Leif Wenar) | of children (David William Archard) | civil - see civil rights | human (James Nickel) | legal - see legal rights | rigid designators (Joseph LaPorte) | risk (Sven Ove Hansson) | role obligations - see obligations: special | Rorty, Richard (Bjørn Ramberg) | Rosmini, Antonio (Denis Cleary) | Royce, Josiah (Kelly A. Parker) | Rufus, Richard - see Richard the Sophister | rule consequentialism - see consequentialism: rule | Russell, Bertrand (A. D. Irvine) | logical atomism - see logical atomism: Russell's | moral philosophy (Charles Pigden) | Russell's paradox (A. D. Irvine) | Ryle, Gilbert (Julia Tanney)
• S
• Saadya [Saadiah] (Sarah Pessin) | Santayana, George (Herman Saatkamp) | Sartre, Jean-Paul (Thomas Flynn) | scepticism - see skepticism | Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von (Andrew Bowie) | schema (John Corcoran) | Schlegel, Friedrich (Allen Speight) | Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst (Michael Forster) | Scholem, Gershom (Shaul Magid) | School of Names (Chris Fraser) | Schopenhauer, Arthur (Robert Wicks) | Schutz, Alfred (Michael Barber) | science, models in - see models in science | science and pseudo-science (Sven Ove Hansson) | scientific explanation (James Woodward) | scientific knowledge | social dimensions of (Helen Longino) | scientific progress (Ilkka Niiniluoto) | scientific realism (Richard Boyd) | scientific reduction | in biology (Ingo Brigandt and Alan Love) | in physics - see physics: intertheory relations in | scientific unity (Jordi Cat) | Scottish Philosophy | in the 18th Century (Alexander Broadie) | in the 19th century (Gordon Graham) | Scottus [Scotus] Eriugena [Erigena], John - see Eriugena, John Scottus | Scotus, John Duns - see Duns Scotus, John | Sebond, Raymond - see Montaigne, Michel de | secession (Allen Buchanan) | self | the biological notion of (Alfred Tauber) | feminist perspectives on the - see feminist (topics): perspectives on the self | knowledge - see self-knowledge | self-consciousness | phenomenological approaches to (Shaun Gallagher and Dan Zahavi) | self-deception (Ian Deweese-Boyd) | self-knowledge (Brie Gertler) | self-reference (Thomas Bolander) | self-respect - see respect | Sellars, Wilfrid (Jay Rosenberg) | semantics | defaults in - see defaults in semantics and pragmatics | medieval (Stephan Meier-Oeser) | Seneca (Katja Vogt) | sense-data (Michael Huemer) | set theory (Thomas Jech) | alternative axiomatic theories (M. Randall Holmes) | early development (José Ferreirós) | non-wellfounded (Lawrence S. Moss) | Shaftesbury, Lord [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of] (Michael B. Gill) | theory of emotion - see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of | Sharpe, Johannes (Alessandro Conti) | Sidgwick, Henry (Barton Schultz) | Simon of Faversham (John Longeway) | simplicity (Alan Baker) | divine (William F. Vallicella) | Simpson's paradox (Gary Malinas and John Bigelow) | medieval theories of (E. Jennifer Ashworth) | situations | | skepticism (Peter Klein) | ancient (Leo Groarke) | brains in a vat - see brains in a vat | moral (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong) | Smith, Adam - see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century | Smith, John - see Cambridge Platonists | social contract - see contractarianism | contemporary approaches to (Fred D'Agostino and Gerald Gaus) | social institutions (Seumas Miller) | social minimum [basic income] (Stuart White) | sociobiology (Harmon Holcomb and Jason Byron) | Socrates (Debra Nails) | sophismata [= sophisms] (Fabienne Pironet and Joke Spruyt) | Sorites paradox (Dominic Hyde) | sortals (Richard E. Grandy) | soul, ancient theories of (Hendrik Lorenz) | sounds (Roberto Casati and Jerome Dokic) | sovereignty (Dan Philpott) | space and time | absolute and relational theories of space and motion (Nick Huggett and Carl Hoefer) | being and becoming in modern physics (Steven Savitt) | conventionality of simultaneity (Allen Janis) | the hole argument (John Norton) | inertial frames (Robert DiSalle) | supertasks (Jon Pérez Laraudogoitia) | species (Marc Ereshefsky) | speech acts (Mitchell Green) | Spencer, Herbert (David Weinstein) | Speusippus (Russell Dancy) | Spinoza, Baruch (Steven Nadler) | modal metaphysics (Samuel Newlands) | physical theory (Richard Manning) | political philosophy (Justin Steinberg) | psychological theory (Michael LeBuffe) | theory of emotion - see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of | square of opposition (Terence Parsons) | St. Petersburg paradox (Robert Martin) | states of affairs (Thomas Wetzel) | statistical physics | Boltzmann's work in (Jos Uffink) | philosophy of statistical mechanics (Lawrence Sklar) | stem cell research, ethics of - see ethics, biomedical: stem cell research | Sterry, Peter - see Cambridge Platonists | Stewart, Dugald - see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century | Stirner, Max (David Leopold) | Stoicism (Dirk Baltzly) | structuralism | in physics - see physics: structuralism in | structural realism (James Ladyman) | substance (Howard Robinson) | substructural logics - see logic: substructural | Suhrawardi (Roxanne Marcotte) | suicide (Michael Cholbi) | supererogation (David Heyd) | supervenience (Brian McLaughlin and Karen Bennett) | syllogism | medieval theories of (Henrik Lagerlund) | symmetry and symmetry breaking - see physics: symmetry and symmetry breaking | synthetic - see analytic/synthetic distinction
• T
• Taoism (Chad Hansen) | Tarski, Alfred (Mario Gómez-Torrente) | truth definitions (Wilfrid Hodges) | techne - see episteme and techne | teleology | teleological arguments for God's existence (Del Ratzsch) | teleological notions in biology (Colin Allen) | teleological theories of mental content - see mental content: teleological theories of | Telesio, Bernardino (Michaela Boenke) | temporal parts (Katherine Hawley) | terms, properties of | medieval theories of (Stephen Read) | terrorism (Igor Primoratz) | testimony | epistemological problems of (Jonathan Adler) | theism | process (Donald Viney) | Theology of Aristotle (Peter Adamson) | Thomas of Erfurt (Jack Zupko) | Thoreau, Henry David (Rick Anthony Furtak) | thought experiments (James Robert Brown) | Thrasymachus - see Plato: Callicles and Thrasymachus | Tibbon, Samuel Ibn (James T. Robinson) | time (Ned Markosian) | being and becoming in modern physics - see space and time: being and becoming in modern physics | the experience and perception of (Robin Le Poidevin) | thermodynamic asymmetry in (Craig Callender) | time machines (John Earman and Christian Wüthrich) | time travel | and modern physics (Frank Arntzenius and Tim Maudlin) | Timon of Phlius (Richard Bett) | toleration (Rainer Forst) | tort law, theories of (Jules Coleman) | torture (Seumas Miller) | transcendentalism (Russell Goodman) | transworld identity - see identity: transworld | tropes (John Bacon) | trust (Carolyn McLeod) | truth (Michael Glanzberg) | axiomatic theories of (Volker Halbach) | coherence theory of (James O. Young) | correspondence theory of (Marian David) | deflationary theory of (Daniel Stoljar and Nic Damnjanovic) | identity theory of (Stewart Candlish) | revision theory of (Philip Kremer) | Tarski's theory of truth - see Tarski, Alfred: truth definitions | truthlikeness (Graham Oddie) | Turing, Alan (Andrew Hodges) | Turing machines (David Barker-Plummer) | Turing test (Graham Oppy and David Dowe) | Turnbull, George - see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century | types and tokens (Linda Wetzel) | type theory (Thierry Coquand) | Church's type theory (Peter Andrews)
• U
• Uncertainty Principle (Jan Hilgevoord and Jos Uffink) | unity of science - see scientific unity | universal hylomorphism - see binarium famosissimum | universals - see properties | the medieval problem of (Gyula Klima) | utilitarianism - see consequentialism | rule - see consequentialism: rule
• V
• vagueness (Roy Sorensen) | vagueness of composition - see many, problem of | validity - see logical truth | value | incommensurable (Nien-hê Hsieh) | intrinsic vs. extrinsic (Michael J. Zimmerman) | of knowledge - see knowledge, value of | pluralism (Elinor Mason) | value theory (Mark Schroeder) | veil of ignorance - see original position | verbs, intensional transitive - see intensional transitive verbs | verisimilitude - see truthlikeness | Vico, Giambattista (Timothy Costelloe) | Vienna Circle (Thomas Uebel) | virtue | ancient theories of - see ethics: ancient | virtue ethics - see ethics: virtue | volition - see free will | voluntarism, theological (Mark Murphy)
• W
• war (Brian Orend) | Watsuji Tetsurô (Robert Carter) | weakness of will (Sarah Stroud) | Weber, Max (Sung Ho Kim) | well-being (Roger Crisp) | Whewell, William (Laura J. Snyder) | Whichcote, Benjamin - see Cambridge Platonists | Whitehead, Alfred North (A. D. Irvine) | William of Champeaux (Kevin Guilfoy) | Williams, Bernard (Timothy Chappell) | wisdom (Sharon Ryan) | Wittgenstein, Ludwig (Anat Biletzki and Anat Matar) | aesthetics (Garry Hagberg) | logical atomism - see logical atomism: Wittgenstein's | philosophy of mathematics (Victor Rodych) | Wolff, Christian (Matt Hettche) | Wollstonecraft, Mary (Sylvana Tomaselli) | world government (Catherine Lu) | Wright, Chauncey (Jean De Groot) | Wundt, Wilhelm Maximilian (Alan Kim) | Wyclif, John (Alessandro Conti) | political Philosophy (Stephen Lahey)
• X
• Xenocrates (Russell Dancy) | Xenophanes (James Lesher) | Xunzi (Dan Robins)
• Y
• Z
• Zabarella, Giacomo (Heikki Mikkeli) | Zeno of Elea (John Palmer) | Zeno's paradoxes (Nick Huggett) | Zhuangzi (Harold Roth) | zombies (Robert Kirk)

Copyright © 2006 by The Metaphysics Research Lab
Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305

Uni Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy

About the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Brief Description

Welcome to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP). From its inception, the SEP was designed so that each entry is maintained and kept up to date by an expert or group of experts in the field. All entries and substantive updates are refereed by the members of a distinguished Editorial Board before they are made public. Consequently, our dynamic reference work maintains academic standards while evolving and adapting in response to new research. You can cite fixed editions that are created on a quarterly basis and stored in our Archives (every entry contains a link to its complete archival history, identifying the fixed edition the reader should cite). The Table of Contents lists entries that are published or assigned. The Projected Table of Contents also lists entries which are currently unassigned but nevertheless projected.
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Table of Contents

• A
• abduction (Igor Douven)
• Abelard [Abailard], Peter (Peter King)
• Abhidharma (Noa Ronkin)
• abilities (John Maier)
• Abner of Burgos (Shalom Sadik)
• Abrabanel, Judah (Aaron Hughes)
• abstract objects (Gideon Rosen)
• accidental properties — see essential vs. accidental properties
• action (George Wilson and Samuel Shpall)
• - joint — see agency: shared
• - logic of — see logic: action
• action at a distance — see quantum mechanics: action at a distance in
• actualism (Christopher Menzel)
• Addams, Jane (Maurice Hamington)
• Adorno, Theodor W. (Lambert Zuidervaart)
• advance directives (Agnieszka Jaworska)
• Aegidius Romanus — see Giles of Rome
• Aenesidemus — see skepticism: ancient
• aesthetic, concept of the (James Shelley)
• aesthetics
• - aesthetic judgment (Nick Zangwill)
• - Beardsley — see Beardsley, Monroe C.: aesthetics
• - British, in the 18th century (James Shelley)
• - Collingwood — see Collingwood, Robin George: aesthetics
• - Croce — see Croce, Benedetto: aesthetics
• - definition of art — see art, definition of
• - Dewey — see Dewey, John: aesthetics
• - environmental (Allen Carlson)
• - existentialist (Jean-Philippe Deranty)
• - feminist — see feminist (interventions): aesthetics
• - French, in the 18th century (Jacques Morizot)
• - Gadamer — see Gadamer, Hans-Georg: aesthetics
• - German, in the 18th century (Paul Guyer)
• - Goodman — see Goodman, Nelson: aesthetics
• - Hegel — see Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: aesthetics
• - Hume — see Hume, David: aesthetics
• - Japanese — see Japanese Philosophy: aesthetics
• - Plato — see Plato: aesthetics
• - Schopenhauer — see Schopenhauer, Arthur: aesthetics
• - Wittgenstein — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: aesthetics
• affirmative action (Robert Fullinwider)
• Africana Philosophy (Lucius T. Outlaw, Jr.)
• African Philosophy
• - ethics (Kwame Gyekye)
• - sage philosophy (Dismas Masolo)
• afterlife (William Hasker)
• agency
• - shared (Abraham Sesshu Roth)
• agent-relative vs. agent-neutral reasons — see reasons for action: agent-neutral vs. agent-relative
• agnosticism — see atheism and agnosticism
• Agrippa — see skepticism: ancient
• Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius (Charles Nauert)
• Akan Philosophy
• - of the person (Ajume Wingo)
• akrasia — see weakness of will
• Al-Ghazali (Frank Griffel)
• Al-Kindi (Peter Adamson)
• Albert of Saxony (Joél Biard)
• Albert the Great [= Albertus magnus] (Markus Führer)
• Albo, Joseph (Dror Ehrlich)
• Alcmaeon (Carl Huffman)
• Alexander of Aphrodisias (Dorothea Frede)
• algebra (Vaughan Pratt)
• algebra of logic tradition (Stanley Burris)
• Althusser, Louis (William Lewis)
• altruism
• - biological (Samir Okasha)
• Alyngton, Robert (Alessandro Conti)
• ambiguity (Adam Sennet)
• Ammonius (David Blank)
• Ammonius Saccas — see Plotinus
• analogy
• - medieval theories of (E. Jennifer Ashworth)
• analysis (Michael Beaney)
• analytic/synthetic distinction (Georges Rey)
• anaphora (Jeffrey C. King)
• Anaxagoras (Patricia Curd)
• Anaxarchus — see Pyrrho
• Anderson, John (Creagh McLean Cole)
• Andronicus of Rhodes — see Aristotle, commentators on
• animal consciousness — see consciousness: animal
• animals, moral status of (Lori Gruen)
• anomalous monism (Steven Yalowitz)
• Anscombe, Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret (Julia Driver)
• anti-realism, moral — see moral anti-realism
• Antiochus of Ascalon (James Allen)
• a posteriori knowledge — see a priori justification and knowledge
• appearance vs. reality
• - epistemological problems of perception — see perception: epistemological problems of
• - skepticism — see skepticism
• a priori justification and knowledge (Bruce Russell)
• Aquinas, Saint Thomas (Ralph McInerny and John O'Callaghan)
• - moral, political, and legal philosophy (John Finnis)
• Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, disciplines in
• - metaphysics (Amos Bertolacci)
• - natural philosophy and natural science (Jon McGinnis)
• - philosophy of language and logic (Tony Street)
• - psychology and philosophy of mind (Alfred Ivry)
• Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, historical and methodological topics in
• - Greek sources (Cristina D'Ancona)
• - influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on Judaic thought (Mauro Zonta)
• - influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West (Dag Nikolaus Hasse)
• Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, special topics in
• - Ibn Kammuna — see Ibn Kammuna
• - Ikhwân al-Safâ’ — see Ikhwân al-Safâ’
• - mysticism (Mehdi Aminrazavi)
• Arcesilaus (Charles Brittain)
• Archytas (Carl Huffman)
• Arendt, Hannah (Maurizio Passerin d'Entreves)
• arete — see ethics: ancient
• arguments for probabilism
• - epistemic utility — see epistemic utility arguments for probabilism
• Aristotelianism
• - commentators on Aristotle — see Aristotle, commentators on
• - in the Renaissance (Heinrich Kuhn)
• Aristotle (Christopher Shields)
• Aristotle, commentators on (Andrea Falcon)
• - Alexander of Aphrosias — see Alexander of Aphrodisias
• - Ammonius — see Ammonius
• - David — see David
• - Elias — see Elias
• - Olympiodorus — see Olympiodorus
• - Philoponus — see Philoponus
• Aristotle, General Topics
• - biology (James Lennox)
• - categories (Paul Studtmann)
• - ethics (Richard Kraut)
• - logic (Robin Smith)
• - metaphysics (S. Marc Cohen)
• - political theory (Fred Miller)
• - psychology (Christopher Shields)
• - rhetoric (Christof Rapp)
• Aristotle, Special Topics
• - causality (Andrea Falcon)
• - mathematics (Henry Mendell)
• - natural philosophy (Istvan Bodnar)
• - on non-contradiction (Paula Gottlieb)
• Arnauld, Antoine (Elmar Kremer)
• Arouet, François-Marie — see Voltaire
• art, conceptual (Elisabeth Schellekens)
• art, definition of (Thomas Adajian)
• artifact (Risto Hilpinen)
• - automated reasoning — see reasoning: automated
• - belief representation — see belief, formal representations of
• - Chinese room argument — see Chinese room argument
• - connectionism — see connectionism
• - defeasible reasoning — see reasoning: defeasible
• - frame problem — see frame problem
• - logic and (Richmond Thomason)
• - Turing test — see Turing test
• assertion (Peter Pagin)
• Astell, Mary (Alice Sowaal)
• atheism and agnosticism (J. J. C. Smart)
• atomism
• - 17th to 20th century (Alan Chalmers)
• - ancient (Sylvia Berryman)
• attention (Christopher Mole)
• attributes — see properties
• auditory perception — see perception: auditory
• Augustine, Saint (Michael Mendelson)
• Auriol [Aureol, Aureoli], Peter (Russell L. Friedman)
• Austin, John (Brian Bix)
• authority (Tom Christiano)
• - legal — see legal obligation and authority
• automated reasoning — see reasoning: automated
• autonomy
• - and informed consent — see informed consent
• - in moral and political philosophy (John Christman)
• - personal (Sarah Buss)
• Avicebron — see Ibn Gabirol, Solomon
• awareness, bodily — see bodily awareness
• Ayer, Alfred Jules (Graham Macdonald)
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• B
• Bacon, Francis (Jürgen Klein)
• Bacon, Roger (Jeremiah Hackett)
• Bain, Alexander — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
• basing relation, epistemic (Keith Allen Korcz)
• Baudrillard, Jean (Douglas Kellner)
• Bauer, Bruno (Douglas Moggach)
• Bayes' Theorem (James Joyce)
• Beardsley, Monroe C.
• - aesthetics (Michael Wreen)
• Beattie, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• beauty (Crispin Sartwell)
• Beauvoir, Simone de (Debra Bergoffen)
• behaviorism (George Graham)
• being — see existence
• being and becoming — see time
• - in modern physics — see space and time: being and becoming in modern physics
• belief (Eric Schwitzgebel)
• belief, ethics of (Andrew Chignell)
• belief, formal representations of (Franz Huber)
• Bell's Theorem (Abner Shimony)
• beneficence, principle of (Tom Beauchamp)
• Benjamin, Walter (Peter Osborne and Matthew Charles)
• Bergson, Henri (Leonard Lawlor and Valentine Moulard)
• Berkeley, George (Lisa Downing)
• Berlin, Isaiah (Joshua Cherniss and Henry Hardy)
• binarium famosissimum [= most famous pair] (Paul Vincent Spade)
• biodiversity — see ecology: biodiversity
• biological information — see information: biological
• biology
• - conservation — see conservation biology
• - experiment in (Marcel Weber)
• - molecular — see molecular biology
• - notion of individual (Robert A. Wilson)
• - notion of self — see self: the biological notion of
• - philosophy of (Paul Griffiths)
• - reduction in — see reduction, scientific: in biology
• - teleological notions in — see teleology: teleological notions in biology
• biology, philosophy of
• - feminist — see feminist (interventions): philosophy of biology
• Blair, Hugh — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• bodily awareness (Frédérique de Vignemont)
• Bodin, Jean (Mario Turchetti)
• body — see substance
• Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (John Marenbon)
• Bohr, Niels
• - correspondence principle (Alisa Bokulich)
• Bolzano, Bernard (Edgar Morscher)
• - logic (Jan Sebestik)
• Bonaventure, Saint (Tim Noone and R. E. Houser)
• Boole, George (Stanley Burris)
• Boolean algebra
• - the mathematics of (J. Donald Monk)
• Bosanquet, Bernard (William Sweet)
• boundary (Achille Varzi)
• Boyle, Robert (J. J. MacIntosh and Peter Anstey)
• Bradley, Francis Herbert (Stewart Candlish and Pierfrancesco Basile)
• - moral and political philosophy (David Crossley)
• brain death — see death: definition of
• brains in a vat — see skepticism: and content externalism
• Brentano, Franz (Wolfgang Huemer)
• - theory of judgement (Johannes Brandl)
• Broad, Charlie Dunbar (Kent Gustavsson)
• Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan (Mark van Atten)
• Brown, Thomas — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
• Buber, Martin (Michael Zank)
• Buddha (Mark Siderits)
• Buddhism
• - ethics in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism — see ethics: in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism
• - mind in Indian Buddhist Philosophy — see mind: in Indian Buddhist Philosophy
• - Zen — see Japanese Philosophy: Zen Buddhism
• bundle theory — see substance
• Buridan, John [Jean] (Jack Zupko)
• Burke, Edmund (Ian Harris)
• Burley [Burleigh], Walter (Alessandro Conti)
• Burnet, James [Lord Monboddo] — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Butler, Joseph
• - moral philosophy (Aaron Garrett)
• Byzantine philosophy (Katerina Ierodiakonou and Börje Bydén)
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• C
• Caird, Edward — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
• Callicles — see Plato: Callicles and Thrasymachus
• Cambridge Platonists (Sarah Hutton)
• Campanella, Tommaso (Germana Ernst)
• Campbell, George — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Camus, Albert (Ronald Aronson)
• capability approach (Ingrid Robeyns)
• Carmichael, Gershom — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Carneades (James Allen)
• Cassirer, Ernst (Michael Friedman)
• casuistry — see reasoning: moral
• categories (Amie Thomasson)
• - medieval theories of (Jorge Gracia and Lloyd Newton)
• category theory (Jean-Pierre Marquis)
• causation
• - backward (Jan Faye)
• - causal processes (Phil Dowe)
• - counterfactual theories of (Peter Menzies)
• - in the law (Antony Honoré)
• - and manipulability (James Woodward)
• - medieval theories of (Graham White)
• - mental — see mental causation
• - the metaphysics of (Jonathan Schaffer)
• - probabilistic (Christopher Hitchcock)
• Cavendish, Margaret Lucas (David Cunning)
• cellular automata (Francesco Berto and Jacopo Tagliabue)
• censorship — see pornography: and censorship
• certainty (Baron Reed)
• ceteris paribus laws — see laws of nature: ceteris paribus
• chance
• - versus randomness (Antony Eagle)
• change
• - and inconsistency (Chris Mortensen)
• chaos (Robert Bishop)
• character, moral (Marcia Homiak)
• Chatton, Walter (Rondo Keele)
• chemistry, philosophy of (Michael Weisberg, Paul Needham, and Robin Hendry)
• childhood, the philosophy of (Gareth Matthews)
• children, philosophy for (Michael Pritchard)
• chimeras, human/non-human — see ethics, biomedical: chimeras, human/non-human
• Chinese ethics — see ethics: Chinese
• Chinese room argument (David Cole)
• Chisholm, Roderick (Richard Feldman and Fred Feldman)
• choice, axiom of (John L. Bell)
• choice, dynamic (Chrisoula Andreou)
• Christian theology, philosophy and (Michael Murray and Michael Rea)
• Church-Turing Thesis (B. Jack Copeland)
• Church's Thesis — see Church-Turing Thesis
• citizenship (Dominique Leydet)
• Civic education (Jack Crittenden)
• civic humanism (Athanasios Moulakis)
• civil disobedience (Kimberley Brownlee)
• civil rights (Andrew Altman)
• Clarke, Samuel (Ezio Vailati and Timothy Yenter)
• Clement of Alexandria — see doxography of ancient philosophy
• clinical research, ethics of — see ethics, biomedical: clinical research
• cloning (Katrien Devolder)
• Cockburn, Catharine Trotter (Patricia Sheridan)
• coercion (Scott Anderson)
• cognition
• - embodied (Robert A. Wilson and Lucia Foglia)
• cognition, animal (Kristin Andrews)
• cognitive disability and moral status (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, Jeffrey Blustein, and Daniel Putnam)
• cognitive science (Paul Thagard)
• cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral (Mark van Roojen)
• Cohen, Hermann (Scott Edgar)
• Collingwood, Robin George (Giuseppina D'Oro and James Connelly)
• - aesthetics (Gary Kemp)
• Collins, Anthony (William Uzgalis)
• colonialism (Margaret Kohn)
• color (Barry Maund)
• common knowledge (Peter Vanderschraaf and Giacomo Sillari)
• communitarianism (Daniel Bell)
• comparative philosophy
• - Chinese and Western (David Wong)
• compatibilism (Michael McKenna)
• competence, in biomedical decision-making — see decision-making capacity
• complexity
• - computability and — see computability and complexity
• composition, the vagueness of — see many, problem of
• compositionality (Zoltán Gendler Szabó)
• computability and complexity (Neil Immerman)
• computation
• - in physical systems (Gualtiero Piccinini)
• computational theory of mind — see mind: computational theory of
• computer and information ethics (Terrell Bynum)
• computer science, philosophy of (Raymond Turner and Amnon Eden)
• computing
• - modern history of (B. Jack Copeland)
• - and moral responsibility (Merel Noorman)
• Comte, Auguste (Michel Bourdeau)
• concepts (Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence)
• condemnation of 1277 (Hans Thijssen)
• Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de (Lorne Falkenstein)
• conditionals (Dorothy Edgington)
• - logic of — see logic: conditionals
• Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de
• - in the history of feminism (Joan Landes)
• Confucius (Jeffrey Riegel)
• connectionism (James Garson)
• connectives
• - sentence connectives in formal logic (Lloyd Humberstone)
• conscience
• - medieval theories of (Douglas Langston)
• consciousness (Robert Van Gulick)
• - animal (Colin Allen)
• - higher-order theories (Peter Carruthers)
• - and intentionality (Charles Siewert)
• - representational theories of (William Lycan)
• - seventeenth-century theories of (Larry M. Jorgensen)
• - temporal (Barry Dainton)
• - unity of (Andrew Brook and Paul Raymont)
• consent — see political obligation
• consequence, medieval theories of (Catarina Dutilh Novaes)
• consequentialism (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong)
• - rule (Brad Hooker)
• conservation biology (Sahotra Sarkar)
• constitutionalism (Wil Waluchow)
• constructive empiricism (Bradley Monton and Chad Mohler)
• constructivism
• - in metaethics (Carla Bagnoli)
• contextualism, epistemic (Patrick Rysiew)
• Continental Rationalism (Thomas M. Lennon and Shannon Dea)
• continuity and infinitesimals (John L. Bell)
• contractarianism (Ann Cudd)
• contractualism (Elizabeth Ashford and Tim Mulgan)
• contradiction (Laurence R. Horn)
• convention (Michael Rescorla)
• Conway, Lady Anne (Sarah Hutton)
• Copernicus, Nicolaus (Sheila Rabin)
• Cordemoy, Geraud de (Fred Ablondi)
• corruption (Seumas Miller)
• cosmological argument (Bruce Reichenbach)
• cosmology
• - methodological debates in the 1930s and 1940s (George Gale)
• - and theology (Hans Halvorson and Helge Kragh)
• cosmopolitanism (Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown)
• counterpart theory — see possible objects
• Crathorn, William (Aurélien Robert)
• creation and conservation (Jonathan Kvanvig)
• creationism (Michael Ruse)
• Crescas, Hasdai (Shalom Sadik)
• criminal law, theories of (Antony Duff)
• critical theory (James Bohman)
• Croce, Benedetto
• - aesthetics (Gary Kemp)
• Crummell, Alexander (Stephen Thompson)
• Cudworth, Ralph — see Cambridge Platonists
• cultural evolution — see evolution: cultural
• culture
• - and cognitive science (Jesse Prinz)
• Culverwell, Nathaniel — see Cambridge Platonists
• Curry's paradox (JC Beall)
• Cusanus, Nicolaus [Nicolas of Cusa] (Clyde Lee Miller)
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• D
• Damian, Peter (Toivo J. Holopainen)
• Dante Alighieri (Winthrop Wetherbee)
• Daoism — see Taoism
• - Neo-Daoism — see Neo-Taoism
• Darwinism (James Lennox)
• Daud, Abraham Ibn — see Ibn Daud, Abraham
• David (Christian Wildberg)
• Davidson, Donald (Jeff Malpas)
• death (Steven Luper)
• - definition of (David DeGrazia)
• de Beauvoir, Simone — see Beauvoir, Simone de
• deception
• - definition of — see lying and deception: definition of
• - self — see self-deception
• decision-making capacity (Louis Charland)
• decision theory
• - causal (Paul Weirich)
• Dedekind, Richard
• - contributions to the foundations of mathematics (Erich Reck)
• defaults in semantics and pragmatics (K. M. Jaszczolt)
• definitions (Anil Gupta)
• Deleuze, Gilles (Daniel Smith and John Protevi)
• Delmedigo, Elijah (Jacob Ross)
• delusion (Lisa Bortolotti)
• demarcation of science — see science: and pseudo-science
• democracy (Tom Christiano)
• Democritus (Sylvia Berryman)
• demonstration
• - Aristotle's theory of — see Aristotle, General Topics: logic
• - medieval theories of (John Longeway)
• demonstratives — see indexicals
• denotation — see reference
• deontological ethics — see ethics: deontological
• dependence, ontological (E. Jonathan Lowe)
• Derrida, Jacques (Leonard Lawlor)
• Descartes, René (Gary Hatfield)
• - epistemology (Lex Newman)
• - ethics (Donald Rutherford)
• - life and works (Kurt Smith)
• - mathematics (Mary Domski)
• - modal metaphysics (David Cunning)
• - ontological argument (Lawrence Nolan)
• - physics (Edward Slowik)
• - and the pineal gland (Gert-Jan Lokhorst)
• - theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
• - theory of ideas (Andrew Pessin and Kurt Smith)
• descriptions (Peter Ludlow)
• desert (Owen McLeod)
• Desgabets, Robert (Patricia Easton)
• design, argument from — see teleology: teleological arguments for God's existence
• desire (Tim Schroeder)
• determinates vs. determinables (David H. Sanford)
• determinism
• - causal (Carl Hoefer)
• developmental biology
• - epigenesis and preformationism (Jane Maienschein)
• Dewey, John
• - aesthetics (Tom Leddy)
• - moral philosophy (Elizabeth Anderson)
• - political philosophy (Matthew Festenstein)
• Dharmakirti (Tom Tillemans)
• diagrams (Sun-Joo Shin and Oliver Lemon)
• Dialectical School (Susanne Bobzien)
• dialetheism (Graham Priest and Francesco Berto)
• Dietrich of Freiberg (Markus Führer)
• Dilthey, Wilhelm (Rudolf Makkreel)
• Diodorus Cronus (David Sedley)
• Diogenes Laertius — see doxography of ancient philosophy
• Dionysius the Areopagite — see Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
• dirty hands, the problem of (C.A.J. Coady)
• disability
• - definitions, models, experience (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, Jeffrey Blustein, and Daniel Putnam)
• - feminist perspectives on — see feminist (topics): perspectives on disability
• discourse representation theory (Bart Geurts and David I. Beaver)
• discrimination (Andrew Altman)
• disease — see health
• disjunction (Ray Jennings and Andrew Hartline)
• dispositions (Sungho Choi and Michael Fara)
• Dissoi Logoi — see Sophists, The
• distributive justice — see justice: distributive
• diversity
• - religious — see religious diversity
• divine
• - command theory — see voluntarism, theological
• - concepts of the — see God: concepts of
• - foreknowledge and free will — see free will: divine foreknowledge and
• - freedom — see freedom: divine
• - illumination (Robert Pasnau)
• - providence — see providence, divine
• - simplicity — see simplicity: divine
• doing vs. allowing harm (Frances Howard-Snyder)
• domestic partnership and marriage — see marriage and domestic partnership
• donation of human organs (Martin Wilkinson and Stephen Wilkinson)
• double effect, doctrine of (Alison McIntyre)
• Douglass, Frederick (Ronald Sundstrom)
• doxography of ancient philosophy (Jaap Mansfeld)
• dualism (Howard Robinson)
• Duhem, Pierre (Roger Ariew)
• Dunbar, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Duns Scotus, John (Thomas Williams)
• Dutch book arguments (Susan Vineberg)
• dynamic semantics — see semantics: dynamic
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• E
• Early Modern India, analytic philosophy in (Jonardon Ganeri)
• Eckhart, Meister — see Meister Eckhart
• ecology (Sahotra Sarkar)
• - biodiversity (Daniel P. Faith)
• - conservation biology — see conservation biology
• economics, philosophy of (Daniel M. Hausman)
• economics and economic justice (Marc Fleurbaey)
• education, philosophy of (D.C. Phillips)
• Edwards, Jonathan (William Wainwright)
• egalitarianism (Richard Arneson)
• egoism (Robert Shaver)
• Einstein, Albert
• - the hole argument — see space and time: the hole argument
• - philosophy of science (Don A. Howard)
• Elias (Christian Wildberg)
• emergent properties (Timothy O'Connor and Hong Yu Wong)
• Emerson, Ralph Waldo (Russell Goodman)
• emotion (Ronald de Sousa)
• - 17th and 18th century theories of (Amy M. Schmitter)
• - in the Christian tradition (Robert Roberts)
• empathy (Karsten Stueber)
• Empedocles (Richard Parry)
• empiricism — see rationalism vs. empiricism
• - constructive — see constructive empiricism
• - logical (Richard Creath)
• Enlightenment (William Bristow)
• entailment — see logical consequence
• entropy
• - and information processing — see information processing: and thermodynamic entropy
• envy (Justin D'Arms)
• Epictetus (Margaret Graver)
• Epicurus (David Konstan)
• epiphenomenalism (William Robinson)
• episteme and techne [= scientific knowledge and expertise] (Richard Parry)
• epistemic basing relation — see basing relation, epistemic
• epistemic closure principle (Steven Luper)
• epistemic paradoxes (Roy Sorensen)
• epistemic utility arguments for probabilism (Richard Pettigrew)
• epistemology (Matthias Steup)
• - Bayesian (William Talbott)
• - contextualism in — see contextualism, epistemic
• - evolutionary (Michael Bradie and William Harms)
• - feminist — see feminist (interventions): epistemology and philosophy of science
• - in classical Indian philosophy — see Indian Philosophy (Classical): epistemology
• - moral — see moral epistemology
• - naturalized (Richard Feldman)
• - reliabilism — see reliabilism
• - social (Alvin Goldman)
• - social feminist — see feminist (interventions): social epistemology
• - virtue (John Greco and John Turri)
• epsilon calculus (Jeremy Avigad and Richard Zach)
• equality (Stefan Gosepath)
• - of opportunity (Richard Arneson)
• equivalence of mass and energy (Francisco Fernflores)
• Erasmus, Desiderius (Charles Nauert)
• ergodic hierarchy (Roman Frigg, Joseph Berkovitz, and Fred Kronz)
• Eriugena, John Scottus (Dermot Moran)
• essentialism — see essential vs. accidental properties
• essential vs. accidental properties (Teresa Robertson)
• eternity (Paul Helm)
• ethics
• - ancient (Richard Parry)
• - of belief — see belief, ethics of
• - business (Alexei Marcoux)
• - Chinese (David Wong)
• - computer and information — see computer and information ethics
• - deontological (Larry Alexander and Michael Moore)
• - environmental (Andrew Brennan and Yeuk-Sze Lo)
• - feminist — see feminist (interventions): ethics
• - in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism (Charles Goodman)
• - internet research (Elizabeth A. Buchanan and Michael Zimmer)
• - natural law tradition (Mark Murphy)
• - and personal identity — see personal identity: and ethics
• - and social networking — see social networking and ethics
• - utilitarian — see consequentialism
• - virtue (Rosalind Hursthouse)
• ethics, African — see African Philosophy: ethics
• ethics, applied
• - phenomenological approaches to ethics and information technology — see information technology: phenomenological approaches to ethics and
• ethics, biomedical
• - advance directives and substitute decision-making — see advance directives
• - chimeras, human/non-human (Robert Streiffer)
• - clinical research (David Wendler)
• - cloning — see cloning
• - decision-making capacity — see decision-making capacity
• - disability — see disability: definitions, models, experience
• - disease and health, concepts of — see health
• - the donation of human organs — see donation of human organs
• - informed consent — see informed consent
• - justice, inequality, and health (Gopal Sreenivasan)
• - justice and access to health care (Norman Daniels)
• - pregnancy, birth, and medicine — see pregnancy, birth, and medicine
• - privacy and medicine (Anita Allen)
• - public health ethics — see public health: ethics
• - the sale of human organs — see sale of human organs
• - stem cell research (Andrew Siegel)
• eudaimonia — see ethics: ancient
• euthanasia
• - voluntary (Robert Young)
• events (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi)
• evidence (Thomas Kelly)
• evil
• - problem of (Michael Tooley)
• evolution (Phillip Sloan)
• - cultural (Tim Lewens)
• evolutionary ethics — see morality: and evolutionary biology
• evolutionary game theory — see game theory: evolutionary
• evolutionary psychology — see psychology: evolutionary
• existence (Michael Nelson)
• existentialism (Steven Crowell)
• - aesthetics — see aesthetics: existentialist
• experimentation
• - in biology — see biology: experiment in
• - in physics — see physics: experiment in
• explanation
• - in mathematics — see mathematics: explanation in
• - scientific — see scientific explanation
• exploitation (Alan Wertheimer)
• extrinsic — see intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties
• Ezra, Abraham Ibn — see Ibn Ezra, Abraham
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• F
• facts (Kevin Mulligan and Fabrice Correia)
• faith (John Bishop)
• Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn (Steve Harvey)
• fallacies — see logic: informal
• fatalism (Hugh Rice)
• federalism (Andreas Føllesdal)
• Fell, Margaret (Jacqueline Broad)
• feminism, approaches to (Nancy Tuana)
• - analytic philosophy (Ann Garry)
• - continental philosophy (Ann J. Cahill)
• - intersections between analytic and continental philosophy (Georgia Warnke)
• - intersections between pragmatist and continental philosophy (Shannon Sullivan)
• - pragmatism (Judy Whipps)
• - psychoanalytic philosophy (Emily Zakin)
• feminist (interventions)
• - aesthetics (Carolyn Korsmeyer)
• - bioethics (Anne Donchin)
• - epistemology and philosophy of science (Elizabeth Anderson)
• - ethics (Rosemarie Tong and Nancy Williams)
• - history of philosophy (Charlotte Witt)
• - liberal feminism (Amy R. Baehr)
• - metaphysics (Sally Haslanger and Ásta Kristjana Sveinsdóttir)
• - moral psychology (Anita Superson)
• - philosophy of biology (Carla Fehr)
• - philosophy of language (Jennifer Saul)
• - philosophy of law (Patricia Smith)
• - philosophy of religion (Nancy Frankenberry)
• - political philosophy (Noëlle McAfee)
• - social epistemology (Heidi Grasswick)
• feminist (topics) (Sally Haslanger, Nancy Tuana, and Peg O'Connor)
• - perspectives on class and work (Ann Ferguson and Rosemary Hennessy)
• - perspectives on disability (Anita Silvers)
• - perspectives on objectification (Evangelia (Lina) Papadaki)
• - perspectives on power (Amy Allen)
• - perspectives on rape (Rebecca Whisnant)
• - perspectives on reproduction and the family (Debra Satz)
• - perspectives on science (Alison Wylie, Elizabeth Potter, and Wenda K. Bauchspies)
• - perspectives on sex and gender (Mari Mikkola)
• - perspectives on sex markets (Laurie Shrage)
• - perspectives on the body (Kathleen Lennon)
• - perspectives on the self (Diana Meyers)
• - perspectives on trans issues (Talia Bettcher)
• Ferguson, Adam — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Ferrier, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
• Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (Van A. Harvey)
• Feyerabend, Paul (John Preston)
• Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (Dan Breazeale)
• Ficino, Marsilio (Christopher S. Celenza)
• fiction (Fred Kroon and Alberto Voltolini)
• fictionalism (Matti Eklund)
• - in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: fictionalism
• - modal (Daniel Nolan)
• fideism (Richard Amesbury)
• film, philosophy of (Thomas Wartenberg)
• Fitch's paradox of knowability (Berit Brogaard and Joe Salerno)
• fitness (Alexander Rosenberg and Frederic Bouchard)
• fitting attitude theories of value (Daniel Jacobson)
• Fleck, Ludwik (Wojciech Sady)
• folk psychology
• - as mental simulation (Robert M. Gordon)
• - as a theory (Ian Ravenscroft)
• foreknowledge, divine — see free will: divine foreknowledge and
• forgiveness (Paul M. Hughes)
• formalism
• - in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: formalism
• formal representations of belief — see belief, formal representations of
• Forms [Platonic] — see Plato: middle period metaphysics and epistemology
• Foucault, Michel (Gary Gutting)
• four dimensionalism — see temporal parts
• frame problem (Murray Shanahan)
• Francis of Marchia (Christopher Schabel)
• freedom
• - divine (William Rowe)
• - positive and negative — see liberty: positive and negative
• - of speech (David van Mill)
• free rider problem (Russell Hardin)
• free will (Timothy O'Connor)
• - (nondeterministic) theories of — see incompatibilism: (nondeterministic) theories of free will
• - divine foreknowledge and (Linda Zagzebski)
• Frege, Gottlob (Edward N. Zalta)
• - controversy with Hilbert (Patricia Blanchette)
• - logic, theorem, and foundations for arithmetic (Edward N. Zalta)
• friendship (Bennett Helm)
• function
• - in biology — see teleology: teleological notions in biology
• - recursive (Piergiorgio Odifreddi and S. Barry Cooper)
• functionalism (Janet Levin)
• future contingents (Peter Øhrstrøm and Per Hasle)
• - medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila)
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• G
• Gadamer, Hans-Georg (Jeff Malpas)
• - aesthetics (Nicholas Davey)
• Galileo Galilei (Peter Machamer)
• games
• - logic and — see logic: and games
• game theory (Don Ross)
• - and ethics (Bruno Verbeek and Christopher Morris)
• - evolutionary (J. McKenzie Alexander)
• Gassendi, Pierre (Saul Fisher)
• gene (Hans-Jörg Rheinberger and Staffan Müller-Wille)
• generalized quantifiers (Dag Westerståhl)
• general relativity
• - early philosophical interpretations of (Thomas A. Ryckman)
• genetics
• - evolutionary (Michael Wade)
• - genotype/phenotype distinction (Richard Lewontin)
• - molecular (Ken Waters)
• - population (Samir Okasha)
• geometry
• - finitism in (Jean Paul Van Bendegem)
• - in the 19th century (Roberto Torretti)
• Gerard, Alexander — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• German Philosophy
• - in the 18th century, prior to Kant (Brigitte Sassen)
• Gersonides (Tamar Rudavsky)
• Giles of Rome (Roberto Lambertini)
• given, the — see justification, epistemic: foundationalist theories of
• globalization (William Scheuerman)
• God
• - concepts of (William Wainwright)
• - and other necessary beings (Matthew Davidson)
• God, arguments for belief in
• - pragmatic — see pragmatic arguments and belief in God
• God, arguments for the existence of
• - cosmological — see cosmological argument
• - Descartes' ontological — see Descartes, René: ontological argument
• - moral arguments (Peter Byrne)
• - ontological — see ontological arguments
• - teleological — see teleology: teleological arguments for God's existence
• Godfrey of Fontaines (John Wippel)
• Godwin, William (Mark Philp)
• Gödel, Kurt (Juliette Kennedy)
• Goodman, Nelson
• - aesthetics (Alessandro Giovannelli)
• Gorampa [go rams pa] (Constance Kassor)
• grammar
• - categorial — see grammar: typelogical
• - typelogical (Michael Moortgat)
• Green, Thomas Hill (Colin Tyler)
• Gregory of Rimini (Christopher Schabel)
• Grice, Paul (Richard E. Grandy and Richard Warner)
• Grosseteste, Robert (Neil Lewis)
• Grotius, Hugo (Jon Miller)
• group rights — see rights: group
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• H
• Habermas, Jürgen (James Bohman and William Rehg)
• haecceity — see substance
• - medieval theories of (Richard Cross)
• Halevi, Judah (Barry Kogan)
• Hamann, Johann Georg (Gwen Griffith-Dickson)
• Hamilton, William — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
• happiness (Dan Haybron)
• Hartley, David (Richard Allen)
• Hartmann, Nicolai (Roberto Poli)
• Hartshorne, Charles (Dan Dombrowski)
• Hayek, Friedrich (David Schmidtz)
• health (Dominic Murphy)
• heaven and hell (Jonathan Kvanvig)
• hedonism (Andrew Moore)
• Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (Paul Redding)
• - aesthetics (Stephen Houlgate)
• - aesthetics (Iain Thomson)
• hell — see heaven and hell
• Helmholtz, Hermann von (Lydia Patton)
• Hempel, Carl (James Fetzer)
• Henry of Ghent (Pasquale Porro)
• Heraclitus (Daniel W. Graham)
• Herder, Johann Gottfried von (Michael Forster)
• heritability (Stephen M. Downes)
• - inheritance systems — see inheritance systems
• hermeneutics (Bjørn Ramberg and Kristin Gjesdal)
• Heytesbury, William (John Longeway)
• Hilbert, David
• - controversy with Frege — see Frege, Gottlob: controversy with Hilbert
• - program in the foundations of mathematics (Richard Zach)
• Hippias — see Sophists, The
• history, philosophy of (Daniel Little)
• Hobbes, Thomas (Stewart Duncan)
• - moral and political philosophy (Sharon A. Lloyd and Susanne Sreedhar)
• - theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
• Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry (Baron) d' (Michael LeBuffe)
• holes (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi)
• Holkot [Holcot], Robert (Hester Gelber)
• Home, Henry [Lord Kames] — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• homosexuality (Brent Pickett)
• Hook, Sidney (David Sidorsky)
• Horkheimer, Max (J.C. Berendzen)
• human genome project (Lisa Gannett)
• humanism
• - civic — see civic humanism
• human rights — see rights: human
• human test subjects — see ethics, biomedical: clinical research
• Humboldt, Wilhelm von (Kurt Mueller-Vollmer)
• Hume, David (William Edward Morris)
• - aesthetics (Ted Gracyk)
• - and Kant on causality — see Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on causality
• - and Kant on morality — see Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on morality
• - moral philosophy (Rachel Cohon)
• - Newtonianism and Anti-Newtonianism (Eric Schliesser)
• - on free will (Paul Russell)
• - on religion (Paul Russell)
• - theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
• Husserl, Edmund (Christian Beyer)
• Hutcheson, Francis — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• - theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
• Hutton, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• hybrid logic — see logic: hybrid
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• I
• Ibn Arabi (William Chittick)
• Ibn Bâjja (Josep Puig Montada)
• Ibn Daud, Abraham (Resianne Fontaine)
• Ibn Ezra, Abraham (Tzvi Langermann)
• Ibn Falaquera, Shem Tov — see Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn
• Ibn Gabirol, Solomon [Avicebron] (Sarah Pessin)
• Ibn Kammuna (Tzvi Langermann)
• Ibn Tibbon, Samuel — see Tibbon, Samuel Ibn
• identity (Harold Noonan)
• - of indiscernibles (Peter Forrest)
• - over time (Andre Gallois)
• - personal — see personal identity
• - relative (Harry Deutsch)
• - transworld (Penelope Mackie)
• identity politics (Cressida Heyes)
• identity theory of mind — see mind/brain identity theory
• ideology, law and — see law: and ideology
• idiolects (Alex Barber)
• Ikhwân al-Safâ’ (Carmela Baffioni)
• imagery, mental — see mental imagery
• imagination (Tamar Gendler)
• imitation game — see Turing test
• immigration (Christopher Heath Wellman)
• immortality — see afterlife
• immunology, philosophy of — see self: the biological notion of
• immutability (Brian Leftow)
• impartiality (Troy Jollimore)
• implicature (Wayne Davis)
• - optimality theoretic and game theoretic approaches (Robert van Rooij)
• impossible worlds (Francesco Berto)
• incommensurability
• - of scientific theories (Eric Oberheim and Paul Hoyningen-Huene)
• - of values — see value: incommensurable
• incomparable values — see value: incommensurable
• incompatibilism
• - (nondeterministic) theories of free will (Randolph Clarke)
• - arguments for (Kadri Vihvelin)
• indexicals (David Braun)
• Indian Philosophy (Classical)
• - concept of emotion (Joerg Tuske)
• - epistemology (Stephen Phillips)
• - language and testimony (Madhav Deshpande)
• - logic (Brendan Gillon)
• - naturalism (Amita Chatterjee)
• - perceptual experience and concepts (Monima Chadha)
• individual, biological notion of — see biology: notion of individual
• individualism, methodological (Joseph Heath)
• induction
• - problem of (John Vickers)
• inductive logic — see logic: inductive
• inequality — see equality
• inertial systems — see space and time: inertial frames
• inference to the best explanation — see abduction
• infinitesimals — see continuity and infinitesimals
• informal logic — see logic: informal
• information (Pieter Adriaans)
• - biological (Peter Godfrey-Smith and Kim Sterelny)
• - quantum entanglement and — see quantum theory: quantum entanglement and information
• - semantic conceptions of (Luciano Floridi)
• information processing
• - and thermodynamic entropy (Owen Maroney)
• information technology
• - and moral values (John Sullins)
• - phenomenological approaches to ethics and (Lucas Introna)
• informed consent (Nir Eyal)
• Ingarden, Roman (Amie Thomasson)
• inherence — see substance
• inheritance systems (Ehud Lamm)
• innate/acquired distinction (Paul Griffiths)
• innateness
• - and contemporary theories of cognition (Jerry Samet and Deborah Zaitchik)
• - historical controversies (Jerry Samet)
• - and language (Fiona Cowie)
• insolubles [= insolubilia] (Paul Vincent Spade and Stephen Read)
• integrity (Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine)
• intelligent design, theory of — see creationism
• intensional transitive verbs (Graeme Forbes)
• intention (Kieran Setiya)
• intentionality (Pierre Jacob)
• - consciousness and — see consciousness: and intentionality
• - in ancient philosophy (Victor Caston)
• internal vs. external reasons for action — see reasons for action: internal vs. external
• internet research ethics — see ethics: internet research
• intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties (Brian Weatherson and Dan Marshall)
• introspection (Eric Schwitzgebel)
• intuitionism
• - in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: intuitionism
• intuitionistic logic — see logic: intuitionistic
• - development of — see logic, history of: intuitionistic logic
• inverted qualia — see qualia: inverted
• Israeli, Isaac (Leonard Levin and R. David Walker)
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• J
• Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich (George di Giovanni)
• James, William (Russell Goodman)
• James of Viterbo (Antoine Côté)
• Japanese Philosophy
• - aesthetics (Graham Parkes)
• - Confucian (John Tucker)
• - Kokugaku School [Native Studies School] (Susan Burns)
• - Kûkai (John Krummel)
• - Kyoto School (Bret W. Davis)
• - Nishida Kitaro — see Nishida Kitaro
• - Watsuji Tetsurô — see Watsuji Tetsurô
• - Zen Buddhism (Shigenori Nagatomo)
• Jaspers, Karl (Chris Thornhill)
• Jayarasi (Piotr Balcerowicz)
• Jevons, William Stanley (Bert Mosselmans)
• John of Salisbury (Kevin Guilfoy)
• Jones, Emily Elizabeth Constance (Gary Ostertag)
• Judah Halevi — see Halevi, Judah
• judgment
• - aesthetic — see aesthetics: aesthetic judgment
• justice
• - distributive (Julian Lamont and Christi Favor)
• - intergenerational (Lukas Meyer)
• - international (Michael Blake)
• - transitional (Nir Eisikovits)
• - as a virtue (Michael Slote)
• justification, epistemic
• - a priori — see a priori justification and knowledge
• - coherentist theories of (Erik Olsson)
• - foundationalist theories of (Richard Fumerton)
• - internalist vs. externalist conceptions of (George Pappas)
• - reliabilism — see reliabilism
• justification, political
• - public (Kevin Vallier and Fred D'Agostino)
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• K
• Kant, Immanuel (Michael Rohlf)
• - account of reason (Garrath Williams)
• - aesthetics and teleology (Hannah Ginsborg)
• - critique of metaphysics (Michelle Grier)
• - and Hume on causality (Graciela De Pierris and Michael Friedman)
• - and Hume on morality (Lara Denis)
• - and Leibniz (Catherine Wilson)
• - moral philosophy (Robert Johnson)
• - philosophical development (Martin Schönfeld)
• - philosophy of religion (Philip Rossi)
• - philosophy of science (Eric Watkins)
• - social and political philosophy (Frederick Rauscher)
• - theory of judgment (Robert Hanna)
• - transcendental arguments (Derk Pereboom)
• - view of mind and consciousness of self (Andrew Brook)
• - views on space and time (Andrew Janiak)
• Kaspi, Joseph (Hannah Kasher)
• Kepler, Johannes (Daniel A. Di Liscia)
• Kierkegaard, Søren (William McDonald)
• killing vs. letting die — see doing vs. allowing harm
• Kilvington, Richard (Elzbieta Jung)
• Kilwardby, Robert (José Filipe Silva)
• knowledge
• - analysis of (Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa and Matthias Steup)
• - a priori — see a priori justification and knowledge
• - by acquaintance vs. description (Richard Fumerton)
• - self- — see self-knowledge
• knowledge, value of (Duncan Pritchard and John Turri)
• Kochen-Specker theorem — see quantum mechanics: Kochen-Specker theorem
• Kuhn, Thomas (Alexander Bird)
• Kûkai — see Japanese Philosophy: Kûkai
• Kumarila (Daniel Arnold)
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• L
• La Forge, Louis de (Desmond Clarke)
• Lange, Friedrich Albert (Nadeem J. Z. Hussain and Lydia Patton)
• language of thought hypothesis (Murat Aydede)
• Laozi (Alan Chan)
• law
• - and ideology (Christine Sypnowich)
• - and language (Timothy Endicott)
• - limits of — see limits of law
• - nature of — see nature of law: natural law theories
• laws of nature (John W. Carroll)
• - ceteris paribus (Alexander Reutlinger, Gerhard Schurz, and Andreas Hüttemann)
• learning theory, formal (Oliver Schulte)
• legal obligation and authority (Leslie Green)
• legal philosophy
• - economic analysis of law (Lewis Kornhauser)
• legal positivism — see nature of law: legal positivism
• legal punishment — see punishment, legal
• legal reasoning
• - interpretation and coherence in (Julie Dickson)
• - precedent and analogy in (Grant Lamond)
• legal rights (Kenneth Campbell)
• legitimacy, political (Fabienne Peter)
• Le Grand, Antoine (Patricia Easton)
• Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (Brandon C. Look)
• - ethics (Andrew Youpa)
• - influence on 19th century logic (Volker Peckhaus)
• - modal metaphysics (Brandon C. Look)
• - on causation (Marc Bobro)
• - on the problem of evil (Michael Murray)
• - philosophy of mind (Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin)
• - philosophy of physics (Jeffrey K. McDonough)
• Leibowitz, Yeshayahu (Daniel Rynhold)
• Leone Ebreo — see Abrabanel, Judah
• Lesniewski, Stanislaw (Peter Simons)
• Leucippus (Sylvia Berryman)
• Levinas, Emmanuel (Bettina Bergo)
• Lewis, Clarence Irving (Bruce Hunter)
• Lewis, David (Brian Weatherson)
• - metaphysics (Ned Hall)
• liar paradox (JC Beall and Michael Glanzberg)
• liberal feminism — see feminist (interventions): liberal feminism
• liberalism (Gerald Gaus and Shane D. Courtland)
• libertarianism (Peter Vallentyne)
• liberty
• - positive and negative (Ian Carter)
• life (Bruce Weber)
• - meaning of (Thaddeus Metz)
• lifeworld — see Husserl, Edmund
• limits of law (John Stanton-Ife)
• linear logic — see logic: linear
• linguistics
• - philosophy of (Barbara C. Scholz, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, and Geoffrey K. Pullum)
• Lipsius, Justus (Jan Papy)
• living wills — see advance directives
• Locke, Alain LeRoy (Jacoby Adeshei Carter)
• Locke, John (William Uzgalis)
• - moral philosophy (Patricia Sheridan)
• - philosophy of science (Hylarie Kochiras)
• - political philosophy (Alex Tuckness)
• logic
• - action (Krister Segerberg, John-Jules Meyer, and Marcus Kracht)
• - ancient (Susanne Bobzien)
• - of belief revision (Sven Ove Hansson)
• - classical (Stewart Shapiro)
• - combinatory (Katalin Bimbó)
• - combining (Walter Carnielli and Marcelo Esteban Coniglio)
• - conditionals (Horacio Arlo-Costa)
• - connexive (Heinrich Wansing)
• - deontic (Paul McNamara)
• - dialogical (Laurent Keiff)
• - epistemic (Vincent Hendricks and John Symons)
• - free (John Nolt)
• - fuzzy (Petr Hajek)
• - and games (Wilfrid Hodges)
• - hybrid (Torben Braüner)
• - in classical Indian philosophy — see Indian Philosophy (Classical): logic
• - independence friendly (Tero Tulenheimo)
• - inductive (James Hawthorne)
• - infinitary (John L. Bell)
• - informal (Leo Groarke)
• - intensional (Melvin Fitting)
• - intuitionistic (Joan Moschovakis)
• - justification (Sergei Artemov and Melvin Fitting)
• - linear (Roberto Di Cosmo and Dale Miller)
• - many-valued (Siegfried Gottwald)
• - modal (James Garson)
• - non-monotonic (G. Aldo Antonelli)
• - paraconsistent (Graham Priest and Koji Tanaka)
• - propositional dynamic (Philippe Balbiani)
• - provability (Rineke (L.C.) Verbrugge)
• - relevance (Edwin Mares)
• - second-order and higher-order (Herbert B. Enderton)
• - sentence connectives in — see connectives: sentence connectives in formal logic
• - substructural (Greg Restall)
• - temporal (Antony Galton)
• logic, history of
• - intuitionistic logic (Mark van Atten)
• - modal logic (Roberta Ballarin)
• - proof theory — see proof theory: development of
• - set theory, early — see set theory: early development
• logical atomism
• - Russell's (Kevin Klement)
• - Wittgenstein's — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: logical atomism
• logical consequence (JC Beall and Greg Restall)
• - propositional consequence relations and algebraic logic (Ramon Jansana)
• logical constants (John MacFarlane)
• logical constructions (Bernard Linsky)
• logical form (Paul Pietroski)
• logical truth (Mario Gómez-Torrente)
• logic and ontology (Thomas Hofweber)
• Lotze, Hermann (David Sullivan)
• love (Bennett Helm)
• loyalty (John Kleinig)
• luck
• - justice and bad luck (Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen)
• - moral (Dana K. Nelkin)
• Lucretius (David Sedley)
• Lvov-Warsaw School (Jan Wolenski)
• lying and deception
• - definition of (James Edwin Mahon)
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• M
• Macaulay, Catharine (Karen Green)
• Mach, Ernst (Paul Pojman)
• Machiavelli, Niccolò (Cary Nederman)
• Madhyamaka (Richard Hayes)
• Maimon, Salomon (Peter Thielke and Yitzhak Melamed)
• Maimonides (Kenneth Seeskin)
• - the influence of Islamic thought on (Sarah Pessin)
• Malebranche, Nicolas (Tad Schmaltz)
• - theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
• - theory of ideas and vision in God (Lawrence Nolan)
• Mally, Ernst (Alexander Hieke and Gerhard Zecha)
• - deontic logic (Gert-Jan Lokhorst)
• many, problem of (Brian Weatherson)
• Marcel, Gabriel (-Honoré) (Brian Treanor)
• Marcus Aurelius (Rachana Kamtekar)
• Marinella, Lucrezia (Marguerite Deslauriers)
• Maritain, Jacques (William Sweet)
• marriage and domestic partnership (Elizabeth Brake)
• Marsilius of Inghen (Maarten Hoenen)
• Marty, Anton (Robin Rollinger)
• Marx, Karl (Jonathan Wolff)
• Masham, Lady Damaris (Sarah Hutton)
• mass/energy equivalence — see equivalence of mass and energy
• mass expressions
• - metaphysics of (Mark Steen)
• material constitution (Ryan Wasserman)
• materialism — see physicalism
• - eliminative (William Ramsey)
• mathematical style — see style: in mathematics
• mathematics
• - constructive (Douglas Bridges)
• - explanation in (Paolo Mancosu)
• - inconsistent (Chris Mortensen)
• - non-deductive methods in (Alan Baker)
• mathematics, foundations of
• - Dedekind's contributions to — see Dedekind, Richard: contributions to the foundations of mathematics
• - Hilbert's program — see Hilbert, David: program in the foundations of mathematics
• mathematics, philosophy of (Leon Horsten)
• - fictionalism (Mark Balaguer)
• - formalism (Alan Weir)
• - indispensability arguments in the (Mark Colyvan)
• - intuitionism (Rosalie Iemhoff)
• - naturalism (Alexander Paseau)
• - Platonism (Øystein Linnebo)
• - Wittgenstein — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: philosophy of mathematics
• McTaggart, John M. E. (Kris McDaniel)
• Mead, George Herbert (Mitchell Aboulafia)
• meaning
• - normativity of (Kathrin Glüer and Åsa Wikforss)
• meaning, theories of (Jeff Speaks)
• measurement
• - in quantum theory — see quantum theory: measurement in
• medieval philosophy (Paul Vincent Spade)
• - literary forms of (Eileen Sweeney)
• medieval theories
• - analogy — see analogy: medieval theories of
• - categories — see categories: medieval theories of
• - causation — see causation: medieval theories of
• - conscience — see conscience: medieval theories of
• - of demonstration — see demonstration: medieval theories of
• - future contingents — see future contingents: medieval theories of
• - haecceity — see haecceity: medieval theories of
• - of mental representation — see mental representation: in medieval philosophy
• - modality — see modality: medieval theories of
• - of obligationes — see obligationes, medieval theories of
• - practical reason — see practical reason: medieval theories of
• - properties of terms — see terms, properties of: medieval theories of
• - relations — see relations: medieval theories of
• - of singular terms — see singular terms: medieval theories of
• - syllogism — see syllogism: medieval theories of
• Meinong, Alexius (Johann Marek)
• Meister Eckhart (Burkhard Mojsisch and Orrin F. Summerell)
• memory (John Sutton)
• - epistemological problems of (Thomas D. Senor)
• Mencius (Kwong Loi Shun)
• Mendelssohn, Moses (Daniel Dahlstrom)
• mental causation (David Robb and John Heil)
• mental content
• - causal theories of (Fred Adams and Ken Aizawa)
• - externalism about (Joe Lau and Max Deutsch)
• - narrow (Curtis Brown)
• - nonconceptual (José Bermúdez and Arnon Cahen)
• - teleological theories of (Karen Neander)
• mental illness (Christian Perring)
• mental imagery (Nigel J.T. Thomas)
• mental representation (David Pitt)
• - in medieval philosophy (Henrik Lagerlund)
• mereology (Achille Varzi)
• - medieval (Andrew Arlig)
• Merleau-Ponty, Maurice (Bernard Flynn)
• metaethics (Geoff Sayre-McCord)
• - fitting attitude theories and sensibility theory — see fitting attitude theories of value
• - moral anti-realism — see moral anti-realism
• - moral cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism — see cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral
• - moral epistemology — see moral epistemology
• - moral motivation — see motivation: moral
• - moral naturalism — see naturalism: moral
• - moral non-naturalism — see non-naturalism, moral
• - moral particularism — see moral particularism
• - moral realism — see moral realism
• - moral skepticism — see skepticism: moral
• metaphor (David Hills)
• metaphysics (Peter van Inwagen)
• Mill, Harriet Taylor (Dale E. Miller)
• Mill, James (Terence Ball)
• Mill, John Stuart (Fred Wilson)
• - moral and political philosophy (David Brink)
• mind
• - computational theory of (Steven Horst)
• - in Indian Buddhist Philosophy (Christian Coseru)
• - modularity of (Philip Robbins)
• mind/brain identity theory (J. J. C. Smart)
• miracles (Timothy McGrew)
• modal epistemology — see modality: epistemology of
• modality
• - Descartes and — see Descartes, René: modal metaphysics
• - epistemology of (Anand Vaidya)
• - impossible worlds — see impossible worlds
• - Leibniz and — see Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm: modal metaphysics
• - medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila)
• - metaphysics of — see actualism
• - modal fictionalism — see fictionalism: modal
• - necessary and sufficient conditions — see necessary and sufficient conditions
• - possible objects — see possible objects
• - Spinoza and — see Spinoza, Baruch: modal metaphysics
• modal logic — see logic: modal
• - modern origins — see logic, history of: modal logic
• models in science (Roman Frigg and Stephan Hartmann)
• model theory (Wilfrid Hodges)
• - first-order (Wilfrid Hodges)
• Mohism (Chris Fraser)
• Mohist Canons (Chris Fraser)
• molecular biology (Lindley Darden and James Tabery)
• Molyneux's problem (Marjolein Degenaar and Gert-Jan Lokhorst)
• monism (Jonathan Schaffer)
• - anomalous — see anomalous monism
• monotheism (William Wainwright)
• Montaigne, Michel de (Marc Foglia)
• Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de (Hilary Bok)
• Moore, George Edward (Tom Baldwin)
• - moral philosophy (Thomas Hurka)
• moral anti-realism (Richard Joyce)
• moral character — see character, moral
• moral epistemology (Richmond Campbell)
• morality
• - and evolutionary biology (William FitzPatrick)
• morality, definition of (Bernard Gert)
• moral luck — see luck: moral
• moral naturalism — see naturalism: moral
• moral non-naturalism — see non-naturalism, moral
• moral particularism (Jonathan Dancy)
• moral psychology
• - empirical approaches (John Doris and Stephen Stich)
• moral realism (Geoff Sayre-McCord)
• moral reasoning — see reasoning: moral
• moral relativism (Chris Gowans)
• moral responsibility (Andrew Eshleman)
• moral skepticism — see skepticism: moral
• moral status
• - of animals — see animals, moral status of
• More, Henry (John Henry)
• motivation
• - moral (Connie S. Rosati)
• Mulla Sadra (Sajjad Rizvi)
• multiculturalism (Sarah Song)
• multiple realizability (John Bickle)
• music, philosophy of (Andrew Kania)
• mysticism (Jerome Gellman)
• myths, Plato's — see Plato: myths
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• N
• Nagarjuna (Jan Christoph Westerhoff)
• names (Sam Cumming)
• nationalism (Nenad Miscevic)
• Natorp, Paul (Alan Kim)
• naturalism (David Papineau)
• - in epistemology — see epistemology: naturalized
• - in legal philosophy (Brian Leiter)
• - in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: naturalism
• - moral (James Lenman)
• natural kinds (Alexander Bird and Emma Tobin)
• natural law
• - tradition in ethics — see ethics: natural law tradition
• natural selection (Robert Brandon)
• - units and levels of (Elisabeth Lloyd)
• nature of law (Andrei Marmor)
• - interpretivist theories (Nicos Stavropoulos)
• - legal positivism (Leslie Green)
• - natural law theories (John Finnis)
• - pure theory of law (Andrei Marmor)
• Navya-Nyaya — see Early Modern India, analytic philosophy in
• necessary and sufficient conditions (Andrew Brennan)
• necessary beings
• - and God — see God: and other necessary beings
• Négritude (Souleymane Diagne)
• Neo-Taoism (Alan Chan)
• Neurath, Otto (Jordi Cat)
• neuroscience, philosophy of (John Bickle, Peter Mandik, and Anthony Landreth)
• neutral monism (Leopold Stubenberg)
• Newton, Isaac (George Smith)
• - Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (George Smith)
• - philosophy (Andrew Janiak)
• - views on space, time, and motion (Robert Rynasiewicz)
• Nicholas of Autrecourt [de Altricuria, Autricuria, Ultricuria, Autricort] (Hans Thijssen)
• Nicolas of Cusa — see Cusanus, Nicolaus
• Nietzsche, Friedrich (Robert Wicks)
• - moral and political philosophy (Brian Leiter)
• Nishida Kitaro (John C. Maraldo)
• noema — see Husserl, Edmund
• nominalism
• - in metaphysics (Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra)
• non-naturalism, moral (Michael Ridge)
• nonconceptual content — see mental content: nonconceptual
• nonexistent objects (Maria Reicher)
• nonidentity problem (Melinda Roberts)
• norms of cooperation — see social norms
• Norris, John (June Yang)
• nothingness (Roy Sorensen)
• Novalis [Georg Friedrich Philipp von Hardenberg] (Kristin Gjesdal)
• Numenius (George Karamanolis)
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• O
• object (Henry Laycock)
• obligation
• - legal — see legal obligation and authority
• obligationes, medieval theories of (Paul Vincent Spade)
• obligations
• - special (Diane Jeske)
• occasionalism (Sukjae Lee)
• Olivi, Peter John (Robert Pasnau)
• Olympiodorus (Christian Wildberg)
• omnipotence (Joshua Hoffman and Gary Rosenkrantz)
• omnipresence (Edward Wierenga)
• omniscience (Edward Wierenga)
• ontological arguments (Graham Oppy)
• ontological dependence — see dependence, ontological
• ontology of art, history of (Paisley Livingston)
• operationalism (Hasok Chang)
• ordinary objects (Daniel Z. Korman)
• Oresme, Nicole (Stefan Kirschner)
• original position (Samuel Freeman)
• Ortega y Gasset, José (Oliver Holmes)
• other minds (Alec Hyslop)
• ownership, property and — see property and ownership
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• P
• pacifism (Andrew Fiala)
• pain (Murat Aydede)
• panentheism (John Culp)
• panpsychism (William Seager and Sean Allen-Hermanson)
• pantheism (William Mander)
• paradox
• - Curry's — see Curry's paradox
• - Fitch's paradox of knowability — see Fitch's paradox of knowability
• - of the liar — see liar paradox
• - Russell's paradox — see Russell's paradox
• - Simpson's paradox — see Simpson's paradox
• - Skolem's (Timothy Bays)
• - St. Petersburg paradox — see St. Petersburg paradox
• - of suspense — see suspense, paradox of
• - Zeno's paradoxes — see Zeno of Elea: Zeno's paradoxes
• - and contemporary logic (Andrea Cantini)
• - epistemic — see epistemic paradoxes
• parenthood and procreation (Elizabeth Brake and Joseph Millum)
• Parmenides (John Palmer)
• part/whole — see mereology
• Pascal, Blaise (Desmond Clarke)
• Pascal's wager (Alan Hájek)
• paternalism (Gerald Dworkin)
• patriotism (Igor Primoratz)
• Patrizi, Francesco (Fred Purnell)
• Paul of Venice (Alessandro Conti)
• Peirce, Benjamin (Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh)
• Peirce, Charles Sanders (Robert Burch)
• - logic (Sun-Joo Shin and Eric Hammer)
• - theory of signs (Albert Atkin)
• Penbygull, William (Alessandro Conti)
• perception
• - auditory (Casey O'Callaghan)
• - the contents of (Susanna Siegel)
• - the disjunctive theory of (Matthew Soteriou)
• - epistemological problems of (Laurence BonJour)
• - the problem of (Tim Crane)
• perfectionism, in moral and political philosophy (Steven Wall)
• persistence — see temporal parts
• personal identity (Eric T. Olson)
• - and ethics (David Shoemaker)
• personalism (Thomas D. Williams and Jan Olof Bengtsson)
• persons — see personal identity
• Peter of Spain [= Petrus Hispanus] (Joke Spruyt)
• Petrizi, Joane (Tengiz Iremadze)
• phenomenology (David Woodruff Smith)
• Philip the Chancellor (Colleen McCluskey)
• Philolaus (Carl Huffman)
• Philo of Larissa (Charles Brittain)
• Philoponus (Christian Wildberg)
• Philo the Dialectician — see Dialectical School
• physicalism (Daniel Stoljar)
• physics
• - experiment in (Allan Franklin)
• - holism and nonseparability (Richard Healey)
• - intertheory relations in (Robert Batterman)
• - quantum field theory — see quantum theory: quantum field theory
• - Reichenbach's common cause principle (Frank Arntzenius)
• - structuralism in (Heinz-Juergen Schmidt)
• - symmetry and symmetry breaking (Katherine Brading and Elena Castellani)
• physis and nomos — see Sophists, The
• Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni (Brian Copenhaver)
• pineal gland — see Descartes, René: and the pineal gland
• Plato (Richard Kraut)
• - aesthetics (Nickolas Pappas)
• - Callicles and Thrasymachus (Rachel Barney)
• - Cratylus (David Sedley)
• - ethics (Dorothea Frede)
• - ethics and politics in The Republic (Eric Brown)
• - friendship and eros (C. D. C. Reeve)
• - method and metaphysics in the Sophist and Statesman (Mary Louise Gill)
• - middle period metaphysics and epistemology (Allan Silverman)
• - myths (Catalin Partenie)
• - on knowledge in the Theaetetus (Timothy Chappell)
• - on utopia (Chris Bobonich)
• - Parmenides (Samuel Rickless)
• - rhetoric and poetry (Charles L. Griswold)
• - shorter ethical works (Paul Woodruff)
• - Timaeus (Donald Zeyl)
• Platonism
• - in metaphysics (Mark Balaguer)
• - in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: Platonism
• pleasure (Leonard D. Katz)
• Plotinus (Lloyd Gerson)
• pluralism
• - religious — see religious diversity
• plurality of forms — see binarium famosissimum
• plural quantification (Øystein Linnebo)
• Plutarch (George Karamanolis)
• political obligation (Richard Dagger)
• political philosophy
• - ancient (Melissa Lane)
• - medieval (John Kilcullen)
• political realism
• - in international relations (W. Julian Korab-Karpowicz)
• political theory and religion — see religion and political theory
• Pomponazzi, Pietro (Stefano Perfetti)
• Popper, Karl (Stephen Thornton)
• population genetics — see genetics: population
• pornography
• - and censorship (Caroline West)
• Porphyry (Eyjólfur Emilsson)
• possible objects (Takashi Yagisawa)
• poverty of the stimulus argument — see innateness: and language
• practical reason (R. Jay Wallace)
• - medieval theories of (Anthony Celano)
• - and the structure of actions (Elijah Millgram)
• pragmatic arguments and belief in God (Jeff Jordan)
• pragmatics (Kepa Korta and John Perry)
• - defaults in — see defaults in semantics and pragmatics
• pragmatism (Christopher Hookway)
• prayer
• - petitionary (Scott A. Davison)
• predicate calculus — see logic: classical
• preferences (Sven Ove Hansson and Till Gr?ne-Yanoff)
• preformationism — see developmental biology: epigenesis and preformationism
• pregnancy, birth, and medicine (Rebecca Kukla and Katherine Wayne)
• Presocratic Philosophy (Patricia Curd)
• presupposition (David I. Beaver and Bart Geurts)
• Prichard, Harold Arthur (Jonathan Dancy)
• Principia Mathematica (A. D. Irvine)
• - notation in (Bernard Linsky)
• principle of sufficient reason (Yitzhak Melamed and Martin Lin)
• Prior, Arthur (B. Jack Copeland)
• privacy (Judith DeCew)
• - and medicine — see ethics, biomedical: privacy and medicine
• private language (Stewart Candlish and George Wrisley)
• probability, interpretations of (Alan Hájek)
• process philosophy (Johanna Seibt)
• process theism (Donald Viney)
• Proclus (Christoph Helmig and Carlos Steel)
• procreation — see parenthood and procreation
• Prodicus — see Sophists, The
• progress (Margaret Meek Lange)
• promises (Allen Habib)
• proof theory
• - development of (Jan von Plato)
• properties (Chris Swoyer and Francesco Orilia)
• - emergent — see emergent properties
• - essential vs. accidental — see essential vs. accidental properties
• property
• - intellectual (Adam Moore)
• property and ownership (Jeremy Waldron)
• prophecy (Scott A. Davison)
• propositional attitude reports (Thomas McKay and Michael Nelson)
• propositional consequence relations in algebraic logic — see logical consequence: propositional consequence relations and algebraic logic
• propositional function (Edwin Mares)
• propositions (Matthew McGrath)
• - singular (Greg Fitch and Michael Nelson)
• - structured (Jeffrey C. King)
• providence, divine (Hugh J. McCann)
• Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (Kevin Corrigan and L. Michael Harrington)
• pseudo-science, science and — see science: and pseudo-science
• psyche — see soul, ancient theories of
• psychiatry, philosophy of (Dominic Murphy)
• psychologism (Martin Kusch)
• psychology
• - evolutionary (Stephen M. Downes)
• public health
• - ethics (Ruth Faden and Sirine Shebaya)
• publicity (Axel Gosseries)
• Pufendorf, Samuel Freiherr von
• - moral and political philosophy (Michael Seidler)
• punishment (Hugo Adam Bedau and Erin Kelly)
• punishment, legal (Antony Duff)
• Pyrrho (Richard Bett)
• Pyrrhonism — see skepticism: ancient
• Pythagoras (Carl Huffman)
• Pythagoreanism (Carl Huffman)
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Q
• qualia (Michael Tye)
• - inverted (Alex Byrne)
• - knowledge argument (Martine Nida-Rümelin)
• qualiton — see tropes
• quantum mechanics (Jenann Ismael)
• - action at a distance in (Joseph Berkovitz)
• - Bell's Theorem — see Bell's Theorem
• - Bohmian mechanics (Sheldon Goldstein)
• - collapse theories (Giancarlo Ghirardi)
• - Copenhagen interpretation of (Jan Faye)
• - Everett's relative-state formulation of (Jeffrey Barrett)
• - Kochen-Specker theorem (Carsten Held)
• - many-worlds interpretation of (Lev Vaidman)
• - modal interpretations of (Michael Dickson and Dennis Dieks)
• - relational (Federico Laudisa and Carlo Rovelli)
• - the role of decoherence in (Guido Bacciagaluppi)
• quantum theory
• - and consciousness (Harald Atmanspacher)
• - the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen argument in (Arthur Fine)
• - identity and individuality in (Steven French)
• - measurement in (Henry Krips)
• - quantum computing (Amit Hagar)
• - quantum entanglement and information (Jeffrey Bub)
• - quantum field theory (Meinard Kuhlmann)
• - quantum gravity (Steven Weinstein and Dean Rickles)
• - quantum logic and probability theory (Alexander Wilce)
• - uncertainty principle in — see Uncertainty Principle
• - von Neumann vs. Dirac (Fred Kronz and Tracy Lupher)
• Quine, Willard van Orman (Peter Hylton)
• - New Foundations (Thomas Forster)
• quotation (Herman Cappelen and Ernest Lepore)
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• R
• race (Michael James)
• Ramsay, Allan — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Ramus, Petrus (Erland Sellberg)
• Rand, Ayn (Neera K. Badhwar and Roderick T. Long)
• randomness
• - versus chance — see chance: versus randomness
• rationalism vs. empiricism (Peter Markie)
• rationality
• - Bayesian — see epistemology: Bayesian
• - historicist theories of (Carl Matheson)
• Rawls, John (Leif Wenar)
• realism (Alexander Miller)
• - challenges to metaphysical (Drew Khlentzos)
• - moral — see moral realism
• - political, in international relations — see political realism: in international relations
• - scientific — see scientific realism
• - structural — see structural realism
• reasoning
• - automated (Frederic Portoraro)
• - defeasible (Robert Koons)
• - moral (Henry S. Richardson)
• reasons for action
• - agent-neutral vs. agent-relative (Michael Ridge)
• - internal vs. external (Stephen Finlay and Mark Schroeder)
• - justification vs. explanation (James Lenman)
• recursive function — see function: recursive
• redistribution (Christian Barry)
• reduction, scientific
• - in biology (Ingo Brigandt and Alan Love)
• - in physics — see physics: intertheory relations in
• reference (Marga Reimer)
• reflective equilibrium (Norman Daniels)
• Regius, Henricus (Desmond Clarke)
• Rehberg, August Wilhelm (Fred Beiser)
• Reichenbach, Hans (Clark Glymour and Frederick Eberhardt)
• Reid, Thomas (Gideon Yaffe and Ryan Nichols)
• - ethics (Terence Cuneo)
• - on memory and personal identity (Rebecca Copenhaver)
• Reinach, Adolf (James DuBois and Barry Smith)
• Reinhold, Karl Leonhard (Dan Breazeale)
• reism (Jan Wolenski)
• relations — see properties
• - medieval theories of (Jeffrey Brower)
• relativism (Chris Swoyer)
• - moral — see moral relativism
• relaton — see tropes
• reliabilism (Alvin Goldman)
• religion
• - epistemology of (Peter Forrest)
• - feminist philosophy of — see feminist (interventions): philosophy of religion
• - and morality (John Hare)
• - philosophy of (Charles Taliaferro)
• - and science (Alvin Plantinga)
• religion, phenomenology of (Mark Wynn)
• religion and political theory (Chris Eberle and Terence Cuneo)
• religious diversity (David Basinger)
• religious experience (Mark Webb)
• reparations, Black (Bernard Boxill)
• replication (David Hull and John S. Wilkins)
• representation, political (Suzanne Dovi)
• republicanism (Frank Lovett)
• repugnant conclusion, the (Gustaf Arrhenius, Jesper Ryberg, and Torbjörn Tännsjö)
• respect (Robin S. Dillon)
• responsibility
• - collective (Marion Smiley)
• Richard the Sophister [Ricardus Sophista, Magister abstractionum] (Paul Streveler)
• Ricoeur, Paul (Bernard Dauenhauer and David Pellauer)
• rights (Leif Wenar)
• - of children (David William Archard)
• - civil — see civil rights
• - group (Peter Jones)
• - human (James Nickel)
• - legal — see legal rights
• rigid designators (Joseph LaPorte)
• risk (Sven Ove Hansson)
• role obligations — see obligations: special
• Rorty, Richard (Bjørn Ramberg)
• Rosenzweig, Franz (Benjamin Pollock)
• Rosmini, Antonio (Denis Cleary)
• Ross, William David (Anthony Skelton)
• Rousseau, Jean Jacques (Christopher Bertram)
• Royce, Josiah (Kelly A. Parker)
• Rufus, Richard — see Richard the Sophister
• rule consequentialism — see consequentialism: rule
• Russell, Bertrand (A. D. Irvine)
• - logical atomism — see logical atomism: Russell's
• - moral philosophy (Charles Pigden)
• Russell's paradox (A. D. Irvine)
• Ryle, Gilbert (Julia Tanney)
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• S
• Saadya [Saadiah] (Sarah Pessin)
• Santarak?ita (James Blumenthal)
• sale of human organs (Stephen Wilkinson)
• Santayana, George (Herman Saatkamp)
• Sartre, Jean-Paul (Thomas Flynn)
• scepticism — see skepticism
• Scheler, Max (Zachary Davis and Anthony Steinbock)
• Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von (Andrew Bowie)
• schema (John Corcoran)
• Schlegel, August Wilhelm von (Katia D. Hay)
• Schlegel, Friedrich (Allen Speight)
• Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst (Michael Forster)
• Schmitt, Carl (Lars Vinx)
• Scholem, Gershom (Shaul Magid)
• School of Names (Chris Fraser)
• Schopenhauer, Arthur (Robert Wicks)
• - aesthetics (Sandra Shapshay)
• Schutz, Alfred (Michael Barber)
• science
• - models in — see models in science
• - and pseudo-science (Sven Ove Hansson)
• - theory and observation in (Jim Bogen)
• - unity of (Jordi Cat)
• scientific explanation (James Woodward)
• scientific knowledge
• - social dimensions of (Helen Longino)
• scientific progress (Ilkka Niiniluoto)
• scientific realism (Anjan Chakravartty)
• scientific revolutions (Thomas Nickles)
• scientific theories
• - incommensurability of — see incommensurability: of scientific theories
• - underdetermination of — see underdetermination, of scientific theories
• Scottish Philosophy
• - in the 18th Century (Alexander Broadie)
• - in the 19th century (Gordon Graham)
• Scottus [Scotus] Eriugena [Erigena], John — see Eriugena, John Scottus
• Scotus, John Duns — see Duns Scotus, John
• Scudéry, Madeleine de (John Conley)
• search engines and ethics (Herman Tavani)
• Sebond, Raymond — see Montaigne, Michel de
• secession (Allen Buchanan)
• self
• - the biological notion of (Alfred Tauber)
• - feminist perspectives on the — see feminist (topics): perspectives on the self
• - knowledge — see self-knowledge
• self-consciousness
• - phenomenological approaches to (Shaun Gallagher and Dan Zahavi)
• self-deception (Ian Deweese-Boyd)
• self-knowledge (Brie Gertler)
• self-reference (Thomas Bolander)
• self-respect — see respect
• Sellars, Wilfrid (Willem deVries)
• semantics
• - defaults in — see defaults in semantics and pragmatics
• - dynamic (Jan van Eijck and Albert Visser)
• - Montague (Theo M. V. Janssen)
• - two-dimensional (Laura Schroeter)
• semiotics
• - medieval (Stephan Meier-Oeser)
• Seneca (Katja Vogt)
• sense-data (Michael Huemer)
• sensibility theory — see fitting attitude theories of value
• set theory (Thomas Jech)
• - alternative axiomatic theories (M. Randall Holmes)
• - constructive and Intuitionistic ZF (Laura Crosilla)
• - early development (José Ferreirós)
• - independence and large cardinals (Peter Koellner)
• - non-wellfounded (Lawrence S. Moss)
• Shaftesbury, Lord [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of] (Michael B. Gill)
• - theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
• Sharpe, Johannes (Alessandro Conti)
• Sidgwick, Henry (Barton Schultz)
• Simon of Faversham (John Longeway)
• simplicity (Alan Baker)
• - divine (William F. Vallicella)
• Simpson's paradox (Gary Malinas and John Bigelow)
• singular terms
• - medieval theories of (E. Jennifer Ashworth)
• situations
• skepticism (Peter Klein)
• - ancient (Katja Vogt)
• - and content externalism (Tony Brueckner)
• - medieval (Charles Bolyard)
• - moral (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong)
• Skolem's paradox — see paradox: Skolem's
• Smith, Adam — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Smith, John — see Cambridge Platonists
• social construction
• - naturalistic approaches to (Ron Mallon)
• social contract — see contractarianism
• - contemporary approaches to (Fred D'Agostino, Gerald Gaus, and John Thrasher)
• social institutions (Seumas Miller)
• social minimum [basic income] (Stuart White)
• social networking and ethics (Shannon Vallor)
• social norms (Cristina Bicchieri and Ryan Muldoon)
• sociobiology (Harmon Holcomb and Jason Byron)
• Socrates (Debra Nails)
• sophismata [= sophisms] (Fabienne Pironet and Joke Spruyt)
• Sophists, The (C.C.W. Taylor and Mi-Kyoung Lee)
• Sorites paradox (Dominic Hyde)
• sortals (Richard E. Grandy)
• soul, ancient theories of (Hendrik Lorenz)
• sounds (Roberto Casati and Jerome Dokic)
• sovereignty (Dan Philpott)
• space and time
• - absolute and relational theories of space and motion (Nick Huggett and Carl Hoefer)
• - being and becoming in modern physics (Steven Savitt)
• - conventionality of simultaneity (Allen Janis)
• - the hole argument (John D. Norton)
• - inertial frames (Robert DiSalle)
• - singularities and black holes (Erik Curiel and Peter Bokulich)
• - supertasks (Jon Pérez Laraudogoitia)
• species (Marc Ereshefsky)
• speech acts (Mitchell Green)
• Spencer, Herbert (David Weinstein)
• Speusippus (Russell Dancy)
• Spinoza, Baruch (Steven Nadler)
• - modal metaphysics (Samuel Newlands)
• - physical theory (Richard Manning)
• - political philosophy (Justin Steinberg)
• - psychological theory (Michael LeBuffe)
• - theory of attributes (Noa Shein)
• - theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
• square of opposition (Terence Parsons)
• St. Petersburg paradox (Robert Martin)
• states of affairs (Mark Textor)
• statistical physics
• - Boltzmann's work in (Jos Uffink)
• - philosophy of statistical mechanics (Lawrence Sklar)
• stem cell research, ethics of — see ethics, biomedical: stem cell research
• Sterry, Peter — see Cambridge Platonists
• Stevenson, Charles Leslie (Daniel R. Boisvert)
• Stewart, Dugald — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Stirner, Max (David Leopold)
• Stoicism (Dirk Baltzly)
• Strauss, Leo (Leora Batnitzky)
• Strawson, Peter Frederick (Paul Snowdon)
• structuralism
• - in physics — see physics: structuralism in
• structural realism (James Ladyman)
• Stumpf, Carl (Denis Fisette)
• style
• - in mathematics (Paolo Mancosu)
• substance (Howard Robinson)
• substructural logics — see logic: substructural
• Suhrawardi (Roxanne Marcotte)
• suicide (Michael Cholbi)
• supererogation (David Heyd)
• supervenience (Brian McLaughlin and Karen Bennett)
• suspense, paradox of (Aaron Smuts)
• syllogism
• - medieval theories of (Henrik Lagerlund)
• symmetry and symmetry breaking — see physics: symmetry and symmetry breaking
• synthetic — see analytic/synthetic distinction
• Syrianus (Christian Wildberg)
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• T
• Taoism (Chad Hansen)
• - Neo-Taoism — see Neo-Taoism
• Tarski, Alfred (Mario Gómez-Torrente)
• - truth definitions (Wilfrid Hodges)
• techne — see episteme and techne
• technology, philosophy of (Maarten Franssen, Gert-Jan Lokhorst, and Ibo van de Poel)
• teleology
• - teleological arguments for God's existence (Del Ratzsch)
• - teleological notions in biology (Colin Allen)
• - teleological theories of mental content — see mental content: teleological theories of
• Telesio, Bernardino (Michaela Boenke)
• temporal consciousness — see consciousness: temporal
• temporal parts (Katherine Hawley)
• terms, properties of
• - medieval theories of (Stephen Read)
• terrorism (Igor Primoratz)
• testimony
• - epistemological problems of (Jonathan Adler)
• theism
• - atheism and agnosticism — see atheism and agnosticism
• - monotheism — see monotheism
• - panentheism — see panentheism
• - pantheism — see pantheism
• - process — see process theism
• Theology of Aristotle (Peter Adamson)
• Thomas of Erfurt (Jack Zupko)
• Thoreau, Henry David (Rick Anthony Furtak)
• thought experiments (James Robert Brown and Yiftach Fehige)
• Thrasymachus — see Plato: Callicles and Thrasymachus
• Tibbon, Samuel Ibn (James T. Robinson)
• Tibetan epistemology and philosophy of language (Pascale Hugon)
• time (Ned Markosian)
• - being and becoming in modern physics — see space and time: being and becoming in modern physics
• - the experience and perception of (Robin Le Poidevin)
• - thermodynamic asymmetry in (Craig Callender)
• time machines (John Earman and Christian Wüthrich)
• time travel
• - and modern physics (Frank Arntzenius and Tim Maudlin)
• Timon of Phlius (Richard Bett)
• toleration (Rainer Forst)
• tort law, theories of (Jules Coleman and Gabriel Mendlow)
• torture (Seumas Miller)
• transcendental arguments (Robert Stern)
• - Kant — see Kant, Immanuel: transcendental arguments
• transcendentalism (Russell Goodman)
• trans issues, feminist perspectives on — see feminist (topics): perspectives on trans issues
• transworld identity — see identity: transworld
• trinity (Dale Tuggy)
• tropes (John Bacon)
• trust (Carolyn McLeod)
• truth (Michael Glanzberg)
• - axiomatic theories of (Volker Halbach)
• - coherence theory of (James O. Young)
• - correspondence theory of (Marian David)
• - deflationary theory of (Daniel Stoljar and Nic Damnjanovic)
• - identity theory of (Stewart Candlish and Nic Damnjanovic)
• - pluralist theories of (Nikolaj Jang Lee Linding Pedersen and Cory Wright)
• - revision theory of (Philip Kremer)
• - Tarski's theory of truth — see Tarski, Alfred: truth definitions
• truthlikeness (Graham Oddie)
• truth values (Yaroslav Shramko and Heinrich Wansing)
• Tsongkhapa (Gareth Sparham)
• Turing, Alan (Andrew Hodges)
• Turing machines (David Barker-Plummer)
• Turing test (Graham Oppy and David Dowe)
• Turnbull, George — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Twardowski, Kazimierz (Arianna Betti)
• two truths in India, theory of (Sonam Thakchoe)
• two truths in Tibet, theory of (Sonam Thakchoe)
• types and tokens (Linda Wetzel)
• type theory (Thierry Coquand)
• - Church's type theory (Peter Andrews)
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• U
• Umar Khayyam (Mehdi Aminrazavi and Glen Van Brummelen)
• Uncertainty Principle (Jan Hilgevoord and Jos Uffink)
• underdetermination, of scientific theories (Kyle Stanford)
• unity of science — see science: unity of
• universal hylomorphism — see binarium famosissimum
• universals — see properties
• - the medieval problem of (Gyula Klima)
• utilitarianism — see consequentialism
• - history of (Julia Driver)
• - rule — see consequentialism: rule
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• V
• vagueness (Roy Sorensen)
• vagueness of composition — see many, problem of
• validity — see logical truth
• Valla, Lorenzo (Lodi Nauta)
• value
• - incommensurable (Nien-hê Hsieh)
• - intrinsic vs. extrinsic (Michael J. Zimmerman)
• - of knowledge — see knowledge, value of
• - pluralism (Elinor Mason)
• value theory (Mark Schroeder)
• Vasubandhu (Jonathan C. Gold)
• veil of ignorance — see original position
• verbs, intensional transitive — see intensional transitive verbs
• verisimilitude — see truthlikeness
• Vico, Giambattista (Timothy Costelloe)
• Vienna Circle (Thomas Uebel)
• virtue
• - ancient theories of — see ethics: ancient
• virtue ethics — see ethics: virtue
• Viterbo, James of — see James of Viterbo
• Vives, Juan Luis (Lorenzo Casini)
• volition — see free will
• Voltaire (J.B. Shank)
• voluntarism, theological (Mark Murphy)
• voting
• - methods (Eric Pacuit)
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• W
• war (Brian Orend)
• Ward, James (Pierfrancesco Basile)
• Watsuji Tetsurô (Robert Carter)
• weakness of will (Sarah Stroud)
• Weber, Max (Sung Ho Kim)
• well-being (Roger Crisp)
• Weyl, Hermann (John L. Bell and Herbert Korté)
• Whewell, William (Laura J. Snyder)
• Whichcote, Benjamin — see Cambridge Platonists
• Whitehead, Alfred North (A. D. Irvine)
• William of Auvergne (Neil Lewis)
• William of Champeaux (Kevin Guilfoy)
• Williams, Bernard (Timothy Chappell)
• Wilson, John Cook (Mathieu Marion)
• wisdom (Sharon Ryan)
• Wittgenstein, Ludwig (Anat Biletzki and Anat Matar)
• - aesthetics (Garry Hagberg)
• - logical atomism (Ian Proops)
• - philosophy of mathematics (Victor Rodych)
• Wodeham, Adam de (John T. Slotemaker and Jeffrey C. Witt)
• Wolff, Christian (Matt Hettche)
• Wollstonecraft, Mary (Sylvana Tomaselli)
• world government (Catherine Lu)
• worlds
• - impossible — see impossible worlds
• Wright, Chauncey (Jean De Groot)
• Wundt, Wilhelm Maximilian (Alan Kim)
• Wyclif, John (Alessandro Conti)
• - political Philosophy (Stephen Lahey)
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• X
• Xenocrates (Russell Dancy)
• Xenophanes (James Lesher)
• Xunzi (Dan Robins)
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Y
• Yorck von Wartenburg, Count Paul (Ingo Farin)
• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Z
• Zabarella, Giacomo (Heikki Mikkeli)
• Zeno of Elea (John Palmer)
• - Zeno's paradoxes (Nick Huggett)
• Zhuangzi (Harold Roth)
• zombies (Robert Kirk)

Uni Tennessee
IEP
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

James Fieser, Ph.D., founder and general editor
Bradley Dowden, Ph.D., general editor

• About
• Editors
• Desired Articles
• Submissions
• Volunteer
• History of Philosophy: 16th Century European | 17th Century European | 18th Century European | 19th Century European | Ancient Philosophy | History Misc. | History of Analytic Philosophy | Medieval Philosophy | Philosophers
• Metaphysics & Epistemology: Epistemology | Metaphysics | Mind & Cognitive Science | Philosophy of Language | Philosophy of Religion | Uncategorized
• Philosophical Traditions: American Philosophy | Chinese Philosophy | Continental Philosophy | Feminist Philosophy | Indian Philosophy | Islamic Philosophy | Tradition Misc.
• Science, Logic, & Mathematics: Logic | Philosophy of Mathematics | Philosophy of Science
• Value Theory: Aesthetics | Bioethics | Ethics | Philosophy of Law | Political Philosophy | Value Misc.

About the IEP

The "Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" ("IEP") (ISSN 2161-0002) was founded in 1995 as a non-profit organization to provide open access to detailed, scholarly information on key topics and philosophers in all areas of philosophy. The Encyclopedia receives no funding, and operates through the volunteer work of the editors, authors, volunteers, and technical advisers. At present the IEP is visited over 950,000 times per month. The Encyclopedia is free of charge and available to all users of the Internet world-wide. The staff of 30 editors and approximately 300 authors hold doctorate degrees and are professors at colleges and universities around the world, most notably from English-speaking countries.
...

• A
• A Priori and A Posteriori | Academy | Active Powers | Adorno, Theodor | Aenesidemus | Aesthetics | Alexander Polyhistor | American Philosophy | Anaxagoras | Anaxarchus | Anaximander | Anaximenes | Ancient Skepticism | Animals and Ethics | | Antisthenes | Aquinas, Thomas | Arcesilaus | Arendt, Hannah | Argument | Aristippus | Aristotle -- a. General Introduction | Aristotle -- b. Motion and its Place in Nature | Aristotle -- c. Metaphysics | Aristotle -- d. Biology | Aristotle -- e. Ethics | Aristotle -- f. Politics | Aristotle -- g. Poetics | Art and Epistemology | Art, Ethical Criticism of | Augustine |
• B
• Bakhtin Circle | Beauvoir, Simone de | Beccaria, Cesare | Behaviorism | Bentham, Jeremy | Berkeley, George | Berlin Circle | Bhartrihari | Blondel, Maurice | Bolingbroke, Henry St. John | Bonhoeffer, Dietrich | Butler, Joseph
• C
• Caird, Edward | Calvin, John | Capital Punishment | Carnap, Rudolf | Carneades | Chinese Room Argument | Chuang-Tzu | Cicero | Cleanthes | Cognition, Embodied | Cognitive Relativism | Collective Intentionality | Collective Moral Responsibility | Confucius | Contextualism in Epistemology | Critias | Cudworth, Ralph | Cumberland, Richard | Cynics | Cynosarges | Cyrenaics
• D
• Damon | Daoist Philosophy | Davidson, Donald | Deductive and Inductive Arguments | Deductive-Theoretic Conceptions of Logical Consequence | Deism, English | Deism, French | Deleuze, Gilles | Democritus | Demonax | Derrida, Jacques | Descartes, René | Design Arguments for the Existence of God | Dewey, John | Diderot, Denis | Diogenes Laertius | Diogenes of Apollonia | Diogenes of Sinope | Donoso Cortés, Juan | Dummett, Michael
• E
• Eckhart, Meister | Eclecticism | Egoism | Ellacuría, Ignacio | Emanation | Embodied Cognition | Emerson, Ralph Waldo | Empedocles, Empedokles | Empiricism, British | Empiricism, Logical | Encyclopedists | Epictetus | Epicurus | Epicurus, The Garden of | Epistemology of Perception | Epistemology, Contextualism in | Epistemology, Feminist | Epistemology, Naturalistic | Epistemology, Religious | Epistemology, Virtue | Epsilon Calculi | Ethics | Ethics and Phenomenology | Ethics, Evolutionary | Ethics, Stoic | Euclides | Euthanasia | Evidentialism | Evil, Logical Problem of | Evolution | Evolutionary Ethics | Explanation, Theories of
• F
• Faith and Reason | Fallacies | Fedorov, Nikolai Fedorovich | Feminist Epistemology | Feminist Jurisprudence | Ferrier, James Frederick | Fichte, Immanuel Hermann | Fichte, Johann Gottlieb | Fiction, Paradox | Foreknowledge and Free Will | Foucault and Feminism | Frege, Gottlob | Freud, Sigmund
• G
• Galen | Galileo | Garden of Epicurus, The | Ge Hong | German Idealism | Gnosticism | God, Western Concepts of | Gorgias | Greek Philosophy
• H
• Hamann, Johann Georg | Hamilton, William | Hartmann, Karl Robert Eduard Von | Hegel, G.W.F. -- Social and Political Thought | Hegelians, St. Louis | Helvetius, Claude Adrien | Hempel, Carl Gustav | Heraclitus | Herbert of Cherbury, Edward | Hipparchia | Hippias | Hippocrates | Hobbes, Thomas -- Moral and Political Philosophy | Hodgson, Shadworth | Holderlin, J. C. F. | Human Rights | Humanism | Hume, David -- a. Life and Writings | Hume, David -- b. Metaphysical and Epistemological Theories | Hume, David -- c. Moral Theory | Hume, David -- d. Writings on Religion | Hume, David -- e. Essays, Moral, Political and Literary | Husserl, Edmund | Huxley, Thomas Henry
• I
• Ibn Rushd | Identity Theory | Ikhwan al-Safa' | Inductive and Deductive Arguments | Informal Fallacies | Intentionality, Collective | Interventionism | Irigaray, Luce | Ismaili Philosophy
• J
• Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich | Jain Philosophy | Jurisprudence, Feminist | Just War Theory
• K
• Kant, Immanuel -- a. Metaphysics | Kant, Immanuel -- b. Aesthetics | Khusraw, Nasir | Kierkegaard, Soren | Kirmani, Hamid al-Din al- | Kojève, Alexandre | Design Arguments for the Existence of God
• L
• Lacan, Jacques | Laozi (Lao-tzu) | Law and Economics | Law, Philosophy of | Laws of Nature | Legal Positivism | Legal Pragmatism | Leibniz, Godfried Wilhelm -- a. Metaphysics | Leucippus | Lewis, Clarence Irving | Liar Paradox | Libraries, Ancient Greek and Roman | Lipsius, Justus | Literary Theory | Locke, John | Logic, Propositional | Logical Consequence -- a. Philosophical Considerations | Logical Consequence -- b. Deductive-Theoretic Conceptions | Logical Consequence -- c. Model-Theoretic Conceptions | Logical Empiricism | Logical Paradoxes | Logical Positivism | Lonergan, Bernard | Lotze, Rudolf Hermann | Love, Philosophy of | Lucretius | Luther, Martin | Lyceum | Lyotard, Jean-Francois
• M
• Machiavelli, Nicolo | Madhva | Malebranche, Nicholas | Marcus Aurelius | Mead, George Herbert | Mencius | Menippus | Merleau-Ponty, Maurice | Metrocles | Middle Knowledge | Middle Platonism | Mill, John Stuart | Mitchell, William | Model-Theoretic Conceptions of Logical Consequence | Molina, Luis | Molinism | Moral Development | Moral Luck | Moral Philosophy | Moral Responsibility, Collective
• N
• Nagarjuna | Nancy, Jean-Luc | Natural Law | Natural Theology | Naturalism | Naturalistic Epistemology | Nature, Laws of | Neo-Platonism | Neostoicism | Nihilism | Nozick, Robert
• O
• Objectivity | Ontological Argument | Origen of Alexandria | Other Minds
• P
• Pacifism | Palaestrae | Paley, William | Paradox of Fiction | Paradox, Liar | Paradox, Russell's | Paradox, Russell-Myhill | Paradoxes, Logical | Parmenides | Pascal's Wager | Peirce, Charles Sanders -- a. General Introduction | Peirce, Charles Sanders -- b. Architectonic Philosophy | Peirce, Charles Sanders -- c. Pragmatism | Perception, Epistemology of | Perception, Objects of | Peripatetics | Philo of Alexandria | Plato -- a. General Overview | Plato -- b. Political Philosophy | Plotinus | Poincaré, Jules Henri | Political Philosophy | Political Realism | Polyhistor, Alexander | Positivism, Legal | Positivism, Logical | Praise and Blame | Private Property, the Right to | Prodicus | Proof-Theoretic Conceptions of Logical Consequence | Propositional Logic | Prosentential Theory of Truth | Protagoras | Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite | Pyrrho | Pythagoras
• Q
• R
• Ramanuja | Rand, Ayn | Rationalism, Continental | Reductio ad Absurdum | Reichenbach, Hans | Relativism | Religious Epistemology | Renaissance | Ricoeur, Paul | Rights, Human | Roman Philosophy | Rousseau, Jean Jacques | Russell's Paradox | Russell-Myhill Paradox | Russian Philosophy
• S
• Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani | Al-Shahrastani | Sartre, Jean-Paul: Existentialism | Schutz, Alfred | Semantic Conceptions of Logical Consequence | Sengzhao | Sentential Logic | Sextus Empiricus | Sexuality, Philosophy of | Shaftesbury, Earl of | Shpet, Gustav | Skepticism, Ancient | Skepticism, Contemporary | Skepticism, Modern | Social Contract Theory | Social Science, Philosophy of | Solipsism and the Problem of Other Minds | Solovyov, Vladimir | Sophists | Soundness and Validity | Spencer, Herbert | Square of Opposition | Stephen, Leslie | Stilpo | Stirling, James Hutchison | Stoa, The | Stoicism -- a. General Overview | Stoicism -- b. Philosophy of Mind | Stoicism -- c. Ethics | Sublime | Supererogation | Symposium | Synderesis
• T
• Taoist Philosophy | Thales of Miletus | Theophrastus | Thomas Aquinas | Thrasymachus | Time | Time Travel | Timon | Toleration | Tragedy | Truth | Truth, Prosentential Theory of | Tusi, Nasir al-Din
• U
• V
• Soundness, Validity | Vasubandhu | Vienna Circle | Virtue Epistemology | Virtue Ethics | Voluntarism
• W
• War, Philosophy of | Warburton, William | Wittgenstein, Ludwig
• X
• Xenophanes | Xenophon | Xuanzang (Hsüan-tsang) | Xunzi (Hsün Tzu)
• Y
• Z
• Zeno of Elea | Zhang Zai | Zhuangzi

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