Etymologie, Etimología, Étymologie, Etimologia, Etymology, (griech.) etymología, (lat.) etymologia, (esper.) etimologio
UK Vereinigtes Königreich Großbritannien und Nordirland, Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte, Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord, Regno Unito di Gran Bretagna e Irlanda del Nord, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, (esper.) Britujo
Metathese (Buchstabenumstellung, Lautumstellung), Metátesis, Métathèse, Metatesi, Metatheses, (esper.) metatezo

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Metanalysis

"Metanalysis" is the process where a letter is added or subtracted because of a nearby word. Examples below.

Modern Word Original Form

• a nickname - an ekename
• a newt - an ewt
• an adder - a nadder
• an apron - a napron
• an orange - a narange
• an umpire - a nonper

Metathesis (W3)

"metathesis"

Definition: a change of place or condition: such as

• a : transposition of two phonemes in a word
• b : a chemical reaction in which different kinds of molecules exchange parts to form other kinds of molecules

Did You Know?

One familiar example of "metathesis" is the English word "thrill", which was "thyrlian" in Old English and "thirlen" in Middle English. By the late 16th century, native English speakers had switched the placement of the "r" to form "thrill".

Another example is the alteration of "curd" into "crud" (the earliest sense of which was, unsurprisingly, "curd").

It probably won't surprise you to learn that the origin of "metathesis" lies in the idea of transposition — the word was borrowed into English in the mid-16th century and derives via Late Latin from the Greek verb "metatithenai", meaning "to transpose".

Examples

The study examined "metathesis" in the speech of children between the ages of three and six.

"Aks" and "ask" both derive from one verb in Old English that featured the same transposition of sounds and gave rise to two equally-valid pronunciations: "ascian" and "acsian". In linguistic terminology, this transposition, or swapping of sounds, is called "metathesis".

Jordan MacKenzie, The Independent Florida Alligator (University of Florida), 10 Feb. 2016

"Metathesis" is a linguistic pattern in which two sounds occur in one order in one form of a particular word, but in the opposite order in another form of the same word.

For example, in the Austronesian language Leti, the final consonant and vowel in a particular word can occur in both possible orders: a word like "ukar" = 'finger' can also be pronounced "ukra". The choice between the two orders depends on several factors, including the number of consecutive consonants at the beginning of the next word. If the next word begins with only one consonant (such as "lavan" = 'big'), the vowel comes first, as in "ukar lavan" = 'thumb, big toe'. If the next word begins with multiple consecutive consonants (or a geminate, as in "ppalu" = 'bachelor'), the consonant comes first, as in "ukra ppalu" = 'index finger'.

Across different languages, "metathesis" has been described as conditioned by phonology (as in Leti), morphology (e.g., the order of two sounds might be reversed in the singular and plural forms of a word), speech errors, historical changes that are likely related to speech perception or the ease of speech production, and other factors.

Metathesis: Formal and Functional Considerations

Elizabeth Hume

Ohio State University

1. Introduction

The focus of this paper is on metathesis, the process whereby in certain languages, under certain conditions, sounds appear to switch positions with one another. Thus, in a string of sounds where we would expect the linear ordering of two sounds to be ...xy..., we find instead ...yx....

In the Austronesian language Leti, for example, the final segments of a word occur in the order vowel + consonant in some contexts, while as consonant + vowel in others, e.g. ["kunis"]/["kunsi"] ‘key’. While variation in the linear ordering of elements is typical in the domain of syntax, it is comparatively striking in phonology, differing in nature from most other phonological processes which are typically defined in terms of a single sound, or target, which undergoes a change in a specified context.

Thus, the change from /nb/ to [mb] can be described in simple terms as place assimilation of the target /n/ in the context of a following /b/, thereby yielding [mb]; or, in traditional linear formalism, /n/ ® [m]/ __[b].

In contrast, the reversal of sounds such as /sk/ ® [ks], as attested in Faroese, defies such a simple formalism given that metathesis seems to involve two targets, with each essentially providing the context for the other. Due in part to the distinct nature of the process, metathesis has traditionally resisted a unified and explanatory account in phonological theory.
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"Metathesis" is a term used in linguistics to describe a language pattern where a sequence of two sounds occurs in one order in one context and in the opposite order in a related context. For example,

• a word might have two sounds in one order in its singular form but the opposite order in its plural form;
• or the relative ordering of two sounds within a word form might change over the history of a language;
• or a speaker might swap two sounds when speaking quickly.

The literature on "metathesis" dates back at least a century and covers topics concerning its origin, typology, Conditioning Factors, and theoretical status, among others. This bibliography provides a broad overview of the research carried out on the topic. It should be noted, however, that the literature on metathesis is not as expansive as, for example, that of processes such as assimilation or deletion. One reason for this is because "metathesis" does not occur as pervasively across languages and, as a result, it has been given less attention than other more common processes. This has resulted in the status of "metathesis" as a regular process being questioned, as discussed in the articles listed under "Regularity of Metathesis". While links between metathesis and speech errors have sometimes been assumed ("Metathesis and Speech Errors"), most work on metathesis focuses on more regular phonological or morphological patterns ("Morphological Metathesis"), and among these, on metathesis involving a consonant and vowel or two consonants (though see "Uncommon Metathesis Patterns"). There are several informative works on cross-linguistic patterns of metathesis (see "Typological Studies") as well as in-depth studies of metathesis in particular languages (see "Language Case Studies"). The literature is generally divided as to whether metathesis is analyzed as a synchronic process (see "Theoretical Phonology Approaches"), or as sound change (see "Historical Approaches"). In addition to theoretical and descriptive studies, metathesis has been examined to a lesser extent from psycholinguistic and computational perspectives (see "Psycholinguistic Approaches, Computational Approaches") and also in terms of first and second language learning (see "Language Acquisition"). Most articles contain information on the factors conditioning metathesis (see "Phonetic and Phonological, Sociolinguistic, and Statistical") which has provided insight into its nature, and has revealed that most of the factors conditioning metathesis are the same as those involved in more common processes (see "Conditioning Factors"). The authors wish to thank Kylie Fitzgerald for her assistance with this project.
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"Metathesis"; from Greek "metáthesis", from "µetat???µ?" = "I put in a different order"; Latin: "transpositio") is the transposition of sounds or syllables in a word or of words in a sentence. Most commonly, it refers to the interchange of two or more contiguous segments or syllables, known as "adjacent metathesis" or "local metathesis":

• foliage > **foilage (adjacent segments)
• anemone > **anenome (adjacent syllables)
• cavalry > **calvary (codas of adjacent syllables)

Metathesis may also involve interchanging non-contiguous sounds, known as "nonadjacent metathesis", "long-distance metathesis", or "hyperthesis", as shown in these examples of metathesis sound change from Latin to Spanish:

• Latin "parabola" > Spanish "palabra" = "word"
• Latin "miraculum" > Spanish "milagro" = "miracle"
• Latin "periculum" > Spanish "peligro" = "danger", "peril"
• Latin "crocodilus" > Spanish "cocodrilo" = "crocodile"

Many languages have words that show this phenomenon, and some even use it as a regular part of their grammar, such as Hebrew and Fur. The process of metathesis has altered the shape of many familiar words in English as well.

The original form before metathesis may be deduced from older forms of words in the language's lexicon or, if no forms are preserved, from phonological reconstruction. In some cases it is not possible to settle with certainty on the original version.
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Dionysius of Halicarnassus was a historian and scholar in rhetoric living in 1st century BC Greece. He analysed classical texts and applied several revisions to make them sound more eloquent. One of the methods he used was re-writing documents on a mainly grammatical level: changing word and sentence orders would make texts more fluent and 'natural', he suggested. He called this way of re-writing "metathesis".
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Examples
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English

Metathesis is responsible for some common speech errors, such as children acquiring "spaghetti" as "pasketti". The pronunciation /'æks/ (American English) for "ask" is now considered standard, and the spelling "ask" was used by Shakespeare and in the King James Bible. Chaucer, Caxton, and the Coverdale Bible, however, use "ax". The word "ask" derives from Proto-Germanic "*aiskona".

Some other frequent English pronunciations that display metathesis are:

• "aforementioned" > "afrementioned"
• "nuclear" > "nucular" (re-analysed as "nuke" + "-cular" suffix in "molecular", "binocular")
• "prescription" > "perscription"
• "introduce" > "interduce"
• "asterisk" > "asterix"
• "comfortable" > "comfturble"
• "cavalry" > "calvary"
• "foliage" > "foilage"
• "pretty" > "purty"

The process has shaped many English words historically. "Bird" and "horse" came from Old English "bridd" and "hros"; "wasp" and "hasp" were also written "wæps" and "hæps".

The Old English "beorht" = "bright" underwent metathesis to "bryht", which became Modern English "bright".

The Old English "þreo" = "three" formed "þridda" = "thrid" and "þreotene" = "thriteen". These underwent metathesis to forms which became Modern English "third" and "thirteen".

The Old English verb "wyrcan" = "to work" had the passive participle "geworht" = "worked". This underwent metathesis to "wroht", which became Modern English "wrought".

The Old English "þyrl" = "hole" underwent metathesis to "þryl". This gave rise to a verb "þrylian" = "pierce", which became Modern English "thrill", and formed the compound "nosþryl" = "nose-hole" which became Modern English "nostril" (May have occurred in the early Middle English Period: 'nosþyrlu' (circa 1050); 'nos-thirlys' (c. 1500). In 1565 'nosthrille' appears. 'thirl/thurl' survived even longer until 1878).

Metathesis is also a common feature of the West Country dialects.
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French

Etymological metathesis occurs in the following French words:

• "brebis" from popular Latin "berbex" meaning "sheep" (early 12th century).
• "fromage" from popular Latin "formaticus", meaning "formed in a mold" (1135).
• "moustique" (1654) from French "mousquitte" (1603) by metathesis. From Spanish "mosquito" ("little fly").

Deliberate metathesis also occurs extensively in the informal French pattern of speech called "verlan" (itself an example: "verlan" - l'"envers", meaning 'the reverse'). In "verlan" new words are created from existing words by reversing the order of syllables. "Verlanization" is applied mostly to two-syllable words and the new words that are created are typically considerably less formal than the originals, and/or take on a slightly different meaning. The process often involves considerably more changes than simple metathesis of two phonemes but this forms the basis for "verlan" as a linguistic phenomenon. Some of these words have become part of standard French.

A few well known examples are:

• "laisse tomber" > "laisse béton"
• "lourd" > "relou"
• "louche" > "chelou"
• "français" > "céfran"

Some Verlan words are metathesized more than once:

"arabe" > "beur" > "rebeu"
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Spanish

Old Spanish showed occasional metathesis when phonemes not conforming to the usual euphonic constraints were joined. This happened, for example, when a clitic pronoun was attached to a verb ending: it is attested that forms like "dejadle" = "leave [plural] him" were often metathesized to "dejalde" (the phoneme cluster /dl/ does not occur elsewhere in Spanish). The Spanish name for "Algeria" ("Argelia") is likely a metathesis of the Arabic name for the territory (al-Jaza'ir).

"Lunfardo", an argot of Spanish from "Buenos Aires", is fond of "vesre", metathesis of syllables. The word "vesre" itself is an example:

"revés" > "vesre" = "back, backwards"

"Gacería", an argot of "Castile", incorporates metathesized words:

"criba" > "brica"

Some frequently heard pronunciations in Spanish display metathesis:

• "calcomanía" > "calcamonía"
• "dentífrico" > "dentrífico"
• "croqueta" > "cocreta"

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notch (W3)

• dt. "Randkerbung" = engl. "marginal notch"
• dt. "Zahnräder" = engl. "notched wheels"
• dt. "Einschnitt" = engl. "notch"
• dt. "erstklassig" = engl. "top-notch"
• dt. "ausklinken" = engl. "notch"
• dt. "Zähne" = engl. "notches"
• dt. "Sollbruchkerbe" = engl. "predetermined breaking notch"
• dt. "falzend" = engl. "notching"
• dt. "Falz" = engl. "notch"
• dt. "Einschnitte" = engl. "notches"

"notch": A v-shaped indentation.

"Out of all notch". "Out of all bounds". The allusion is to the practice of fitting timber: the piece which is to receive the other is notched upon; the one to fit into the notch is said to be notched down.

"Notch": A type of tool possibly used for woodworking. Flakes have been removed to one curved notch along one side.

"notched": V shaped indentations on leaves or flower petals.

notch

"notch" (n.)

1570s, probably a misdivision of "an otch" (see "N" for other examples), from Middle French "oche" "notch", from Old French "ochier" "to notch", of unknown origin. Said to be unconnected to "nock".

"notch" (v.)

1590s, from "notch" (n.). Earlier verb (before misdivision) was Middle English "ochen" "to cut", "slash" (c. 1400). Related: "Notched"; "notching".

"N"

In late Middle English "a" and "an" commonly were written as one word with the following noun, which caused confusion over how such words ought to be divided. In "nickname", "newt", and British dialectal "naunt", the "-n-" belongs to a preceding indefinite article an or possessive pronoun "mine".

Other examples of this from Middle English manuscripts include "a neilond" ("an island", early 13c.), "a narawe" ("an arrow", c. 1400), "a nox" ("an ox", c. 1400), "a noke" ("an oak", early 15c.), "a nappyle" ("an apple", early 15c.), "a negge" ("an egg", 15c.). "My naunt" for "mine aunt" is recorded from 13c.-17c. "Natomy" or "atomy" was common in Elizabethan English for "anatomy". In 16c., "an idiot" sometimes became "a nidiot", which, with still-common casual pronunciation, became "nidget", which, alas, has not survived. Marlowe (1590) has "Natolian" for "Anatolian".

The process also worked in surnames, from oblique cases of Old English at "by", "near", as in "Nock"/"Nokes"/"Noaks" from "atten Oke" "by the oak"; "Nye" from "atten ye" "near the lowland"; and see "Nashville". A manuscript from c. 1500 has "a nylle" for "an isle".

But it is more common for an English word to lose an "-n-" to a preceding "a": "apron", "auger", "adder", "umpire", "humble pie", etc.

The mathematical use of "n" for "an indefinite number" is first recorded 1852, in to the nth power.

"UP TUH DE NOTCH" - "Up to the notch" "to the Queen’s taste", "perfect"

What is "Notching"

"Notching" is when rating agencies reduce their ratings on structured financial collateral based on ratings from another agency without rating the collateral themselves.
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"notch" See: TIGHTEN ONE'S BELT.

"take down a notch" or "take down a peg" {v. phr.}, {informal} To make (someone) less proud or sure of himself. * /The team was feeling proud of its record, but last week the boys were taken down a peg by a bad defeat./

"tighten one's belt" {v. phr.} To live on less money than usual; use less food and other things. * /When father lost his job we had to tighten our belts./ Often used in the expression "tighten one's belt another notch". * /When the husband lost his job, the Smiths had to do without many things, but when their savings were all spent, they had to tighten their belts another notch./

"topflight" or "topnotch" See: TOP DRAWER.

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A similar error is believed to be behind "notch", which may have resulted from a misdivision of "an otch". ("Otch" is a noun that is assumed to have existed in earlier English as a borrowing of Middle French "oche", meaning "an incision made to keep a record".)
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"NOTCH". An opening or narrow passage through a mountain or hill. — Webster.

Coriolanus

Written about 1608, "Coriolanus" maintains the mature Shakespeare’s shift in historical settings from the Middle Ages to earlier periods. It is one of Shakespeare’s most relentlessly political plays, with a hero’s personality that seems almost as schematic as "Timon of Athens’" (also derived from Shakespeare’s favored source in Plutarch’s "Lives"). This hero of the early Roman republic is an extreme example of those generals, such as Othello and Macbeth, whom Shakespeare shows to mesh awkwardly with civilian society and its values, including their relationships with women. Coriolanus reflects his mother Volumnia’s preoccupation with masculine virtues, despising domestic politics in comparison to battlefield success.
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The Tragedy of Coriolanus
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First Servingman:

He was too hard for him directly, to say the troth on’t: before Corioli he scotched him and notched him like a carbon ado.
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Shakespeare concordance:

all instances of "notched"

"notched" occurs 1 time in 1 speech within 1 work.

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Coriolanus (1)

"notch": The "vagina". The term is mentioned in this sense by Captain Francis Grose in his Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue (1811). See vagina for synonyms.

• notch house
• notch joint
• notch-broad
• notch-girl
• notcherie

"notch" n. [ME. nock, a notch] (MOLL: Gastropoda) A break or irregularity in the peristome, denoting the position of the siphon.

"notched" a. [ME. nock, a notch] Nicked or indented; usually of a margin.

• a-notch-above
• Franconia Notch
• notch
• notch filter
• notch-in-one-s-bedpost
• notch-on-one-s-bedpost
• notch-on-the-bedpost
• notch-up
• notchback
• notchbacks
• notchboard
• notchboards
• notched
• notcher
• notchers
• notches
• notches-on-one-s-bedpost
• notchier
• notchiest
• notchiness
• notching
• notchings
• notchweed
• notchweeds
• notchy
• suprasternal-notch
• suprasternal-notches
• tentorial-notch
• top-notch
• unnotched
• write protect notch