"§"
askance (W3)

"§"
city (W3)

"§"
desolate (W3)

• dt. "desolat" = engl. "desolate"
• dt. "Trostlosigkeit" = engl. "desolation"
• dt. "Verlassenheit" = engl. "desolation"
• dt. "Verzweiflung" = engl. "desolation"
• dt. "veröden" = engl. "make desolate"
• dt. "öde" = engl. "desolate"

DESOLAT (1402)

disolat, dissolat

[ FEW: *3,54a desolare; Gdf: Ø; GdfC: Ø; TL: Ø; DEAF: Ø; DMF: Ø; TLF: Ø; OED: desolate adj., n.; MED: desolat(e) adj.; DMLBS: Ø ]
...

desolate

Indo-European Roots

ENTRY: s(w)e-

Trinity Atomic Bomb Site
New Mexico
Twice a year, visitors can tour the desolate site that birthed the Atomic Age
Instruments of Science, Disaster Areas
23 Nov 2012

Chapel of the Snows
McMurdo Station, Antarctica
The place of worship erected not once, but three times in one of the most desolate places on Earth
Architectural Oddities
12 Nov 2012

Area 51
Rachel, Nevada
In the middle of an extremely unforgiving and desolate high desert is the most secret military facility in the world
Martian Landscapes
12 Jul 2009

lat. "solus": "desolate", "desolation", "sole" (adj.), "solitary", "solitude", "solo", "sullen", "sullenly", "sullenness"

desolate (adj.) mid-14c., "without companions", also "uninhabited", from Latin "desolatus", past participle of "desolare" "leave alone", "desert", from "de-" "completely" (see "de-") + "solare" "make lonely", from "solus" "alone" (see "sole" (adj.)). Sense of "joyless" is 15c.

desolate (v.) late 14c., from "desolate" (adj.). Related: "Desolated"; "desolating".

2005 August 22: Desolate Mars: Rub al Khali

Limericks on "desolate"

Limericks on "desolateness"

desolate

Shakespeare concordance: all instances of "desolate"

Proto-IE: "*aut-"
Meaning: "empty", "lonely"
Old Greek: "auto-" "selbst"; "derselbe", "der nämliche", "autos" "gerade so", "für sich allein", "lediglich"; "ausio-" "eitel", "vergeblich"
Germanic: "*au-ia-" adj.

desolate

Proto-Germanic: "*auei-"
Meaning: "desert", "empty"
Gothic: "*auei-s", "*aue-s" "desert", "desolate"; "aueida" "desert"
Old Norse: "aud-r" "öde"; NGerm > Finn "autia"
Norwegian: "aud" "öde"
Old English: "iee" adj. "easy", "pleasant"
Old Saxon: "othi" "öde"
Old High German: "odi" (um 1000) "leer", "verlassen"
Middle High German: "öde" "leer", "öde", "unbebaut", "unbewohnt"; "leicht", "gering"; "eitel", "schwach" u. dgl.
German: "öde"

• desolate
• desolated
• desolately
• desolateness
• desolater
• desolaters
• desolates
• desolating
• desolatingly
• desolation
• desolations
• desolator
• desolators
• desolatory

"§"
Endonym
exonym

Name of a geographical feature in one of the languages occurring in that area where the feature is situated.

Examples: "V_r_nas_" (not "Benares"); "Aachen" (not "Aix-la-Chapel­le"); "Krung Thep" (not "Bang­kok"); "al-Uq_ur" (not "Luxor"); "Teverya" (not "Tiberias").

"§"
Kent
Kent place names
There's a story behind every place...

"Kent" itself is an ancient Celtic name, first recorded in 51 BC in the Latinised form of "Cantium". The most likely interpretation is probably "coastal region", although "land of the armies" has also been suggested.

"§"
krysstal - Words And Names

"§"
ordnancesurvey - History and hidden meanings of Britain's brilliant place names from Ordnance Survey

Seemingly ordinary place names on the map of Great Britain often hide fascinating stories of the landscape and local history. And it’s not just in Great Britain that this heritage is felt. Many towns and cities in America and the Commonwealth were named after British places and have their complicated roots here.

Unravelling how place names originated and what they really mean can be fascinating. The next time you are exploring the British countryside on foot, by bike or by car, take a moment to consider the places around you. There may be more to them than meets the eye.

Places were originally named in Old English, Norse, Scots, Welsh, Gaelic or Cornish, according to landscape features (topography), nature of settlement (habitat - city, town, village, fortifications) or the people or tribe living in the area, often combining two or three descriptive terms in one name. These names were then influenced and modified at various historical periods through language shift driven by socio-economic and political changes. These sometimes introduced new language influences, such as French from the Norman Conquest.

A word of caution… some modern names can deceptively cloak the true origins and meanings because these place names may have been modified quite dramatically over the centuries. Always try to look for the oldest usage of any place name for a more accurate interpretation of its original meaning.

The origins of English place names are particularly complex, with very few general rules that can be applied. Details of the English Place-Name Society, which is a good source of information, are given below.

• Did You Know
• Placenames
• Welsh
• Gaelic
• Scandinavian
• Scots
• The roots of British place names

"§"
questia - The Origin of English Place-Names

• Title Page
• CONTENTS
• PREFACE
• ABBREVIATIONS
• Chapter One: INTRODUCTORY
• Chapter Two: METHODS OF PLACE-NAME STUDY
• Chapter Three: DIALECT AND PLACE-NAMES
• Chapter Four: PERSONAL-NAMES AND PLACE-NAMES
• Chapter Five: THE CELTIC ELEMENT
• Chapter Six: THE ENGLISH ELEMENT
• Chapter Seven: THE SCANDINAVIAN ELEMENT
• Chapter Eight: THE FRENCH ELEMENT
• Chapter Nine: LATIN INFLUENCE
• Chapter Ten: FIELD-NAMES
• Chapter Eleven: STREET-NAMES
• FOR FURTHER READING
• Index of Subjects
• Index of Place-names

"§"
Shivering Mountain (W3)

Mam Tor, a hill on the Peak of Derbyshire; so called from the waste of its mass by "shivering" - that is, breaking away in "shivers" or small pieces. This shivering has been going on for ages, as the hill consists of alternate layers of shale and gritstone. The former, being soft, is easily reduced to powder, and, as it crumbles away, small "shivers" of the gritstone break away from want of support. 1

"§"
to be in limbo (W3)

"§"
Toponomy (W3)

Toponymy is the scientific study of place-names (toponyms), their origins, meanings, use and typology. The first part of the word is derived from the Greek "tópos" = "place"; followed by "ónoma", meaning "name". It is itself a branch of onomastics, the study of names of all kinds. To understand the value of toponyms, visualize each toponym (or geographical name) as the title of a story revealing some aspect of a region's cultural or natural heritage.

Toponyms are not just words on maps and signs, but vital communication tools that reflect patterns of settlement, exploration, migration, and heritage that may otherwise be overlooked by residents, visitors, and future generations. A toponym is a named point of reference in both the physical and cultural landscape on the Earth's surface. This includes natural features, such as streams (whose names are studied as hydronyms) and artificial ones (such as cities). Natural features are no more geographical than man-made features or administrative units because all such features have names that are in essence artificially applied. Toponyms are typically conservative and give insight into the buried human history of a region. For example Moses I. Finley observed, "it is significant that the bulk of the towns and districts in Greece in historical times retained their pre-Greek names";[1] viewed with archaeological remains, the conclusion is that speakers of proto-Greek infiltrated the region by degrees, rather than in a massive invasion, and that they found already in place a comparatively highly-developed culture.

In ethnology, a toponym is a name derived from a place or a region. In anatomy, a toponym is a name of a region of the body, as distinguished from the name of an organ. In biology, a toponym is a binomial name of a plant.
...

"§"
town (W3)

"§"
uark
A List of the Latin Names of Places in Great Britain and Ireland

"§"
ubiquitous (W3)

"§"
ubiquity (W3)

"§"
village (W3)

"§"
wikipedia
List of generic forms in British place names

Elements
Key to languages: Bry. Brythonic; C - Cumbric; K - Cornish; I - Irish; L - Latin; ME - Middle English; NF - Norman French; OE - Old English; ON - Old Norse; P - Pictish; SG - Scots Gaelic; W - Welsh

Term Origin Meaning Example Position Comments

• aber [1] C, W, P, K mouth (of a river), confluence, a meeting of waters Aberystwyth, Aberdyfi, Aberdeen, Aberuthven prefix Further information: Aber and Inver as place-name elements
• afon [1] W, SG, K, I river River Avon, Glanyrafon W afon is pronounced "AH-von"; several English rivers are named Avon. In Irish the word, spelled "abhann", is mainly (though not exclusively) pronounced OW-en
• ar, ard [4] I, SG height Armagh, Ardglass
• ash OE ash tree Ashton-under-Lyne[5]
• ast OE east Aston[6] prefix
• auch(en)-, ach- [4] I, SG field Auchendinny, Auchenshuggle, Achnasheen prefix anglicised from achadh. Ach- is generally the Highland form, and Auch- the lowland. Auchen- "means field of the X" (Achadh nan X)
• auchter- [4] I, SG height, top of something Auchtermuchty, Auchterarder prefix anglicised from Uachdar
• axe, exe, usk Bry. from isca, meaning water Exeter, River Axe (Devon), River Exe, River Usk, Axminster.
• ay, y, ey [7] ON island Ramsay, Westray, Lundy[8], Orkney suffix (usually)
• bal, balla, bally, ball [4] SG, I farm, homestead Ballachulish, Balerno, Ballymena, Ballinamallard prefix anglicised from baile
• beck [7] OE,ON stream Holbeck[9], Beckinsale, Troutbeck, Cod Beck
• berg, berry [7] OE/ON hill (cf. 'iceberg') Roseberry Topping, In Farnborough (OE Fernaberga) [10], berg has converged toward borough
• bex OE box, the tree Bexley, Bexhill-on-Sea [11] The OE name of Bexhill-on-Sea was Bexelei, a glade where box grew. [11]
• blen, blaen C, W fell, hill, upland Blencathra, Blencogo, Blaenau Ffestiniog
• bost [7] ON farm Leurbost suffix cf. ster, (bol)staðr; this form is usually found in the Outer Hebrides
• bourne, burn OE brook, stream Bournemouth, Eastbourne[12], Ashbourne, Blackburn see also Bourne (placename)
• bre [1] C, W, K hill Bredon, Carn Brea prefix
• bury, borough, brough, burgh OE fortified enclosure Aylesbury, Dewsbury, Bury[14], Middlesbrough[15], Edinburgh, Bamburgh, Peterborough (usually) suffix See Borough for further information and other uses. Burgh is primarily Northumbrian and Scots.
• by [7] ON settlement, village Grimsby[16], Tenby usually suffix but compare Bicker (the town marsh) also survives in bylaw and by-election
• carden P thicket Kincardine, Cardenden suffix
• caer, car [1] C, W (L) camp, fortification Caerdydd, Caerleon, Carlisle[18] prefix derived from Brythonic "caer" cf Chester (OE.)/Castra (L.)
• cheap, chipping OE market Chipping Norton[19], Chipping Campden, Chepstow also as part of a street name, e.g. Cheapside. 'Chippenham' is from a personal name.
• combe OE (W) valley Woolacombe (Devon), Doccombe, Ilfracombe[20] usually pronounced 'coo-m' or 'cum', cognate with cwm
• coed [1] W wood, forest Betws-y-coed
• cot, cott OE,W cottage, small building or derived from Bry/W Coed or Coet meaning a wood Ascot, Draycott in the Clay, Swadlincote [21] suffix
• cul C narrow Culcheth[22] prefix
• cwm, cum [1] W, C valley Cwmaman, Cumdivock prefix Borrowed into old English as suffix "coombe". 'Cwm' in Welsh and 'Cum', in Cumbric.
• cum L with Salcott-cum-Virley hyphenized between two other names Used where two parishes were combined into one. Unrelated to Cumbric cum.
• dal [4] SG, I meadow, low lying area by river Dalry, Dalmellington prefix Cognate with and probably influenced by P Dol
• dale [7] OE/ON valley OE, allotment OE Airedale i.e valley of the River Aire, Rochdale, Saxondale suffix Cognate with thal (Ger.), dalr (ON)
• dean, den, don OE - denu valley (dene) Croydon[23], Dean Village, Horndean, Todmorden[24] suffix the geography is often the only indicator as to the original root word (cf. don, a hill)
• din, dinas [1] W fort Dinas Powys prefix homologous to 'dun'; see below
• don, den OE hill Abingdon[25], Bredon, Willesden suffix
• drum [4] SG, I ridge, back Drumchapel, Drumnacanvy, Drumnadrochit prefix anglicised from druim
• dun, dum [4] SG, I fort Dundee, Dumbarton, Dungannon prefix derived from dùn
• ey, ea, eg, eig OE eg island Romsey[26], Athelney, Ely
• ey OE haeg enclosure Hornsey[27], Hay (-on-Wye) separate meaning to -ey 'island' - see above
• field OE open land, a forest clearing Sheffield[28], Wakefield, Huddersfield suffix
• fin SG white, holy Findochty prefix anglicised from 'fionn'
• firth OE wood or woodland Holmfirth, Chapel-en-le-Frith [29] suffix
• firth [7] ON fjord, inlet Burrafirth, Firth of Forth from Norse fjorðr
• fos, foss L, OE ditch River Foss, Fangfoss[30] Separate from ON 'foss, force' - see below
• foss, force [7] ON waterfall Aira Force, High Force Separate from L/OE 'fos, foss' - see above
• gate ON road Gate Helmsley[31], Holgate
• garth [7] ON enclosure Aysgarth
• gill, ghyll [7] ON ravine, narrow gully Gillamoor, Garrigill, Dungeon Ghyll
• glen [4] SG, I narrow valley, dale Rutherglen, Glenarm anglicised from gleann
• ham OE farm, homestead, [settlement] Rotherham[32], Newham, Nottingham[33] suffix often confused by hamm, an enclosure
• hithe, hythe OE wharf, place for landing boats Rotherhithe[34], Hythe, Erith
• holm OE island Holmfirth, Hempholme [35]
• hope OE valley, enclosed area Woolhope, Glossop [36]
• hurst OE (wooded) hill Dewhurst, Woodhurst [37]
• ing OE ingas people of Reading [38], the people (followers) of Reada, Spalding, the people of Spald[39] suffix sometimes survives in an apparent plural form e.g. Hastings[40]; also, often combined with 'ham' or 'ton'; 'homestead of the people of' (e.g. Birmingham, Bridlington)
• ing OE place, small stream Lockinge[41] suffix difficult to distinguish from -ingas without examination of early place-name forms.
• inver [4] SG mouth of (a river), confluence, a meeting of waters Inverness prefix cf. 'aber'.
• Further information: Aber and Inver as place-name elements
• keld ON spring Keld, Threlkeld[42]
• keth, cheth C wood Penketh, Culcheth[22] suffix cf. W. 'coed'
• kil [4] SG, I monastic cell, old church Kilmarnock, Killead prefix anglicised from Cill
• kin [4] SG, I head Kincardine, Kinallen prefix anglicised from Ceann
• king OE/ON king, tribal leader King's Norton, King's Lynn[43], Kingston, Kingston Bagpuize, Coningsby[44]
• kirk [7] ON church Kirkwall, Ormskirk, Colkirk
• kyle [4] SG narrows Kyle of Lochalsh prefix anglicised from Caol
• lan, lhan, llan [1] C, K, P, W church, churchyard, village with church, parish Lanteglos (Cornwall), Lhanbryde (Moray), Lanercost, prefix Further information: Llan place name element
• lang OE long Langdale[45], Great Langton, Kings Langley prefix
• law, low OE from hlaw, a rounded hill Charlaw, Tow Law, Lewes, Ludlow[46] often standalone often a hill with a barrow or hillocks on its summit
• le NF? the Chester-le-Street, Hartlepool interfix
• lea, ley, leigh OE from leah, a woodland clearing Barnsley[47], Hadleigh, Leigh (usually) suffix
• lin, llyn [1] C, W lake (or simply water) Lindow, Lindefferon, usually prefix
• ling, lyng OE heather Lingmell
• magna L great Appleby Magna,Chew Magna, Wigston Magna Primarily a medieval affectation
• mere OE lake, pool Windermere[48], Grasmere, Cromer[49]
• minster OE large church, monas=tery Westminster, Wimborne Minster[50]
• moss OE Swamp, bog Mossley, Lindow Moss, Moss Side[51]
• mynydd [1] W mountain Mynydd Moel prefix
• nan, nans K valley Nancledra (Cornwall) prefix
• nant [1] C, W ravine or the stream in it Nantgarw, Nantwich prefix same origin as nan, nans above
• ness [7] OE, ON promontory, headland (literally 'nose') Sheerness, Skegness, Inverness, Furness suffix
• nor OE north Norton, Norbury, Norwich [52] prefix
• pant [1] W a hollow Pantmawr
• parva L little Appleby Parva, Wigston Parva
• pen [1] C, K, W head (headland or hill) Penzance, Pendle, Penrith prefix also Pedn in W. Cornwall
• pit P portion, share, farm Pitlochry (Perthshire), Pitmedden, Pittodrie prefix homologous with K peath
• pol C, K pool or lake Polperro (Cornwall), Poltragow prefix
• pont [1] L, K, W bridge Pontypridd, Pontheugh prefix can also be found in its mutated form bont, e.g., Pen-y-bont (Bridgend); originally from Latin pons
• pool ?,harbour ? Liverpool, Blackpool, Hartlepool [53] suffix
• porth [1] K, W harbour Porthcawl prefix
• shaw OE a wood Penshaw, Openshaw [54] standalone or suffix a fringe of woodland
• shep, ship OE sheep Shepshed, Shepton Mallet, Shipton, North Yorkshire prefix
• stan OE stone, stony Stanmore, Stamford[55], Stanlow prefix
• stead OE place, enclosed pasture Hampstead, Berkhamsted [56] suffix
• ster [7] ON farm Lybster, Scrabster suffix cf. -bost from (bol)staðr
• stoke OE stoc dependent farmstead, secondary settlement Stoke-on-Trent[57], Stoke Damerell, Basingstoke (usually) standalone
• stow OE (holy) place Stow-on-the-wold[58], Padstow, Chepstow, Stowmarket
• strath [4] SG wide valley, vale Strathmore (Angus) prefix derived from srath (but conflated with Brythonic "Ystrad")
• street L, OE road (Roman) Spittal-in-the-Street, Chester-le-Street derived from strata, L. 'paved road'
• sud, sut OE south Sudbury[59], Sutton prefix
• swin OE pigs, swine Swindon, Swinford (Leicestershire)[60]
• tarn ON lake In modern English, usually a glacial lake in a coombe.
• thorp, thorpe ON secondary settlement Cleethorpes[61], Thorpeness an outlier of an earlier settlement
• thwaite, twatt [7] ON thveit a forest clearing with a dwelling, or parcel of land Huthwaite, Twatt suffix
• tre [1] C, K, W settlement Trevose Head, Tregaron, Trevercraig prefix
• tilly [4] SG hillock Tillicoultry, Tillydrone prefix
• toft [7] ON homestead Lowestoft usually suffix
• treath K beach
• tun, ton OE tun enclosure, estate, homestead Tunstead, Brighton[62], Coniston OE pronunciation 'toon'. Compare en. town, nl. tuin (garden) and ger. Zaun (fence); all derived from Germanic root 'tun
• weald, wold OE high woodland Wealdstone, Stow-on-the-Wold[58], Southwold
• wick, wich, wych, wyke L, OE place, settlement Norwich, Ipswich, Alnwick suffix related to Latin 'vicus'(place), cf. nl. 'wijk'
• wick [7] ON vik bay Runswick, Wick, Lerwick suffix cf. Jorvik (modern York)
• whel C mine or cave Wheldrake
• worth, worthy, wardine OE enclosure Tamworth[63], Farnworth, Holsworthy, Bredwardine usually suffix
• ynys [1] W Island Ynys Mon (Anglesey)

• References
• ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Guide to Welsh origins of place names in Britain. Ordnance Survey (http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/freefun/didyouknow/placenames/welsh.html)
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=12672. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=3357. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Guide to Gaelic origins of place names in Britain. Ordnance Survey (http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/freefun/didyouknow/placenames/Gaelic.html)
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=12870. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=4907. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Guide to Scandinavian origins of place names in Britain. Ordnance Survey (http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/freefun/didyouknow/placenames/scan.html)
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=15623. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=14568. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=6662. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ a b http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=7138. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=7117. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=14576. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=12884. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=5865. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=10469. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=12827. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=4358. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=3717. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=15473. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=3515. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ a b http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=12983. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=8264. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=14564. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=3160. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=6738. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=4777. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=14349. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=3218. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=8593. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=5656. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=14342. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=2541. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=8252. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=8451. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=3239. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=4169. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=3065. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=10183. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=7161. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ Margaret Gelling, Signposts to the Past (Phillimore, 3rd edition, reprinted 2000, chapter 5)
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=4454. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ previously Bishop's Lynn and Lynn Regis
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=10633. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=5121. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=13532. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=14734. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=5177. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=977. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=12928. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=9606. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=7745
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=12932. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=10392. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=4583. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=9871. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ a b http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=6302. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=15375. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=8902. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=10467. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=7041. Retrieved 3/7/08.
• ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=9877. Retrieved 3/7/08.

See also

• Place name origins
• British toponymy
• Welsh placenames
• Place names in Irish
• Etymological list of counties of the United Kingdom
• English Place-Name Society
• List of places in the United Kingdom

External links

• The Scottish Place-Name Society
• An Index to the Historical Place Names of Cornwall

"§"
zetnet

"§"
Ayto, John (Autor)
Crofton, Ian (Autor)
Brewer's Britain & Ireland
The History, Culture, Folklore and Etymology of 7500 Places in These Islands

Synopsis
Brewer's Britain and Ireland is a Brewer's-style reference book about place-names and the historical associations of the places they designate. Lying part-way between the traditional gazetteer and a traveller's 'armchair companion', it takes the reader on an informative and fascinating 'heritage tour' of thousands of places and place-names in every part of the islands of Britain and Ireland. Brewer's Britain and Ireland is a 'phrase and fable gazetteer', gathering together in one A-Z volume the linguistic, historical, folkloric and literary associations behind thousands of locations in the British Isles, both celebrated and less well-known, from Ashby-de-le-Zouch to Blubberhouses, and from Wigton to Wetwang. The headwords will cover major towns and cities, intriguingly named villages, physical features such as rivers, mountains, forests and others, nicknames of places, fictional place-names and a multitude of other curiosities of locational nomenclature.

Brewer's Britain and Ireland
The History, Culture, Folklore and Etymology of 7500 Places in These Islands
J Ayto and I Crofton
1326 pages, maps.
Cassell
Hardcover | 2005 | £29.99 | approx. $60/€39
#153823 | ISBN-10: 030435385X
Description
Brewer's Britain and Ireland is a Brewer's-style reference book about place-names and the historical associations of the places they designate. Lying part-way between the traditional gazetteer and a traveller's 'armchair companion', it provides an informative and fascinating 'heritage tour' of thousands of places and place-names in every part of the islands of Britain and Ireland. It gathers together in one A-Z volume the linguistic, historical, folkloric and literary associations behind thousands of locations in the British Isles, both celebrated and less well-known, from Ashby-de-le-Zouch to Blubberhouses, and from Wigton to Wetwang.

"§"
Gray, Ronald
Stubbings, Derek
Sahai, Viren (Illustrator)
Cambridge Street-Names
Their Origins and Associations

Synopsis
This book draws on the great wealth of associations of street-names in Cambridge. It is not a dictionary, but it provides a series of entries on such topics as the Reformation, George IV and his wife, twentieth-century British scientists, businessmen, Elizabethan times, medieval Cambridge, mayors, millers, and builders. It includes hermits and coal merchants, field marshals and laundresses, martyrs and bombers, unscrupulous politicians and the founder of a Christian community, Cromwell and Newton, an Anglo-Saxon queen and the discoverer of Uranus - all people who lived in or often visited Cambridge. The ancient "Stourbridge fair" is included, along with castles and boat-races, sewage pumps and the original Hobson of "Hobson's Choice". Who was "St Tibb"? Where did "Dick Turpin" hide? Where was the medieval takeaway? Unlike earlier works, this is a history of everybody for everybody.