Etymologie, Etimología, Étymologie, Etimologia, Etymology, (griech.) etymología, (lat.) etymologia, (esper.) etimologio
UK Vereinigtes Königreich Großbritannien und Nordirland, Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte, Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord, Regno Unito di Gran Bretagna e Irlanda del Nord, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, (esper.) Britujo
Politik, Política, Politique, Politica, Politics, (esper.) politiko

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Asylum (W3)

Foundling Asylums - Under this title are comprised all institutions which take charge of infants whose parents or guardians are unable or unwilling to care for them.

Insane, Asylums and Care for the - The Church, from the earliest times, arranged for the care of the insane.

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bartleby003
Milton, John
Areopagitica

Harvard Classics, Vol. 3, Part 3
Areopagitica
Order of the Long Parliament for the Regulating of Printing, 14 June, 1643
A Speech for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing
This written oration responds to attempts of the day to “license,” or ban, religious and political writings; however, it remains the starting point for freedom of the press debate.

CONTENTS

Bibliographic Record
NEW YORK: P.F. COLLIER & SON COMPANY, 1909-14
NEW YORK: BARTLEBY.COM, 2001

• Introductory Note
• Order of the Long Parliament for the Regulating of Printing, 14 June, 1643; Being the Occasion of Milton’s Areopagitica
• Areopagitica: A Speech for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing
• Paras. 1-19
• Paras. 20-33

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bartleby003
Milton, John
Tractate on Education
From the Edition of 1673

Harvard Classics, Vol. 3, Part 4
In the vein of Plato’s Republic before it and Rousseau’s Emile after, On Education is a personal epistle aimed at the training of youth in the classic and poetic traditions as well as the future of scientific studies.

CONTENTS

Bibliographic Record
NEW YORK: P.F. COLLIER & SON COMPANY, 1909-14
NEW YORK: BARTLEBY.COM, 2001

• Introductory Note
• Of Education

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choice (W3)

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disenfranchise, disfranchise, enfranchise (W3)

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Emigration (W3)

Emigration From Spain: ispanic Local History and Genealogy in the United States - ...
Bibliography listing titles for research on two primary topics: histories of American families of Hispanic origin, and histories of places in the United States settled by people of Hispanic origin.

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fame (W3)

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Immigration (W3)

DavidsonMorris Solicitors - UK immigration law

• A: A2 | A8 | Accession | Ancestry Status | Association Agreement
• B: British Citizen | British Dependent Territories Citizens (BDTCs) | British Nationality Act 1981 | British Nationals (Overseas) (BN (O)) | British Overseas Citizens (BOCs) | British Overseas Territories | British Overseas Territories Citizens (BOTCS) | British Protected Persons (BPPs) | British subjects
• C: Certificate of Approval (CoA) | Certificate of Entitlement | Civil Partners | Common Travel Area | Commonwealth Citizens
• D: Discretionary leave (DL) | Domicile | Dual Citizenship/dual nationals
• E: EEA (European Economic Area) | EEA family permit | ELR (Exceptional Leave to Remain) | Entry clearance | Entry Clearance Officer (ECO) | EU (European Union)
• F: Family Permit | FCO (Foreign and Commonwealth Office)
• H: Highly Skilled Migrants Programme (HSMP) | Home Office | Home Secretary
• I: Illegal entrant | Immigration Act 1971 | Immigration (European Economic Area) Regulations 2006 | Immigration Officer | Immigration Rules | IND (Immigration and Nationality Directorate) | Indefinite Leave
• L: Leave to enter | Leave to remain | Limited leave
• M: Managed Migration
• N: NARIC | Naturalisation
• O: Ordinary Residence | Overstayer
• P: Permanent Residence | Points-Based system | Police Registration Certificate | Public funds
• R: Registration | Registration certificate | Removal | Residence card | Returning Residents | Right of Abode | Right of Readmission
• S: Settlement | Switching
• T: Treaty rights | Temporary Admission (TA)
• U: UKvisas | Unmarried partners
• V: Variation of Leave | Visa Nationals
• W: Work Permit | Work Permits UK | Worker Registration Scheme

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isolationist (W3)

isolationist (politics)

Antedating of "Isolationist" Fred Shapiro

isolationist (OED 1899)

1898 "Chicago Daily Tribune" 4 Sept. 30 The anti-extensionists - the mugwumps and Bryanites - use the term "imperialist" by applying it to everybody who is not an "isolationist".

Fred Shapiro

• isolationist of or relating to isolationism
• isolationistic of or relating to isolationism

• isolationist
• isolationistic
• isolationistically
• isolationists

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king (W3)

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Lobby, Lobbyismus (W1)

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Das englische Wort "Lobby" bezeichnete ursprünglich den Vorraum oder die Eingangshalle des englischen Parlamentsgebäudes. Dort unterhielten sich die Abgeordneten mit Personen, die keine gewählten Abgeordneten waren und daher nicht in den Sitzungssaal durften.
Heute bezeichnet der Begriff "Lobby" eine Interessenvertretung in der Politik.
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Opportunities (W3)

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potentate (W3)

We've got 188 anagrams for potentate

Any good anagrams for potentate?

This page list all the various possible anagrams for the word potentate. Use it for solving word puzzles, scrambles and for writing poetry, lyrics for your song or coming up with rap verses.

potentate (possum)

"potis": "dispossess", "empower", "high-powered", "horsepower", "impossibility", "impossible", "impotent", "omnipotence", "omnipotent", "overpower", "plenipotentiary", "possess", "possession", "possessive", "possessor", "possibility", "possible", "possibly", "potency", "potent", "potentate", "potential", "potentiality", "potentially", "power", "powerful", "powerfully", "powerless", "prepossess", "prepossession", "puissance", "puissant", "repossess", "self-possession"

50 Synonyms for “Leader”
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35. "Potentate": a powerful sovereign
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Definitions for "potentate"

"potentate", noun, a person who possesses great power, as a sovereign, monarch, or ruler.

Origin of potentate

1350–1400; Middle English - Late Latin "potentatus" = "potentate", Latin: "power", "dominion". See "potent" (1), "-ate" (3)

Words nearby potentate:

"potemkin", "potemkin village", "potence", "potency", "potent", "potentate", "potential", "potential cautery", "potential difference", "potential divider", "potential energy"

Words related to potentate

"despot", "king", "majesty", "ruler", "queen", "autocrat", "sovereign", "empress", "chief", "royalty", "dictator", "chieftain", "emperor", "prince", "leader", "princess"
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"potentate" (n.), c. 1400, from Old French "potentat" and directly from Late Latin "potentatus" = "a ruler", also "political power", from Latin "potentatus" = "might", "power", "rule", "dominion", from "potentem" (nominative "potens") = "powerful", from "potis" = "powerful", "able", "capable"; "possible"; of persons, "better", "preferable"; "chief", "principal"; "strongest", "foremost", from PIE root "*poti-" = "powerful"; "lord".

Related Entries

• *poti-

"*poti-", "*poti-" : Proto-Indo-European root meaning "powerful"; "lord". 

It forms all or part of: "bashaw"; "compos mentis"; "despot"; "hospodar"; "host" (n.1) "person who receives guests"; "idempotent"; "impotent"; "omnipotent"; "pasha"; "plenipotentiary"; "posse"; "possess"; "possible"; "potence"; "potency"; "potent"; "potentate"; "potential"; "potentiate"; "potentiometer"; "power"; "totipotent".

It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit "patih" = "master", "husband"; Greek "posis", Lithuanian "patis" = "husband"; Latin "potis" = "powerful", "able", "capable"; "possible".

Words related to "*poti-"

• bashaw
• compos mentis
• despot
• hospodar
• host
• idempotent
• impotent
• omnipotent
• pasha
• plenipotentiary
• posse
• possess
• possible
• potence
• potency
• potent
• potentate
• potential
• potentiate
• potentiometer
• power
• totipotent

Friday, 12 August 2011

Trepignemanpenillorifrizonoufresterfumbled

So we come to the Friday of our week of sesquipedalianism. We've had "Hottentottenpotentatentantenattentat", floccinaucinihilipilification, Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary.

But as you have probably noticed, the thing about long words is that you can just keep making them up for a laugh. In one short chapter of Urquhart's translation of Rabelais you can find the words disincornifistibulated, esperruquanchuzelubelouzerireliced, morrambouzevezengouzequoquemorgasacbaquevezinemaffreliding, morcrocastebezasteverestegrigeligoscopapopondrillated and morderegripippiatabirofreluchamburelurecaquelurintimpaniments. None of these words means anything much at all, except in context.

My favourite from that chapter (which you can read the whole of here) is this little beauty:

The bride crying laughed, and laughing cried, because the catchpole was not satisfied with drubbing her without choice or distinction of members, but had also rudely roused and toused her, pulled off her topping, and not having the fear of her husband before his eyes, treacherously trepignemanpenillorifrizonoufresterfumbled tumbled and squeezed her lower parts. [...] But, said his lady, why hath he been so very liberal of his manual kindness to me, without the least provocation?

Have a good weekend, dear reader, may it be filled with joy, trepignemanpenillorifrizonoufresterfumbling and manual kindness.

Tuesday, 9 August 2011

Floccinaucinihilipilification

The second in our week of long words is floccinaucinihilipilification, which is the act of believing something to be worthless. Unlike yesterday's "Hottentottenpotentatentantenattentat", floccinaucinihilipilification is actually rather useful. You can say: "I was very offended by his floccinaucinihilipilification of my poetry."

In fact, I once managed to work floccinaucinihilipilification into an essay at university - the context was something along the lines of "Goneril and Regan's floccinaucinihilipilification of kingship". Bill Clinton's press secretary managed it too. Whilst talking about the economy in 1995 he said:

They happen to produce huge billion dollar differences over seven years in the federal budget, which is why they become fairly incendiary as the debate goes along. But if you—as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here.

The etymology is quite simple: it's four Latin words that all meant worthless: flocci means a tuft of wool (as in floccilation which I wrote about here), nauci means trifle, nihil means nothing and pili means a hair. These were all synonyms to the Romans, and were listed together in a standard Latin textbook of the eighteenth century. Hence the word.

There's a related verb, floccipend, which means to regard as insignificant. And even more lovely, if you are lady habitually given to floccinaucinihilipilification, you are a floccinaucinihilipilificatrix.

Monday, 8 August 2011

Long Words and Unfortunate Aunts

We're going to have a week of posts on long, jormungandrian words. And we shall start with the dead relative of a Khoekhoe king.

The Khoekhoe are a people of Southern Africa. Like their neighbours, the San, they use a peculiar clicking sound in their language that sounds utterly alien to European ears. This is probably the reason that Dutch explorers called them "stutterers" or "Hottentots". If you want to read some other theories about the etymology follow this link.

The word "Hottentot" spread among European languages, probably just because it's such a lovely word to say aloud, and thus it got into German. The German language is remarkably open to the formation of compound words, and making up long silly ones is something of a parlour game beyond the Rhine. So, though the word was only invented as a tongue twister, "Hottentottenpotentatentantenattentat" is a perfectly viable German word. It means the assassination of the aunt of a Hottentot pontentate. "Tante" is aunt and "attentat" is assassination.

It's 36 letters long, but only uses 7 letters to get there. Incidentally, the adjective of "Hottentot" is, or can be, "Hottentotic".

And here is a useful video on how to do the clicky sounds.

mndt. "potentate", "potentante", mnd., M.: nhd. "Potentat", "höchster geistlicher oder weltlicher Herrscher", "Machthaber";

Hinweis: vgl. mhd. "potestat";

Quellenangaben: Nic. Gryse (um 1600);

Etymologie: s. lat. "potentator", M., "Gewalthaber", "Potentat"?; vgl. lat. "posse", V., "können", "vermögen", "imstande sein" (V.), "verstehen", "gelten"; lat. "potis", Adj., "vermögend", "mächtig"; s. idg. "*poti", Pron., Adj., "selbst", Pokorny 842; lat. "esse", V., "sein" (V.); idg. "*es-", "*hes-", V., "sein" (V.), Pokorny 340;

Weiterleben: s. nhd. "Potentat", M., "Potentat", "Machthaber", DW 13, 2038?;

Literaturhinweise:

• MndHwb 2, 1647 ("potentâte");

Sonstiges: Fremdwort in mnd. Form, "potentaten" (Pl.), "potentante" örtlich beschränkt und jünger

Word of the Day: "potentate"

By The Learning Network October 8, 2010 12:09 am

"potentate", noun: a ruler who is unconstrained by law

The word "potentate" has appeared in 12 New York Times articles in the past year, including on March 5 in “State Visit Revives a History of Stereotypes,” by Alan Cowell:

As the gilded, horse-drawn carriages processed down the Mall and through the gates of Buckingham Palace, escorted by equestrian guards bearing swords, most Londoners were probably too world-weary to see anything unusual in one more state visit unfolding — one more overseas "potentate" embraced by the pomp and circumstance that Britain’s royals have learned over decades to do so well.

"potentates" occurs 3 times in 3 speeches within 3 works.

Possibly related words: "potent", "potently", "potents"

• Henry VI, Part I (1)
• Love's Labour's Lost (1)
• Two Gentlemen of Verona (1)

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engl. "pot" = "power"

Examples: "potential", "potentate", "impotent"
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Synonyms for "potentate"

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In the same issue, Jacqueline Schaalje notes how Dutch can fuse words almost ad infinitum into compound nouns, as in "muisklikactivisme" "mousemuisklikactivisme" "mousemuisklikactivisme click activism". That compounding is part of the genius of Germanic languages generally (as distinct from Romance languages, say): consider the standard apocryphal example in German, "Hottentottenpotentatenmutterattentätertöten" = "killing the assassin of a Hottentot potentate’s mother", or the Icelandic "bílvélaíhlutaframleiðsluaðferðir" = "manufacturing processes for car-engine components".
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Thursday, October 10th

"potentate"

No one actually runs for office to be elected as a "potentate" since that strategy would probably fail. Clever leaders who achieve the status normally do so only after power is consolidated. "Potentate", a "powerful leader", is an obvious derivative of "potent". Both words are from Latin. Though the thing it designates surely existed long before, "potentate" only settled in English in the 15th century.

engl. "potentate"

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3. Etymology: from Latin "potentatus", "rule", "political power" from Latin "potens", "powerful", "strong".

• "-ate" (Latin: a suffix; being, like, or possessing certain characteristics) (one matching result)
• "-arch", "-archy" ("govern", "rule"; "ruler") words: "anarch" to "kritarchy", part 1 of 2 (one matching result)
• "poten-", "pot-", "poss-", "-potent", "-potence", "-potency", "-potential" (Latin: "power", "strength", "ability") (one matching result)

"-ate" (Latin: a suffix; being, like, or possessing certain characteristics).

abdicate | abnegate | abrogate | accelerate | accentuate | acetate | adjudicate | aerate | alkylate | alleviate | allocate | aluminate | amalgamate | annihilate | associate | barbiturate | bicarbonate | bisulphate | borate | bromate | captivate | carbamate | carbonate | compensate | concentrate | consulate | cyclamate | delegate | detoxicate | electorate | ethanoate | evaporate | ferrate | glutamate | glutamate | graduate | hydrate | liberate | magistrate | medicate | monosodium | nitrate | opiate | phosphate | placate | potentate | prevaricate | primate | propanoate | salivate | senate | silicate | sulfate | sulphonate | thiosulphate | triumvirate | vaccinate | venerate | xanthate | abbreviate | accurate | adulterate | affectionate | alternate | caudate | celibate | chalybeate | chelate | chlorate | chromate | collegiate | compassionate | confederate | delicate | desolate | dispassionate | fortunate | illiterate | indiscriminate | irate | obstinate | passionate | sedate |

Archy Words: "anarch" to "kritarchy", Part 1 of 2.

"-arch", "-archic", "-archical", "-archism", "-archist", "-archy" (Greek: "govern", "rule"; "ruler", "chief" ["first in position"]).

anarch | anarchic | anarchism | anarchist | anarchy | antimonarchy | archmonarchy | aristarchy | aristomonarchy | autarch | autarchy | biarchy | chiliarch | chiliarchy | cannonarchy | cosmarchy | cryptarchy | decarch | decarchy, dekarchy, decadarchy | decadarch | demarchy | demonarchy | diabolarchy | diarch | diarchy, duarchy | dodecarchy | dyarchy | ecclesiarch | ecclesiarchy | endarchy | ennearchy | eparchy | ethnarch | ethnarchy | gynandrarchy | gynarchy | hagiarchy | hamarchy | hecatarchy, hecatonarchy, hecatontarchy | hendecarchy | heptarch | heptarchy | heroarchy | hexarchy | hierarch | hierarchy | hipparch | hipparchy | hyperanarchy | hyperarchy | iatrarchy | ichthyarchy | kritarchy |

"poten-", "pot-", "poss-", "-potent", "-potence", "-potency", "-potential" (Latin: "power", "strength", "ability").

ignipotent | impossibility | impotence | impotency | impotent | magnipotence | omnipotence | omnipotent | plenipotentiary | posse (posse comitatus), possess | possession | possible | possibly | potency | potent | potentate | potential | potentiality | potentiometer | potestate | prepotent | viripotency | viripotent |

"potentate"

MEANING: noun: One having great power, especially an autocratic person.

ETYMOLOGY: Via French, from Latin "posse" ("to be able"). Ultimately from the Indo-European root "poti-" ("powerful", "lord"), which is also the source of "power", "potent", "possess", "pasha", "compossible", "impuissance", and "puissant". Earliest documented use: 1475.
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Pronunciation: "potentate"

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Origin of "potentate"

Middle English "potentat" from Old French from Late Latin "potentatus" from Latin "potens" present participle of "posse" = "to be able"; see "potent".
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pressure groups (W3)

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Wenn "Interessenverbände" besonders stark sind und versuchen, auf Politik und Gesetzgebung Einfluss zu nehmen, werden sie auch als "pressure groups" bezeichnet. (Das Wort kommt aus dem Englischen und heißt wörtlich übersetzt "Druckgruppen", also Leute, die Druck ausüben.)
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Primrose League (W3)

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The primrose is associated with the name of Lord Beaconsfield (q.v.), as being preferred by him to other flowers.
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Medals from WW1 This collection includes a PL (Primrose League founded by Disraeli), a regimental badge for Royal Staffordshire, a ... Contributed by Individual

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Quorum (W3)

Étymol. et Hist. 1672 "justiciers du Quorum" (en Angleterre) « notables dont la présence est indispensable pour qu'une commission puisse siéger » (E. Chamberlayne, L'Estat présent d'Angleterre, t. 2, p. 105);
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Mot lat. quorum "desquels", "dont", génitif plur. du pron. rel. "qui" (fr. "qui") empr. par l'intermédiaire de l'angl. où il est att. dep. 1616 comme terme désignant le nombre de personnes requises dans une assemblée, et dep. 1455 comme désignation d'un juge dont la présence au tribunal est indispensable.
Cet empl. de quorum vient des formules de lat. médiév. "telles que quorum maxima pars..." = "dont la plus grande partie... ", "quorum vos ... unum (duos, etc.) esse volumus" = "dont nous voulons que vous soyiez un (deux, etc.)", et qui indiquaient la présence nécessaire de certaines personnes dans des commissions (NED; FEW t. 18, p. 100 b).

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"the justices of the quorum". Meaning "fixed number of members whose presence is necessary to transact business" is first recorded 1616.
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round robin (W3)

Round Robin ist

• in der Informatik ein(e) Strategie/Verfahren, um z. B. Ressourcen bestimmten Prozessen zuzuordnen. Siehe Round Robin (Informatik).
• in der Informatik ein einfaches Verfahren zur Lastverteilung per DNS
• die Zusammenarbeit mehrerer Menschen an einem gemeinsamen Endprodukt, siehe Round Robin (Hobby)
• eine Turnierform, siehe Rundenturnier
• in der Qualitätssicherung die englische Bezeichnung für einen Ringversuch
• ein Zeichen bestehend aus zwei konzentrischen Kreisen, in deren Zwischenraum Unterschriften stehen. Sinn und Zweck ist es, dass niemand als erste Unterschrift und damit als Anführer erkennbar ist, z. B. bei Meutereien, da diese sonst getötet worden wären. Diese Technik des Verschleierns wurde erstmals im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert von französischen Bauern angewandt (daher auch der ursprünglich französische Name, ruban rond, „rundes Band“) und später von Seeleuten der britischen Royal Navy übernommen.

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Tournaments (also called tournament graphs) are so named because an n-node tournament graph correspond to a tournament in which each member of a group of n players plays all other n-1 players, and each game results in a win for one player and a loss for the other.
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sexymp
Sexy Members of Parliament

In addition to my wanting to create a fun and memorable tool to help the British public get to know their Members of Parliament, I thought it would be an interesting opportunity to hold the first ever parliamentary beauty contest and find out once and for all which MPs and Parties have the most sex-appeal. Although I fully expect this to offend some people, this was never my intention and I hope you will see the funny side.

Enjoy, Francis Boulle

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wretched
wretch
Recke
Rächer
Wrack
urgere (W3)

• engl. "wretched" = dt. "getrieben sein"
• dt. "Recke" = dt. "Herumtreiber"
• dt. "Rächer" = dt. "Treiber"
• dt. "Wrack" = dt. "Herumgetriebenes"
• lat. "urgere" = dt. "treiben"

• engl. "wretched" = engl. "deserving or inciting pity"
• engl. "wretchedly" = engl. "in a wretched manner"
• engl. "wretchedness" = engl. "a state of ill-being due to affliction or misfortune"

Guerino Meschino [the Wretched]

Maleger [wretchedly thin]

The Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest Home Page

Where "WWW" means Wretched Writers Welcome.

Sponsored by the English Department at San Jose State University since 1982, the Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest is a whimsical literary competition that challenges entrants to compose the opening sentence to the worst of all possible novels.

wretch (n.) Old English "wrecca" = "wretch", "stranger", "exile", from Proto-Germanic "*wrakjon" "pursuer"; "one pursued" (cognates: Old Saxon "wrekkio", Old High German "reckeo" "a banished person", "exile", German "recke" "renowned warrior", "hero"), related to Old English "wreccan" = "to drive out", "punish" (see "wreak"). "The contrast in the development of the meaning in Eng. and German is remarkable" [OED]. Sense of "vile, despicable person" developed in Old English, reflecting the sorry state of the outcast, as presented in Anglo-Saxon verse (such as "The Wanderer"). Compare German "Elend" "misery", from Old High German "elilenti" "sojourn in a foreign land", "exile".

wretched (adj.) c. 1200, "wrecched", an irregular formation from "wrecche" "wretch" (see "wretch"). Also see "wicked". Related: "Wretchedly"; "wretchedness".

Rogers, Jasper W. : Facts for the Kind-Hearted of England! - As to the Wretchedness of the Irish Peasantry, and the Means for their Regeneration (English) (as Author)

Origin of "wretched": Middle English, irregular from "wretch"; First Known Use: 12th century

Frans Eemil Sillanpää
Born: 16-Sep-1888
Birthplace: Ylä-Satakunta, Hämeenkyrö, Finland
Died: 3-Jun-1964
Location of death: Helsinki, Finland
Cause of death: unspecified
Gender: Male
Race or Ethnicity: White
Sexual orientation: Straight
Occupation: Author
Nationality: Finland

Executive summary: The Loveliness and Wretchedness of Human Life

Frans Eemil Sillanpää was the first Finnish writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature, taking the honor in 1939. He was born in Finland when it was part of Russia. His father was a farmer and peasant, and Sillanpää's work was frequently centered on peasant life. His best-known work, "Nuorena Nukkunut" (published in English as "The Maid Silja" or, alternately, "Fallen Asleep While Young") tells the story of a farm family's financial ruin, their peasant daughter's subsequent work as a chambermaid, her illicit affair with her employer, and her eventual death from tuberculosis. His novels have been adapted into movies several times, most notably the well-received 1988 Finnish film "Ihmiselon Ihanuus Ja Kurjuus" ("The Loveliness and Wretchedness of Human Life").

(Shakespeare): Search Results for wretched — 30 match(es)

wretch (59) | wretch's (2) | wretched (80) | wretched'st (1) | wretchedness (10) | wretches (14)

Shakespeare concordance: all instances of "wretched"

wretched occurs 80 times in 77 speeches within 27 works.

Possibly related words: wretch, wretches, wretch's

Users have searched 275 times for wretched in Open Source Shakespeare.

The numbers below indicate the number of speeches in which wretched appears in each listed work. If a single speech contains wretched more than once, the speech will still be counted once as part of the total count.

• All's Well That Ends Well (1)
• Antony and Cleopatra (1)
• As You Like It (4)
• Comedy of Errors (2)
• Cymbeline (2)
• Hamlet (4)
• Henry IV, Part I (1)
• Henry V (2)
• Henry VI, Part I (3)
• Henry VI, Part II (3)
• Henry VI, Part III (2)
• Henry VIII (5)
• Julius Caesar (1)
• King Lear (3)
• Love's Labour's Lost (1)
• Macbeth (2)
• Measure for Measure (3)
• Merchant of Venice (1)
• Othello (3)
• Pericles (1)
• Rape of Lucrece (6)
• Richard II (1)
• Richard III (9)
• Romeo and Juliet (3)
• Sonnets (3)
• Timon of Athens (4)
• Titus Andronicus (6)

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Another example of "-ed" turning an adjective into a longer adjective is "wretched". It comes from an Old English word that’s pronounced basically the same way as the noun "wretch" is today, except that the "w" wasn’t silent in Old English. As a noun in Old English, a "wretch" was an exile, or someone banished from their homeland. As an adjective "wretch", it meant what "wretched" means today, but only gained the superfluous suffix sometime around the year 1200.

An interesting side note is that one of the various spellings of "wretched" before it settled into its standard spelling was "R-A-T-C-H-I-T", a spelling that has been resurrected in present-day African American English as an insult. It’s also spelled "R-A-T-C-H-E-T".
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wretch

wretched

wretchedness

Map 179 The Wretched Dollar (up to $1 a day)

• wretch
• wretche
• wretched
• wretcheder
• wretchedest
• wretchedhead
• wretchedly
• wretchedness
• wretchednesses
• wretches
• wretchful
• wretching
• wretchless
• wretchock