abc-der-menschheit
Anglistik

Ausgangspunkt
"Do you speak English?" Sollte der Gesprächspartner nach dieser Frage immer noch große Augen machen, hilft im Ausland nur noch die Verständigung mit Händen und Füßen. Englisch - das ist die Lingua Franca der Welt. Überall, wo Fremdsprachen gelehrt werden, steht Englisch ganz oben auf den Lehrplänen. Kaum ein Stellenangebot in Deutschland, das Englischkenntnisse nicht voraussetzt. Die Beherrschung dieser Fremdsprache entscheidet oftmals über das "To-be-or-not-to-be" im Job. Jenseits dieser praktischen Erwägungen gilt aber auch: Wenige europäische Sprachen verfügen über einen größeren Wortschatz und die englische Sprache ist überaus reich an literarischen Zeugnissen. Die "Anglistik" ist jener Zweig der Philologien, der sich mit der englischen Literatur, Kultur, Landeskunde und Sprache auseinander setzt.
...

alphadictionary.com
Dr. Goodword Linguistics Minicourse

• •Mamma Teached Me Talk (Language Acquisition) - You learn how to talk from listening to your parents and friends, right? Maybe not.
• •Can Chimpanzees Talk? (Language and Mind) - If human beings are not the only species capable of speech, we aren't so special. Are we?
• •Can colorless green ideas sleep furiously? (Syntax 1) - We seem to order the words in a sentence the way we think but evidence indicates otherwise.
• •Why We Have to Pay Syntax (Syntax 2) - More evidence that sentences have their own rules of order distinct from those of semantics.
• •But There are no Such Things as Words! (Morphology 1) - Evidence showing that we do not use words but parts of words when we speak!
• •How to pronounce "GHOTI"... and why (Phonology, Spelling) - Most languages do not have writing systems; so what is the relation of spelling to speaking?
• •How is a Hippo Like a Feather? (Historical Linguistics) - An examination of how languages come into being and change over time.
• •Words: Where do They Come From? (Morphology 2) - A much more detailed discussion of where words come from.

bangor
Linguistics
What is Linguistics?
By David Crystal

bbc
Linguistics, Speech & Semantics

• Accent Rules for Spanish
• Canadian Toponymy
• City Name Pronunciations in Illinois, USA
• Dyslexia and the Mental Lexicon
• Estuary English
• French Pronunciation
• Geek Code
• Gender-Free Pronouns
• German Pronunciation
• The Glottal Stop
• The Great Vowel Shift
• A Guide to British-English Spelling for Americans
• How to Speak Brummie
• Language and Life - a Perspective on Species
• Linguistic Isolates
• Logical Fallacies in Everyday Use
• Makaton - a Method of Communication for the Disabled
• Mondegreens
• Nicknames
• Paradigms and Paradigm Shifts
• Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis - The Longest Word
• Polari - the Secret Language
• Regional Dialects of the USA [7 members]
• RP - Received Pronunciation
• Surviving Foreign Language Oral Examinations
• The Tetragrammaton
• Thesaurus
• Why Villains in Movies Have English Accents
• Wieners, Frankfurters, Hamburgers and German Naming Conventions

BNC (W3)

What is the BNC?

The "British National Corpus" ("BNC") is a 100 million word collection of samples of written and spoken language from a wide range of sources, designed to represent a wide cross-section of British English from the later part of the 20th century, both spoken and written.

The latest edition is the BNC XML Edition, released in 2007.

The written part of the BNC (90%) includes, for example, extracts from regional and national newspapers, specialist periodicals and journals for all ages and interests, academic books and popular fiction, published and unpublished letters and memoranda, school and university essays, among many other kinds of text. The spoken part (10%) consists of orthographic transcriptions of unscripted informal conversations (recorded by volunteers selected from different age, region and social classes in a demographically balanced way) and spoken language collected in different contexts, ranging from formal business or government meetings to radio shows and phone-ins.

The corpus is encoded according to the Guidelines of the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) to represent both the output from CLAWS (automatic part-of-speech tagger) and a variety of other structural properties of texts (e.g. headings, paragraphs, lists etc.). Full classification, contextual and bibliographic information is also included with each text in the form of a TEI-conformant header.

Work on building the corpus began in 1991, and was completed in 1994. No new texts have been added after the completion of the project but the corpus was slightly revised prior to the release of the second edition BNC World (2001) and the third edition BNC XML Edition (2007). Since the completion of the project, two sub-corpora with material from the BNC have been released separately: the BNC Sampler (a general collection of one million written words, one million spoken) and the BNC Baby (four one-million word samples from four different genres).
...

canoo
Glossar der sprachlichen Fachbegriffe

davidcrystal
David Crystal

About this site

Welcome to my website. It contains details of my books, articles, and other materials, along with some biodata. Books and articles are listed on two general pages in chronological order, and are also classified under fifteen themes. The articles are downloadable - apart from a few cases where I no longer have a copy (please get in touch if you can supply copy for these missing links).

• Biography
• Buy Books
• Articles
• Books
• Child Language
• Clinical Linguistics
• Creative Writing
• English Language
• General Reference
• Indexing
• Internet Language
• Language Death & Diversity
• Language & Education
• Lexicography
• Linguistics
• Religious Language
• Shakespeare
• Stylistics, language
• & literature
• Teaching & Reading Materials
• CDs and DVDs
• David Crystal's Blog

dummies
Tending to Word Roots

A "root" is the basic element of a word, and it is the foundation on which the meaning of a word is built. Many roots are real words in their own right: "graph" (a diagram) and "term" (a fixed time or date), for example. Although these roots can have other elements, they don't need other elements to be complete. Most roots, however, do need other elements. For example, the roots "archy" (government) and "dox" (opinion or belief) need to be combined with other word elements, like prefixes, suffixes, or even other roots:

• "dyarchy": a government with two rulers, from the prefix "dy-" (meaning two) and the root "archy" (meaning government)
• "anarchist": one who rebels against governmental authority, from the prefix "an-" (meaning without or no), the root "archy" (meaning government), and the suffix "-ist" (meaning one who)
• "orthodox": conforming to established doctrines and practices, from the prefix "ortho-" (meaning right or true) and the root "dox" (meaning opinion or belief)

The following sections give you the lowdown on roots and how you can use them to uncover the meaning of words you don't know - yet.
...

Etymology
logic
lexicon
lecture
legend
leech
lex
legis
law
legislation
intellect (W1)

...
"Etymology" is the study of the historical meaning of a word. It comes from the Greek word "etumon" = "true meaning". Many people feel that we should go back and find the original meaning of a word and stick to it, to stop language degenerating. However, this does bring problems.
...

"Etymology" is the study of the origins of words. Some words have been derived from other languages, possibly in a changed form (the source words are called etymons). Through old texts and comparisons with other languages, etymologists try to reconstruct the history of words - when they entered a language, from what source, and how their form and meaning changed.
Etymologists also try to reconstruct information about languages that are too old for any direct information (such as writing) to be known. By comparing words in related languages, one can learn about their shared parent language. In this way, word roots have been found which can be traced all the way back to the origin of the Indo-European language family.

(E?)(L?) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology
Bei "wikipedia" findet man einen 1-seitigen Artikel zu "Etymology" mit vielen verlinkten Begriffen und damit zu weiteren interessanten sprachlichen Artikeln.

The word "etymology" (the etymology of "etymology") comes from the Greek "étymos" = "true meaning of a word" and "lògos" = "science".

Table of contents [showhide]

• 1 Etymology of the English vocabulary
• 2 Basic ideas in etymology
• 3 See also
• 4 External links

The word "etymology" is derived from the Greek "etumos" which means "real" or "true". The ending "-ology" suggests the "study/science of something", as in biology or geology. And that is the etymology of "etymology". It is the study of the origins of words; how they evolved.

• | Oxymorons | Tongue Twisters | Pangrams | Rebus Puzzles | Mnemonics | Tom Swifties | Word Records | Nym Words | Redundancies | Ambiguities | Net Lingua | Etymology (Etymology Books | What's Etymology? | Word Histories | Phrase Histories | Links) | Rhyming Slang | Other Articles | Book Store | Games Store | Newsletter
• Boggle Junior Letters... | More Boggle Items | All Word Games
• Recommended Book: The Street Names of England ... | Etymology Books

Glottochronology (W3)

"Glottochronology" (from Att.-Greek "glotta" = engl. "tongue", "language" and "kronos" = engl. "time") is that part of lexicostatistics dealing with the chronological relationship between languages.

The idea has been developed by Morris Swadesh under two assumptions: First that there exists a relatively stable "basic vocabulary" (therefore called "Swadesh lists") in all languages of the world, and secondly that any replacements happen in a way analogical to that in radioactive decay in constant percentages per time elapsed. Meanwhile there exist many different methods, partly extensions of the Swadesh method, now more and more methods under biological assumptions of replacements in genes. However, Swadesh's technique is so well known that, for many people, "glottochronology" refers to it alone.
...

hathitrust.org
Sullivan, Robert
A dictionary of derivations
An introduction to etymology

About this Book

Catalog Record Details

A dictionary of derivations; or, An introduction to etymology, ... Sullivan, Robert, 1800-1868.

Rights: Public Domain, Google-digitized.

HS Augsburg
Moritz, Karl Philipp
Tabelle von der Englischen Etymologie

Karl Philipp Moritz wird 1756 in Hameln geboren. In ärmlichen und streng pietistischen Familienverhältnissen verbringt er eine qualvolle Kindheit, die er in seinem «Anton Reiser» autobiographisch verarbeitet. Nach einer Hutmacherlehre ist er 1777 Schauspieler in Leipzig. später Student der Theologie in Wittenberg, von 1778 an dann in Berlin im Schuldienst tätig. 1782 reist er nach England, 1786 nach Italien, dort befreundet er sich mit Goethe. 1788 kehrt er zurück und wird 1789 als Professor an die Akademie der Künste in Berlin berufen. 1791 wird er Mitglied der Königlich-Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1793 ist er sechsunddreißigjährig in Berlin an einem chronischen Lungenleiden gestorben.

Das Werk
...

• Ideal einer vollkommnen Zeitung (1784)
• Anton Reiser (1785-90)
• Über die bildende Nachahmung des Schönen (1788)

ideasillustrated.com
Visualizing English Word Origins

Etymologies at a Glance
By Samuel Arbesman
04.25.12

Mike Kinde, who writes an incredible blog over at Ideas Illustrated, recently explored a way to see, at a glance, the historical origins of different words. Specifically, he wanted to computationally highlight text based on which words came from specific languages.

So that’s what Kinde did. He constructed a simple program that takes text and highlights it based on language origin. Here is an excerpt from Tom Sawyer, where the colors represent Old English (pink), Middle English (red), Anglo-French (orange), Old French (light orange), Middle French (pale orange), and Classical and Medieval Latin (both yellow), Gallo-Roman and Middle Low German (both colored in gray), and American (green):
...
The whole article is well worth checking out.

Visualizing English Word Origins

I have been reading a book on the development of the English language recently and I’ve become fascinated with the idea of word etymology — the study of words and their origins. It’s no secret that English is a great borrower of foreign words but I’m not enough of an expert to really understand what that means for my day-to-day use of the language. Simply reading about word history didn’t help me, so I decided that I really needed to see some examples.

Using Douglas Harper’s online dictionary of etymology, I paired up words from various passages I found online with entries in the dictionary. For each word, I pulled out the first listed language of origin and then re-constructed the text with some additional HTML infrastructure. The HTML would allow me to associate each word (or word fragment) with a color, title, and hyperlink to a definition.

The results look like this:
...

inchoative, inchoativ (W3)

... dér. du lat. class. "inchoare" = "commencer". ...

inchoativ (siehe Handlungsprädikator bzw. Vorgangsprädikator)
... inchoativ (den Beginn ausdrückend, z. B. einschlafen) ...

Linguistic Documentation
Terminological und bibliographical database

Inchoativ | Inchoativität
inchoative | inchoativity

§ 630. -- Création d'une nouvelle conjugaison en IRE dite inchoative.

De ce chaos que nous venons d'exposer est sortie une nouvelle conjugaison, qui devait jouer un rôle très important dans la formation du verbe français.

Le latin possédait des verbes en "-scere-" qui ajoutaient à l'idée du radical l'idée d'une action commencée, d'où le nom d'inchoatifs. Le radical pouvait être un verbe simple, un nom ou un adjectif. Les uns étaient en "-esco-": "claresco", "nigresco", "rubesco", etc., les autres en "-isco-": "disco", "glisco", "resipisco", "tremisco"; d'autres en "-asco-": "inveterasco"; quelques-uns en "-osco-": "nosco", "cognosco", "posco". Or cette formation de verbes en "-sco-", déjà très fréquente dans le latin populaire, si l'on en juge par Plaute, prend un développement considérable dans les derniers temps de l'Empire, et en particulier dans les écrits ecclésiastiques. Un grand nombre de verbes en "-ere-", quelquefois même des verbes en "-ire-" ou "-ere-", possédaient une forme parallèle inchoative en "-escere-" ou "-iscere-": "claresco" à côté de "clareo", "(con)cupisco" à côté de "cupio", "(in)gemisco" à côté de "gemo", "paciscor" à côté de "pacio", "stupeo" à côté de "stupesco".

Peu à peu, on en vint à préférer, au présent, la forme allongée accentuée sur la terminaison à la forme simple accentuée sur le radical pour ces doubles séries, et, par suite, une foule de verbes en "-ere-", "-ire-", "-ere-" furent, par analogie, pourvus de cette terminaison "-sco-" et enrichirent la liste déjà longue des verbes qui la possédaient dans le latin classique et dans le latin populaire. Par suite, aussi, de son extension presque illimitée, le suffixe "-sco-" perdit bien vite l'idée "inchoative" qui, d'ailleurs déjà dans le latin classique, si elle avait persisté dans "cresco", "disco", "glisco", "nosco", avait disparu dans "cognosco", "posco".

On comprend donc que cette terminaison ait graduellement pénétré toutes les conjugaisons autres que la conjugaison en "-are-". Le gallo-roman, plus que toute autre langue romane, se l'appropria et en fit un type de conjugaison s'étendant à la grande majorité des verbes en "-ire-", que cet "-ire-" fût primitif ou non ; de là "-isco-" avec un "i"; et ainsi de finire fut tiré "*finisco", de "florere", devenu "florire", fut tiré "*florisco". Telle est l'origine de notre conjugaison en "-ir" de "finir", où l'ancienne particule inchoative "-isc-", devenue simple caractéristique de verbes, est représentée par la syllabe intercalaire "-iss-".

inkyfool.com
Etymologicon

M.H. Forsyth

Über mich

• Standort: London, Vereinigtes Königreich
• Einführung: Writer of the Inky Fool blog and author of The Etymologicon and Horologicon. I live in London.

JLLING (W3)

• A Stylistic and Pragmatic Study of Verb Phrase Anaphors in English and Japanese - by Chie Matsui, pp. 1 - 36
• Some 'counting' properties of natural languages and their treatment in the AMS framework - by László Drienkó, pp. 37 - 57
• Language is Culture - On Intercultural Communication - by Fengping Gao, pp. 58 - 67
• Linguistic Analysis of Nicknames of Junior High School Students - by Chao-chih Liao, pp. 68 - 86
• Sexism in Language - by Xiaolan Lei, pp. 87 - 94
• The Art of Language - by George A. Senf, pp. 95 - 131
• Explorations in Language and Literacy Learning: A Two-Year Case Study on a Nine-Year-Old Chinese-English Bilingual Child's Chinese Invented Spelling - by Ming-chung Yu, pp. 132 - 157

• A Psycholinguistic Study of Postnuclear Glides and Coda Nasals in Mandarin - I-Ping Wan, pp. 158 - 176
• Inclusion and Exclusion in Political Discourse: Deixis in Olusegun Obasanjo's Speeches - Akinbiyi Adetunji, pp. 177 - 191
• Constraint Interactions in Jordanian Arabic Phonotactics: An Optimality-Theoretic Approach - Mousa A. Btoosh, pp. 192 - 221
• The Linguistic Patterns of Advertising Text: A Study in Kolkata - Satarupa Dattamajumdar, pp. 222 - 229
• ?-Variation in Northern Jordanian Arabic: Manifestations of Standard Origin - Yasser Al-Tamimi & Nazih I'lawi, pp. 230 - 245
• Grammaticality Judgment Tests: Trial by Error - Wayne Rimmer, pp. 246 - 261
• Infrastructure to Empowerment: An OSWA+GIS Model for Documenting Local Languages - Moses Ekpenyong, Nnamso Umoh, Mfon Udoinyang, Golden Ibiang, Eno-Abasi Urua & Dafydd Gibbon, pp. 262 - 271
• The Pragmatics of Invitation Making and Acceptance in Jordanian Society - Mahmoud A. Al-Khatib, pp. 272 - 294
• Narrow Focus Intonation in Castilian Spanish Absolute Interrogatives - Timothy L. Face, pp. 295 - 310

• Binomials in Iraqi and Jordanian Arabic - by Dinha T. Gorgis & Yaser Al-Tamimi, pp. 135 - 151
• Interlanguage Subjectivity - by Ahmad R. Lotfi & Mohsen Shahrokhi, pp. 152 - 160
• The Interpretation of Terminological Constructions: The Case of Technico-Scientific Nominal Compounds - by Aladdin Al-Kharabsheh, pp. 161 - 182
• Spanish Preterite and Imperfect in Conversations: The Pragmatic Meanings - by Fenfang Hwu, pp. 183 - 206
• Psych Movement Phenomenon in English and Chinese - by Chu-hsia Wu, pp. 207 - 226

• Optimal L2 Speech Perception: Native Speakers of English and Japanese Consonant Length Contrasts - by Rachel Hayes-Harb, pp. 1 - 29
• Possible Deficits in an Agreement Mapping System and their Relationship to Human Deficits in Aphasia - by László Drienkó, pp. 30 - 43
• The Pragmatics of Discourse: Implications for Interpreters - by Said Shiyab, pp. 44 - 55
• 'Driving' towards Simplicity: In (Partial) Defense of the 'Armchair Linguist' - by One-Soon Her, pp. 56 - 73
• Equality versus Similarity Constructions in English - by Eleni Bužarovska, pp. 74 - 99
• Verb Agreement in Standard Arabic: An Analysis in theMinimality Program - by Ahmed-Sokarno Abdel-Hafiz, pp. 100 - 120
• Sonority in cvcc Syllables in Persian - Mehdi Zolfaghari Serish & A. K. Z. Kambuziya, pp. 121 - 134

• Scope Asymmetries between English and Japanese - by Eriko Sato, pp. 1 - 37
• Agreement Mapping System Approach to Language - by László Drienkó, pp. 38 - 61
• Lexical Event Structures for Verb Semantics - by Stefan Engelberg, pp. 62 - 108
• Initiating, Sustaining, and Concluding Social Transactions: An Analysis of Roleplay Performance in the Oral Proficiency Interview - by H. Lin Domizio, pp. 109 - 139
• Discussion Article
• Language vs. Thought: and the Oscar goes to ... - by Maria Alejandra Laporte, pp. 140 - 145
• Review Articles
• The Bible through Metaphor and Translation. A Cognitive Semantic Perspective, Kurt Feyaerts ed. - by Barbara Burns, pp. 146 - 147
• Sociolinguistics: The Essential Readings, Paulston, C. B. & Tucker, G. R. eds - by Peter Sercombe, pp. 148 - 153

• Outlines of Agreement Syntax - by László Drienkó, pp. 154 - 181
• The Feminine Identity in the Political Area: A Symbolic Route in Language Ecology - by Dina Maria Martins Ferreira, pp. 182 - 196
• Different Realizations of Suggestions in TV Commercials from Japan and the USA - by Kota Ohata, pp. 197 - 212
• Simple-Correspondent Transliteration through a Slavonic Latin Alphabet - by M.O. Vakulenko, pp. 213 - 228
• Argument Structure of Deverbal Nouns in Brazilian Portuguese - by Roberto Gomes Camacho and Liliane Santana, pp. 229 - 242
• The Relationship of Cohesion and Coherence: A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese - by Chun-Chun Yeh, pp. 243 - 260

• On Verb Movement in Middle English (for) to-Infinitives - by Najib Ismail Jarad, pp. 1 - 24
• Humor versus Huaji - by Chao-chih Liao, pp. 25 - 46
• Culture and Society: The Identity of the Feminine Manifestation - by Dina Maria Martins Ferreira, pp. 47 - 56
• The Old English to-Infinitive: its Status & Recategorisation - by Najib Ismail Jarad, pp. 57 - 104
• Two Universal Quantifiers in Taiwanese: Collectivity, Distributivity, and Scopes - by Jiun-Shiung Wu, pp. 105 - 162

• Lexical Conceptual Structure and Spanish Derivation - by Carlos Benavides, pp. 163 - 211
• A Finite-State Tool for Nonfinite-State Phenomena: the Agreement Automaton - by László Drienkó, pp. 212 - 223
• Factors Influencing the Language Choices of Malay Malaysians in the Family, Friendship and Market Domains - by Hafriza Burhanudeen, pp. 224 - 245
• On there-sentences - by Yoichi Miyamoto, pp. 246 - 260
• Theme as Constraining Force - by Alvin Leong Ping, pp. 261 - 282
• Minimality and Scope Rigidity in English - by Eriko Sato, pp. 283 - 322
• Origin and Remnants of the Dialects in England - by Zoltan Simon, pp. 323 - 359
• On the Treatment of Japanese Light Verb Constructions - by Kenji Yokota, pp. 360 - 400
• Applying Cognitive Classification Principles to the Study of Prepositions - by Melinda Tan, pp. 401 - 411
• Dunbar, Rosslyn, and the Ordering of the Seven Deadly Sins - by Graeme Davis, pp. 412 - 418
• Review Article
• 'And gladly wolde he lerne and gladly teche': Essays on Medieval English presented to Professor Matsuji Tajma on his Sixtieth Birthday, ed. M. Connolly & Y. Iyeiri - by Carrie Griffin, pp. 419 - 420

• Dances with the Quantifiers! - by Ahmad R. Lotfi, pp. 1 - 6
• The Verb System Used in the Milashevich Method - by Damian Byrne, pp. 7 - 16
• Transactional Idiom Analysis: Theory and Practice - by John I. Liontas, pp. 17 - 53
• The Baird Letters - by Graeme Davis, pp. 54 - 78

• To Teach Intensively or not? - That is the Question! - by Damian Byrne, pp. 79 - 90
• Descriptive Linguistics at the Millennium: Corpus Data as Authentic Language - by Robert de Beaugrande, pp. 91 - 131
• EFL for Intercultural Understanding: Question - Answer Adjacency Pairs in Emailing versus Face-to-Face Conversation Experimental Studies on Taiwanese Students - by Chao - Chih Liao, pp. 132 - 168
• Take Two Language Learners : a Case Study of the Learning Strategies of Two Successful Learners of English as a Second Language with Instrumental Motivation - by Pippa Macleod, pp. 169 - 195
• Language Teaching Research: In the Literature, but not always in the Classroom - by Steve Schackne, pp. 196 - 209
• The Udmurt Language: Notes on its Status and Survival - by Karl A. Bernhardt, pp. 210 - 215
• Review Article
• International English, Peter Trudgill and Jean Hannah - by Graeme Davis, pp. 216 - 217

• A Sociocognitive Approach to Modality and Conditional Constructions in Brazilian Portuguese - by Lilian Vieira Ferrari, pp. 218 - 238
• "?il ?akl it-HaTT": The Ideology of Ergatives in ECA - by Bahaa-Eddin M. Mazid, pp. 239 - 259
• Language and Inclusion in Schools in Brazil - Revisiting the National Curriculum Parameters - by Silvia Helena Barbi Cardoso and Regina Maria de Souza, pp. 260 - 277
• Critical Literature Review on Motivation - by Takayuki Nakanishi, pp. 278 - 287
• Achieving Learner Independence Using the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) Approach - by Mary Thomas and Lai Pheng Chan, pp. 288 - 297
• A Preliminary Corpus-Based Study on Genre-Specific Features in Restrictive Relative Clauses - by Toshinobu Nagamine, pp. 298 - 307
• codex argenteus: lingua gotorum aut lingua gotica? - by Graeme Davis, pp. 308 - 313
• The Perception-Production Relationship in the Acquisition of Second Language Vowel Contrasts - by Ewa Jacewicz, pp. 314 - 337
• Review Article
• Understanding Semantics, Sebastian Loebner - by Graeme Davis, p. 338

• Argument Structure and Semantic Function Assignment in Brazilian Portuguese - by Roberto Gomes Camacho, pp. 339 - 361
• An Experimental Study on the Teachability and Learnability of English Intonational Aspect: Acoustic Analysis on F0 and Native-Speaker Judgment Task - by Toshinobu Nagamine, pp. 362 - 387
• The Art of Language - by G. A. Senf, pp. 388 - 433
• Language and Politics in Kenya: Restricted and Elaborated Codes - by Robert W. Oduori, pp. 434 - 442
• On Measuring ESP Proficiency at University - by Violeta Januleviciene and Galina Kavaliauskiene, pp. 443 - 448
• Review Article
• Boys' Performance in Modern Foreign Languages: Listening to Learners, Barry Jones and Gwenneth Jones - by Scott Kissau, pp. 449 - 453

Lexicostatistics (W3)

"Lexicostatistics" is an approach to comparative linguistics that involves quantitative comparison of lexical cognates. Lexicostatistics is related to the comparative method but does not reconstruct a proto-language. It is to be distinguished from "glottochronology", which attempts to use lexicostatistical methods to estimate the length of time since two or more languages diverged from a common earlier proto-language. This is merely one application of lexicostatistics, however; other applications of it may not share the assumption of a constant rate of change for basic lexical items.

The term "lexicostatistics" is misleading in that mathematical equations are used but not statistics. Other features of a language may be used other than the lexicon, though this is not usual. Whereas the comparative method used shared identified innovations to determine sub-groups, lexicostatistics does not identify these. The latter is a distance based method but the comparative method considers language characters directly. The lexicostatistics method is a simple and fast technique relative to the comparative method but has limitations that are discussed below. It can be validated by cross-checking the trees produced by both methods.

History

"Lexicostatistics" was developed by Morris Swadesh in a series of articles in the 1950s, based on earlier ideas. The concept's first known use was by Dumont d'Urville in 1834 who compared various "Oceanic" languages and proposed a method for calculating a coefficient of relationship. Hymes (1960) and Embleton (1986) both review the history of lexicostatistics.
...

linguistics-online
Virtual Linguistics Campus

Welcome to the Virtual Linguistics Campus (VLC), the world's largest e-learning platform for linguistics. The VLC offers fully certified linguistic courses and course material for theoretical and applied linguistics. Furthermore, it includes a variety of linguistic tools and all the communicative facilities necessary for successful e-learning.

logology

For more than thirty years, Word Ways has explored the many facets of "logology" (an old word resurrected by the late Dmitri Borgmann to describe recreational linguistics).

Dmitri wrote the classic book on this topic - Language on Vacation (Scribner's, 1965), now out of print -- and was the first Word Ways editor in 1968. Word Ways is currently edited by Ross Eckler, author of the recent book Making the Alphabet Dance (St. Martin's, 1996), a survey of the field and the many new discoveries made in the last thirty-five years.

neuter, neutral (W3)

ojohaven
The Linguistic Fun Page

This whole thing started because linguistics is my second love (it's preceded by mathematics, if you're curious). Here are the links:

Local Articles

• The Broken Rules Page
• Color-related Idioms
• ColorText - a challenging brain teaser
• Crazy English
• Famous Misquotes
• Funny Translation Errors
• How I Met My Wife - a story using nonstandard negations.
• The Importance of Correct Punctuation
• Interesting English Language Trivia
• Linguistic Humor - from the almighty Internet Oracle.
• A Plan for the Improvement of English Spelling
• A Self-referential Story
• Shakespeareisms

Remote Articles

• The alt.usage.english (HyperText) FAQ - Comprehensive.
• The Book of Cliches
• Hellatine Dictionary of Bureaucratese
• While Jesse's Word of the Day is no longer updated, the archive at Random House is still well worth casual browsing.
• Ladle Rat Rotten Hut
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privative, privativ (W3)

ide. "*per-"
...
Base of prepositions and preverbs with the basic meanings of "forward", "through", and a wide range of extended senses such as "in front of", "before", "early", "first", "chief", "toward", "against", "near", "at", "around".

Derivatives include "far", "paradise", "afford", "first", "protein", "veneer", "probe", "privy", "pristine", and "priest".
...
VI. ...
3. Suffixed form "*prei-wo-".
a. "private", "privilege", "privity", "privy"; "deprive", from Latin "privus" = "single", "alone" (wörtlich "standing in front", "isolated from others"); ...
...

...
Étymol. et Hist.
...
c) gramm. 1570 [éd.] "particule privative" (G. Hervet, La Cité de Dieu, trad., I, fo 31a); 1794 subst. masc. (Pougens, Vocab. des Privatifs fr.);
...

Linguistic Documentation
Terminological und bibliographical database

Privativ | privative Opposition | privative opposition

reddit.com
Etymological maps

• Horses may have been replaced by cars on the roads, but the words are actually (distantly) related [oc]
• Etymology map of Christmas in different languages
• Origins of Florida's County Names
• Etymology map of winter, the coldest season
• Football (aka soccer) in different languages
• English Calques (tell me more for an updated map)
• The Origin of Parsley!
• Basic Order of Adjective and Noun in Europe
• The Uerdinger and Karlsruher lines.
• Etymology map of fennel
• Etimology map for the word "saliva" in the Mayan languages
• Happy Cakeday, r/etymologymaps! Today you're 9
• "Complementing the map of 'banana' reaching Europe from New Guinea, here's one that went the other way: the Germanic word 'soap' reached Aboriginal Australian languages before the English set foot in Australia." by u/LlST-
• "[OC] "Wheel" and "Rickshaw" are related - *k?ék?los is the only word I know to have spread to the same language via separate East and West routes, essentially circumnavigating the globe" by u/LlST-
• ""Moon" in different Europeans languages" by u/jimi15
• "Words that derive from place names (xpost from /r/mapporn)" by u/Udzu
• "Gamal, Úštras, Tebe & Lakda - how four words for "camel" spread across the Old World over the last few thousand years [OC]" by u/LlST-
• "Etymology map of bee" by u/mapologic
• "How a word for "banana" from Papua New Guinea spread with ancient trade routes, becoming the scientific name for the banana genus. The Trans-New-Guinea word is also the source of the regular word for banan in languages like Turkish, Somali and Amharic" by u/LlST-
• "The word for "book" in languages of West Africa [OC]" by u/LlST-
• "The X in Mexico" by u/Udzu
• Etymology map of blueberry
• What the natives of each Southeast Asian country call their country
• JOB NAMES: Origins of "butcher", "baker", "cobbler", "carpenter" & more
• The X in Mexico
• Etymology map of chestnut
• Word for “chair” in the languages of Italy and its etymology
• Spread of ~Mooji, a Californian wanderwort referring to datura, a hallucinogenic plant used in spiritual and initiation rituals [OC]
• Spread of the word for '[Cooking] Pot' through the indigenous languages of the Andaman Islands [OC]
• Geographic expansion of the Indo-European word for 'three', according to the new Caucasus homeland theory [OC]
• The month of September in different languages of Europe, maps, and etymology
• The etymologies of acorn, the nut of the oaks
• Word for “you” (plural) in different caribbean creoles and its etymology
• ...

sil.org
English / French Glossary of Linguistic Terms

A | a posteriori | a priori | A-bar | A-bar binding | A-bar bound | A-bar position | abbreviate | abbreviated | abbreviated form | abbreviation | ABC book | abduction | abduction | abecedary | aberrant | abessive | abessive case | ability | A-binding | ablative | ablative absolute | ablative case | ablaut | able to be generated | able to have boundaries | abnormal | A-bound | aboutness | abrupt onset | absolute | absolute adjective | absolute adjective | absolute arbitrariness | absolute construction | absolute degree | absolute form | absolute homophony | absolute origin of locating operations | absolute pitch | absolute superlative | absolute synonym | absolute synonymy | absolute tense | absolute transitive | absolute universals | absolutive | absolutive case | absorption | absorption | absorption of tone | abstract | abstract | abstract case | abstract noun | abstract representation | abstraction | abstractness | accent | accent | accent | accent | accent (mark) | accent-bearing syllable | accented | accented syllable | accented unit | accentology | accentuable | accentuable unit | accentual | accentual meter | accentual system | accentual unit | accentuate | accentuated | accentuation | acceptability | acceptability judgment | acceptable | acceptation | accessibility | accessibility | accessibility hierarchy | accessibility theory | accessible | accidence | accident | accidental | accidental property | accommodation | accommodation | accommodation theory | accompaniment | account for | accountability | accountability principle | acculturation | accumulation of knowledge | accuracy | accusative | accusative case | accusative language | accusative verb | accusativity | acoustic | acoustic analysis | acoustic cue | acoustic energy | acoustic feature | acoustic image | acoustic phonetics | acoustic signal | acoustic spectrum | acoustics | acquisition | acquisition planning | acrolect | acronym | acronym formation | acrophony | act | act of reference | act of utterance | act sequence | actant | actant | actantial | actantial analysis | actantial model | actantial role | actantial structure | actio | action | action verb | actional | active | active articulators | active clause | active language | active sentence | active verb | active vocabulary | active voice | activity | activity verb | actor | actor | actual | actual | actualization | actualize | actualized hero | actualizer | actualizing | acute | acute accent | Adam's apple | adaptation | adaptation rule | add | add an element to the root | addition | addition of an element to the root | additional | additive bilingualism | additive co(-)ordination | address | address | address | address form | address system | addressee | addresser | adduction | adequacy | adequate | adessive | adessive case | adjacency | Adjacency condition | adjacency pair | Adjacency Principle | adjacent (to) | adjectival | adjectival | adjectival clause | adjectival inflectional affix | adjectival lexical morpheme | adjectival noun | adjectival phrase | adjectiv(al)ization | adjectivalized | adjective | adjective | adjective clause | adjective group | adjective phrase | adjective stem | adjectivizer | adjoin | adjunct | adjunction | adjunction rule | adnominal | adnominal relative (clause) | adposition | adstratum | advanced tongue root (ATR) | adverb | adverb of degree | adverb of manner | adverb of place | adverb of time | adverb particle | adverb phrase | adverbal | adverbial | adverbial | adverbial clause | adverbial group | adverbial phrase | adverbialization | adverbialized | adverbializer | adversative | adversative | adversative clause | adversative conjunction | affect | affected object | affective | affective meaning | affective speech | affective stress | affinity | affirmation | affirmative | affirmative sentence | affix | affix | affix | affix transformation | affixal | affixation | affix-hopping | affricate | affricated | affrication | A-free | African | African language | African linguistics | Africanist | Afro-Asiatic | age | age grading | age group | agent | agent phrase | agentive | agentive case | agentive language | agentive noun | agentive phrase | agentless passive | agglutinating | agglutinating language | agglutination | agglutinative | agglutinative language | agrammatism | agraphia | agree with | agreement | agreement class | agreement in case | agreement in gender | agreement in number | agreement in person | agreement marker | air | air passage | air pressure | airflow | air(-)stream | air(-)stream mechanism | Aktionsart | alethic | alethic modality | alexia | algorithm | alienable | alienable possession | allative | allative case | allegorical | allegory | allegro | allegro form | alliteration | alliterative | alliterative concord | allocutive | allocutor | alloglot | allograph | allomorph | allomorphy | allophone | allophonic | alloseme | allotagma | allotone | allotopy | aloud | alphabet | alphabet-based word creation | alphabetic writing | alphabetic(al) | alphabetical order | alphabetism | Altaic language | alterity | alternant | alternate | alternate rhyme | alternating | alternation | alternative question | alveolar | alveolar click | alveolar consonant | alveolar ridge | alveolopalatal | alveolopalatal | alveolum | alveolus | alveo(-)palatal | alveo(-)palatal | amalgam | amalgamated | ambiguity | ambiguous | ambisyllabic | ambisyllabic consonant | amelioration | amelioration | ameliorative | amplification | amplitude | anacoluthon | anacyclic | anagram | analepsis | analogical | analogical change | analogical creation | analogist | analogous environment | analogous (to) | analogy | analysis | analytic judgment | analytic language | analytic proposition | analytic sentence | analytic statement | analytic truth | analytic(al) | analyticity | analyzability | analyzable | analyze | anaphor | anaphora | anaphoric | anaphoric deixis | anaphoric pronoun | anaphoric reference | anaphoric substitute | anaphoric word | anaptyctic | anaptyctic sound | anaptyctic vowel | anaptyxis | anarthria | anastrophe | ancestor language | angled brackets | animacy | animate | animate feature | animate noun | animateness | anomalist | anomalous | anomaly | anomia | anomic aphasia | anomie | answer | antanaclasis | antecedent | antecedent | antecedent government | antecedent of a relative (clause) | antepenult | antepenultimate | antepenultimate | anterior | anterior | anteriority | anthropological linguistics | anthropology | anthroponomastics | | | anticadence | anticipation | anticipation | anticipation | anticipatory | anticipatory assimilation | anticlimax | anti-language | antipassive | antiphrasis | anti-sender | anti-subject | antithesis | antithetical | antonomasia | antonym | antonymic | antonymic relationship | antonymy | aorist | aorist | aoristic | aoristic | aperture | apex | aphaeresis | aphasia | aphesis | aphorism | aphoristic | apical | apical | apico(-)alveolar | apico(-)dental | apico(-)dental | apico-labial | apico-labial | apico-palatal | apocope | apodosis | apophony | aposiopesis | A-position | apostrophe | apostrophe | apparatus | apparent time | apparent-time studies | appeal | appearance | appellation | appellative | appellative | appellative | appellative function | applicability | applicability of a rule | application | application | application of a rule | applicative | applicative | applied | applied linguistics | applied verb | apposed | apposition | appositional | appositional phrase | appositive | appositive | appositive clause | appositive relative (clause) | apprehend | apprehension | approach | approach | appropriate | appropriateness | appropriateness conditions | approximant | approximate | approximative system | aptitude | Arabic script | arbitrariness | arbitrariness of the sign | arbitrary | arbitrary nature | arbitrary nature of the sign | arboreal | archaic | archaism | archilexeme | archimorpheme | archiphoneme | archisememe | architoneme | area | areal linguistics | argot | argument | argument | argument | argument against .. | argument in favor of .. | argument position | argument structure | argumentation | argumentative | argumentative discourse | arrangement | arrow | article | articulate | articulation | articulation | articulators | articulatory | articulatory basis | articulatory classification | articulatory feature | articulatory gesture | articulatory movement | articulatory phonetics | articulatory setting | articulatory variable | articulatory-perceptual system | artificial | artificial language | arytenoid | arytenoid cartilage | arytenoids | as an example | ascending | ascending diphthong | ascending tone | ascribed | asemantic | asemanticity | aside | aspect | aspect | aspect marker | aspectual | aspectual character | aspectual class | aspirate | aspirate 'h' | aspirated | aspirated stop | aspiration | assert | assertion | assertion | assertive | assertor | assibilate | assibilation | assign (a value to) | assign (to) | assignment | assignment | assimilate (to) | assimilation | assimilative neutralization | associate (with) | association | association group | associative | associative | associative construction | associative field | associative morpheme | associative relation(s) | assonance | assume | assumption | asterisk | asterisked form | A-structure | asyllabic sound | asymmetric c-command | asymmetric(al) | asymmetry | asyndetic | asyndetic co(-)ordination | asyndeton | asyntactic | at the beginning | atelic | atelic verb | athematic | athematic root | atonic | attached (to) | attention | attenuator | attestation | attested | attested form | attitude | attitudinal verb | attracting center | attraction | attribute | attribution | attributive | attributive adjective | attributive function | attributive use | audibility | audible | audible area | audience | audiogram | audio-lingual | audio-lingual method | audiometer | audiometry | audio-oral method | audio-visual | audio-visual method | audition | auditory | auditory canal | auditory meatus | auditory phonetics | auditory test | auditory threshold | augment | augmentative | authentic discourse | author | automatic alternation | automatic translation | automaton | autonomous | autonomous | autonomous languages | autonomous moneme | autonomous phrase | autonomy | autonymy | auto-reflexivity | autosegmental | autosegmental phonology | auxiliary | auxiliary copying | auxiliary form | auxiliary indicating voice | auxiliary selection | auxiliary verb | avalent | avoid pronoun principle | awareness | axiological | axiological lexicon | axiology | axiom | axiomatic | axiomatics | axis | axis | axis of simultaneities | axis of successions |

B | babbling | baby(-)talk | back | back | back translation | back vowel | back(-)channel | back(-)channel cue | back(-)channel signal | back(-)channeling | back-formation | background | background information | backgrounding | backing | backlooping | backness | back-reference | backshifting | back-up | bahuvrihi compound | balance | bandwidth | Bantu | Bantu language | Bantu language studies | bar | bar | barbarism | bare infinitive | bare noun | barred | barred 'i' | barred 'u' | barrier | barytone | base | base | base | base component | base form | base form | base rule | basic | basic alternant | basic assumption | basic form | basic form | basic French | basic meaning | basic order | basic sentence | basic string | basic training | basic vocabulary | basilect | basis | basis of articulation | be (able to be) contracted | be an exponent of | be committed to the truth of | be committed to the truth of the utterance | be consistent | be dropped | be elided | be neutralized | bear a tone | beat | be(come) diphthongized | become fossilized | become integrated (in) | beginning | behabitive | behave (as) | behavior | behavior | behavioral | behavioreme | behaviorism | belief | belonging (to) | benefactive | beneficiary | bibliography | bi-conditional | biculturalism | bidialectalism | bidirectional dependency | bi-equative | bi-intransitive | Bijection Principle | bilabial | bilabial | bilabial click | bilabial consonant | bilateral | bilateral | bilateral | bilateral opposition | bilaterally | bilingual | bilingual | bilingual dictionary | bilingual education | bilingual speaker | bilingualism | bilinguality | binarism | binarity | binarization | binary | binary branching | binary feature | binary opposition | binary transformation | binaural | binaural hearing | bind | binder | binding | binding condition | binding principle | Binding Theory | binomial | bit | bi-transitive | bi-transitive verb | biunique | biuniqueness | bivalent | bivalent lexical morpheme | bivalent verb | blank verse | blend | blending | block | block | block capital | block (the application of) a rule | blocked | blocking | blocking category | body | body language | bony conduction | Boolean | borrow (from) | borrowed (from) | borrowed word | borrowing | borrowing | borrowing language | bottom-up | bottom-up methodology | bound | bound anaphora | bound form | bound morpheme | bound stress | bound variable | boundary | boundary | boundary | boundary of a speech community | bounded | bounding node | Bounding Theory | boustrophedon | bowdlerized | bowdlerized version | braces | brachylogy | bracketed | bracketing | bracketing | brackets | branch | branch | branching | branching diagram | branching position | branching rule | break | break down (into) | break up | breath | breath | breath group | breathe | breathing | breathing apparatus | breathstream | breathy voice | brevity | bridge verb | brief | bright vowel | bring to an end | broad transcription | broadening of meaning | Broca's aphasia | Broca's area | buccal | buccal cavity | build-up to the climax | bundle | bundle of distinctive features | bundle of isoglosses | bundle of phonetic distinctive features | burr | Burzio's generalization | 'by' phrase | by way of illustration |

C | cacology | cacophonous | cacophony | cacuminal | cadence | cadence | caesura | calculability | calculus | call | calque | canal | cancellability | cancellability of an implicature | cancellable | canonic(al) | canonical form | canonical structure | canonical syllable pattern | cant | capacity | capacity to be derived from an expression | capital | capital letter | card | cardinal | cardinal | cardinal | cardinal function | cardinal number | cardinal numeral | cardinal vowel | careful speech | caregiver speech | caretaker speech | caritive | carry | carry a tone | carry information | carry out | cartilage | case | case | case | case filter | case frame | case grammar | case relation | case study | case syncretism | case system | Case theory | case-assignment | case-marker | case(-)marking | case-marking system | case(-)role | casual speech | casual style | catachresis | catalysis | catalyst | catalyzer | cataphasia | cataphora | cataphoric | cataphoric reference | categoreme | categoremic level | categorial | categorial component | categorial grammar | categorial rule | categorical perception | categorical rule | categorization | categorization | categorize | category | category | category feature | category symbol | catenation | catenative verb | Caucasian language | causal | causal clause | causal conjunction | causality | causation | causative | causative verb | causativity | cavity | c-command | c-command | cedilla | cell | Celtic language | cenematics | ceneme | center | center | center of interest | center-embedding | central | central meaning | central node | central phoneme | central thought process | central vowel | centralization | centralized | centralized vowel | centrifugal | centrifugal language | centrifugal neutralization | centripetal | centripetal language | cerebral | Chadic language | chain | chain | chain composition | chaining | change | change from above | change from below | change of tone | changing variable | channel | channel of communication | chant | character | character | characteristic | characterization | characterization | characterization | characterize | chart | check | checked | checked | checked syllable | checked vowel | checking | check-list | chest pulse | chiasmus | chief meaning | child language | Chinese script | Chinese writing | choice | choose | chroneme | chronological order | circonstant | circular | circular definition | circular reasoning | circularity | circumfix | circumflex | circumflex | circumflex accent | circumlocution | circumstance | citation | citation form | cite | civilization | civilization language | civilization word | class | class | class affix | class cleavage | class concord | class dialect | class language | class of lexical morphemes | class of occurrences | class prefix | class suffix | classeme | classical | classical language | classification | classification (of languages) | classificatory | classificatory language | classifier | classifier | classify | clausal implicature | clausal substitution | clause | clause | clause constituent | clause level | clause negation | clause root | clause-level tagmeme | clear | clear 'l' | cleft | cleft sentence | clefting | cliché | click | click | click language | climax | clinical linguistics | clipping | clitic | clitic climbing | clitic doubling | clitic pronoun | cliticization | close | close | close a discourse | close approximation | close vowel | closed | closed | closed class | closed corpus | closed list | closed network | closed set | closed syllable | closed-class word | close-mid vowel | closing | closing | closing marker | closing phase | closing section | closure | closure | closure marker | cluster | cluster | cluster reduction | cluster simplification | coalesce | coalescence | coalescent assimilation | coarticulation | cochlea | co-construction | coda | coda | code | code mixing | code model | code selection | code(-)switching | code(-)switching | codification | codify | coding | co-enunciation | co-enunciation | co-enunciator | co-enunciator | coextensive (with) | cognate | cognate | cognate accusative | cognate language | cognate object | cognate word | cognition | cognitive | cognitive anthropology | cognitive category | cognitive development | cognitive environment | cognitive function | cognitive grammar | cognitive meaning | cognitive semantics | coherence | coherent | cohesion | cohesion | cohesion | cohesive | cohesiveness | co-hyponym | coin new words/neologisms | coinage | coincide (with) | coindexed | coindexing | collaborative completion | collate | collect | collect data | collection | collection (of data) | collective | collective bilingualism | collective noun | collocation | collocational | collocational meaning | collocational range | colloquial | colloquial speech | colloquialism | colon | colonial language | color | color adjective | color term | coloring | combination | combinative | combinatorial | combinatorial function | combinatorial semantics | combinatorics | combinatory | combinatory | combinatory phonetics | combinatory variant | combine (with) | combining form | comitative | comitative case | comma | command | command | comment | comment clause | comment on | commentary | commercial language | commissive | common | common | common core | common gender | common ground | common language | common noun | commonplace | communicate | communication | communication | communication breakdown | communication by gestures | communication channel | communication dynamics | communication model | communication system | communication theory | communicative | communicative act | communicative competence | communicative dynamism | communicative event | communicative function | communicative intent | communicative intention | communicative process | communicative role | communicative situation | communicative strategy | communicator | community | commutability | commutation | commutation operation | commutation test | commute (with) | compact | compact | compactness | comparatist | comparative | comparative | comparative adjective | comparative clause | comparative grammar | comparative linguistics | comparative method | comparative of inferiority | comparative of superiority | comparative philologist | comparative philology | comparative phonetics | comparative reconstruction (CR) | comparative reference | comparative study | comparativism | comparison | compatibility | compensation | compensatory | compensatory lengthening | competence | complement | complement | complement | complement clause | complement clause functioning as an object | complementarity | complementary | complementary | complementary term | complementation | complementizer (COMP) | complementizer phrase (CP) | complete | complete assimilation | complete functional complex (CFC) | complete sentence | complete utterance | completed | completed action | completeness | completion | completive | complex | complex adjective | complex adverb | complex conjunction | complex lexia | complex NP constraint | complex organization form | complex preposition | complex root | complex sentence | complex sign | complex sound | complex stem | complex term | complex verb | complex word | complexity | complication | component | component | componential analysis | compose | composition | composition | compositional | compositional meaning | compositional organization | compositionality | compositionality of meaning | compound | compound | compound bilingualism | compound lexia | compound noun | compound phoneme | compound sentence | compound tense | compound verb | compound word | compounding | comprehension | comprehensive analysis | computational | computational linguistics | computational system | conative | conative function | concatenation | concept | conception | conceptual | conceptual area | conceptual field | conceptual framework | conceptual information | conceptual meaning | conceptual structure | conceptual-intentional system | concession | concession-counter-expectation relation | concessive | concessive clause | concessive conjunction | conclusion | concomitance | concord | concordance | concrete | concrete case | concrete noun | concurrent | condensation | condense | condition | condition | condition | condition of generality | condition on extraction domain (CED) | conditional | conditional | conditional clause | conditional mood | conditional relevance | conditional variant | condition-consequence relation | conditioned | conditioned response | conditioned variant | conditioning | conditioning | conditions | conditions of satisfaction | conduct a survey (on) | conduction aphasia | confer (a value to) | configuration | configurational | configurational language | configurationality | confirm | confirm a hypothesis | confirmation | confix | confixation | conflict | conformal | conformal language | conforming (to) | conformity | congruence | conjecture | conjoin | conjoining | conjugate | conjugated | conjugation | conjunct | conjunct | conjunct | conjunct form | conjunction | conjunction | conjunctive | conjunctive adverb | conjunctive pronoun | connect | connected speech | connectedness | connecting | connection | connective | connectivity | connector | connector | connexity | connotation | connotative | connotative meaning | connotative semiotics | consciousness | consecution | consecutive | consecutive interpretation | consecutively | consecutiveness | consequence | consequence clause | consequent | consequent | consistent | consisting of two phonemes | consonant | consonant | consonant alternation | consonant cluster | consonant harmony | consonant shift | consonant system | consonantal | consonantal | consonant-cluster reduction | consonantism | constant | constant opposition | constative | constative utterance | constellation | constituency grammar | constituent | constituent | constituent negation | constituent sentence | constituent string | constituent structure | constituent structure | constituent-structure constraint | constituent-structure grammar | constitute | constitution of a corpus | constitutive locator | constitutive rule | constraint | constraints | constricted | constriction | construction | construction marker | constructional homonymity | consultant | consultative style | contact | contact assimilation | contact vernacular | contaminate | contamination | content | content | content analysis | content plane | content word | content(-)form | contentive | content(-)substance | context | context | context of situation | context-dependent | context-dependent rule | context-free | context-free grammar | context-free rule | context-restricted | context-restricted grammar | context-restricted rule | context-sensitive | context-sensitive grammar | context-sensitive rule | contextual | contextual assumption | contextual effect | contextual ellipsis | contextual feature | contextual implication | contextual information | contextual meaning | contextual seme | contextual variant | contextualism | contextualization | contextualization cue | contextually conditioned neutralization | contiguity | contiguous assimilation | contiguous dissimilation | contiguous (to) | contingency | contingent | continuant | continuant | continuative | continuity | continuous | continuous | continuum | contoid | contour | contour tone | contour tone language | contract | contracted | contracted form | contracted vowel | contraction | contraction | contraction rule | contradiction | contradictory | contradictory term | contra-factive | contrariety | contrariness | contrary | contrary term | contrary to expectation | contrast | contrast | contrast (with) | contrasting value | contrastive | contrastive | contrastive analysis | contrastive feature | contrastive function | contrastive stress | control | Control theory | control verb | controller | conundrum | convention | convention of language | convention of usage | conventional | conventional implicature | conventionality | conventionalized indirect speech act | converge | convergence | convergence | convergence | convergence area | conversation | conversation analysis | conversation constituent | conversational | conversational cooperation | conversational implication | conversational implicature | conversational inference | conversational maxim | conversational postulates | conversational routine | conversational sequence | conversational turn | converse | converseness | conversion | convertor | convey | convey information | co-occurrence | co-occurrence restriction | co-occurring element | cooing | co(-)operative principle | co(-)ordinate | coordinate | co(-)ordinate bilingualism | co(-)ordinate clause | co(-)ordinate construction | co(-)ordinate phrase | co(-)ordinate structure | co(-)ordinate structure constraint (CSC) | co(-)ordinated | co(-)ordinating | co(-)ordinating conjunction | co(-)ordination | co(-)ordinative | co(-)ordinative construction | co(-)ordinative phrase | co(-)ordinator | Copenhagen school | copula | copular | copular sentence | copular verb | copulative | copulative compound | copulative verb | copy | copy | copy theory of movement | copying | core | core grammar | core vocabulary | co(-)reference | co(-)referential (with) | co(-)referentiality | corollary | coronal | corpus | corpus linguistics | corpus planning | correct | correct pronunciation | correct usage | correct utterance | correctness | correlate | correlate | correlated | correlated pair | correlation | correlation | correlation | correlation bundle | correlation mark | correlation of voice | correlative | correlative co(-)ordination | correlative pair | correspond (to) | correspondence | corresponding | cost | co-superscripting | co-text | co-textual | count | count | count noun | countable | countable noun | counter(-)example | counter-factive | counter(-)factual | couplet | coupling | coupling | covariation | cover | covered | covert | covert prestige | crash | crasis | creak | creaky | creaky voice | creative metaphor | creativity | creole | creole | creole language | creolization | creolized | creolized language | crescendo diphthong | cricoid | cricoid cartilage | cross section | cross-classification | cross-cultural | cross(ed) | cross(-)over | cross-reference | cue | culminative | culminative function | cultural | cultural system | culture | cumul | cumulation | cumulative | cumulative exponence | cuneiform | cuneiform script | cuneiform writing | curly brackets | current relevance | cursive writing | Cushitic language | cycle | cycle | cyclic | cyclic principle | cyclicity | Cyrillic alphabet |

D | damped | damping | dark | dark 'l' | dark vowel | dash | data | data base | data collection | data processing | dative | dative | dative case | dative of advantage | daughter language | daughter node | dead language | dead metaphor | deadjectival | deaf | deafness | decibel (dB) | decipher | decision procedure | decision-maker | declaration | declarative | declarative | declarative clause | declarative mood | declarative sentence | declarative verb | declension | declinable | declination | decline | decode | decoder | decoding | decomposable (into) | decompose (into) | decomposition | deconstruction | decreolization | deduce | deduction | deductive | deductive inference | deductive reasoning | deductive rule | deductive system | deep | deep case | deep structure | deep subject | default value | defeasibility | defeasibility of an implicature | defeasible | defeasible implicature | defeasible inference | defective | defective distribution | defective verb | deficit hypothesis | deficit theory | definable | definable | define | defining relative (clause) | defining vocabulary | definite | definite article | definite description | definite determiner | definite expression | definiteness | definiteness effect | definition | degemination | degeneration | deglutination | degrammaticalization | degree | degree | degree adverbial | degree modifier | degree of acceptability | degree of aperture | degree of closure | degree of comparison | degree of grammaticality | degree of grammaticalness | degree of intensity | degree of opening | degree of tension | degrees of accessibility | deictic | deictic | deictic pronoun | deictic word | deixis | delabialization | delay | delayed | delayed release | delete | deletion | deletion in COMP | deletion rule | deletion transformation | deliberative genre | delicacy | delimit | delimitation | delimitative | delimitative function | delimited | delivery | delocutive | delocutive verb | demarcation | demarcational | demarcational feature | demarcational signal | demarcative | demarcative force | demarcative function | demarcative stress | demonstrative | demonstrative | demonstrative adjective | demonstrative determiner | demonstrative pronoun | demonstrative reference | demotion | denasalization | denasalized | denial | denominal | denominal formation | denominative | denominative marker | denotation | denotational | denotative | denotative function | denotative meaning | denotatum | denote | dénouement | dense | dense network | density | dental | dental | dental click | dental consonant | deontic | deontic modality | depalatalization | depend (on) | dependency | dependency grammar | dependency link | dependency tree | dependent | dependent | dependent | dependent clause | dependent moneme | dependent sentence | depidginization | deponent | deponent verb | derivation | derivation | derivational | derivational affix | derivational affixation | derivational field | derivational history | derivational morpheme | derivational morphology | derivational prefix | derivational suffix | derivative | derive | derived | derived form | derived from an expression | derived meaning | derived noun | derived sentence | derived structure | derived subject | derived word | descending diphthong | describe | description | descriptive | descriptive adequacy | descriptive adjective | descriptive discourse | descriptive grammar | descriptive linguistics | descriptive meaning | descriptive negation | descriptive phonetics | descriptive use | descriptively adequate grammar | descriptivism | descriptor | desemantization | desiderative | designate | designator | designatum | destination | deterioration | deterioration | determination | determination | determinative | determine | determiner | determiner (not including the article) | determiner phrase (DP) | determiner relations | determining grammatical morpheme | determinism | detransitivization | develop | develop into a distinct dialect | development | development | development of the story | developmental linguistics | developmental psycholinguistics | deverbal | deverbal noun | deverbative | deviance | deviation | device | devocalize | devoice | devoiced | devoicing | diachronic | diachronic analysis | diachronic change | diachronic linguistics | diachronic phonetics | diachronic phonology | diachronic study | diachrony | diacritic | diacritic | diacritic mark | di(a)eresis | di(a)eresis | diagram | diagram | diagrammatic(al) | dialect | dialect atlas | dialect geography | dialect mixture | dialectal | dialectal variation | dialectalization | dialectologist | dialectology | dialectometry | dialect(-)switching | dialogic | dialogical | dialogism | dialogue | dialogue discourse | diaphone | diaphora | diaphragm | diasystem | diasystematic | diathesis | dichotic listening | dichotomous | dichotomy | diction | dictionary | dictionary entry | dictum | didactic | diegesis | diegetic | difference | difference between phonemes | difference between sounds | difference hypothesis | difference limen | difference of register | difference theory | different | differential | differential linguistics | differential threshold | differential value | differentiate | differentiation | differentiation | diffuse | diffusion | diglossia | diglossic | digraph | dilation | dimension | dimensional | dimensionality | diminuendo diphthong | diminution | diminutive | diminutive suffix | diotic hearing | diphthong | diphthongization | diphthongize | diplomatics | direct | direct anaphora | direct case | direct discourse | direct object | direct question | direct quotation | direct speech | direct theta-marking | direction | directional | directive | disambiguate | disambiguation | disconnection | discontinuity | discontinuous | discontinuous | discontinuous | discontinuous constituent | discontinuous construction | discontinuous morpheme | discours | discourse | discourse | discourse | discourse analysis | discourse anaphora | discourse coherence | discourse context | discourse deixis | discourse function | discourse genre | discourse grammar | discourse level | discourse marker | discourse memory | discourse organization | discourse particle | discourse referent | discourse role | discourse sequence | discourse situation | discourse strategy | discourse structure | discourse topic | discourse typology | discourse-level | discovery procedure | discrete | discrete | discrete unit | discreteness | discrimination | discursive | discursive semantics | discursive syntax | disengagement | disjoint reference | disjunct | disjunction | disjunction | disjunctive | disjunctive conjunction | disjunctive pronoun | disjunctive question | dislocate | dislocation | dislocation | dispersion | displacement | dispositio | disposition | dispreferred sequence | disprove | dissimilation | dissimilative neutralization | distal | distal demonstrative | distance assimilation | distance learning | distant | distant assimilation | distant dissimilation | distant future | distinction | distinctive | distinctive feature | distinctive function | distinctive opposition | distinctive semantic feature | distinctive tone | distinctiveness | distinctness | distinguish | distinguisher | distortion | distributed | distribution | distribution mode | distributional | distributional analysis | distributional class | distributional equivalence | distributional range of stem affixes | distributionalism | distributionalist | distributionally equivalent | distributive | distributive | distributive numeral | disyllabic | disyllable | ditransitive | ditransitive verb | divalent | divergence | diversification | diversity | divide (into) | divisible | document | documentation | domain | domain | domal | domal | dominance | dominant | dominant | dominant language | dominate | dominated | dominated node | dominating | dominating node | domination | donor | dorsal | dorsal | dorsal consonant | dorso-alveolar | dorsum | double | double articulation | double articulation (of language) | double consonant | double cross | double negative | double overlapping diglossia | double stop | double stress | double-base transformation | double-compound | double-compound form | double-object construction | doublet | doubling | downdrift | downgrader | downgrading | downstep | doxa | drawl | drawl | drill | drop the final unstressed vowel | drum | drum language | D-structure | dual | duality | dubitative | dummy | dummy | dummy element | dummy subject | dummy symbol | duration | durative | dvandva compound | dynamic | dynamic | dynamic accent | dynamic linguistics | dynamic tone | dynamic verb | dynamics | dysarthria | dysgraphia | dyslexia | dysphasia | dysprosody |

E | ear | eardrum | echo question | echolalia | echo(-)word | economical | economy | economy principle | editing | education | educator | effect | effect of meaning | effected object | egressive | egressive | egressive air | ejection | ejective | ejective | elaborated | elaborated code | elaboration | elaborator | E-language | elative | elative case | element | element | element of a sentence | element of construction | elementary (narrative) sequence | elementary organization form | elementary transformation | elevated tone | elicit | elicitation | elicitation techniques | elicited | elide | elision | ellipsis | ellipsis transformation | elliptical | elliptical sentence | elliptical utterance | elocutio | elocution | embed | embedded | embedded clause | embedded question | embedded sentence | embedding | embedding transformation | emblem | emic | emic point of view | emic unit | emit | emotive | emotive function | emotive meaning | emotive style | empathy | emphasis | emphasis transformation | emphasize | emphasizer | emphatic | emphatic consonant | emphatic pronoun | emphatic stress | emphatically | empirical | empirical evidence | empiricism | empty | empty category | empty category principle (ECP) | empty morph | empty morpheme | empty operator | empty set | empty word | empty-box | enallage | enclisis | enclitic | encode | encoder | encoding | encyclop(a)edia | encyclop(a)edic knowledge | encyclopedic entry | end | end matter | endangered language | ending | endocentric | endocentric construction | endocentricity | endoglossic | endophora | endophoric reference | energy | engagement | English creole | English-based creole | enrichment of the logical form | entail | entailment | enthymeme | entity | entry | enumerate | enumeration | enunciatee | enunciation | enunciation | enunciative | enunciative coordinates | enunciative organization | enunciator | enunciator | environment | epenthesis | epenthetic | epenthetic consonant | epenthetic feature | epenthetic vowel | epexegesis | epexegetical | epicene | epideictic | epideictic genre | epiglottal | epiglottal cartilage | epiglottis | epigraphy | epilogue | epiphora | episememe | episode | episteme | epistemic | epistemic judgment | epistemic modality | epistemological | epistemology | epistrophe | epithet | epithet | epizeuxis | eponym | equality | equation | equational | equational clause | equational sentence | equative | equative | equative clause | equative degree | equative sentence | equi NP deletion | equilibrium | equipollent | equipollent opposition | equivalence | equivalence class | equivalent (of) | equivalent (to) | ergative | ergative case | ergative language | ergative verb | ergativity | error | error analysis | esophagus | essential condition | essential rule | essive | essive case | establishing of an anaphoric relationship | état de langue | ethnic | ethnic group | ethnicity | ethnocentrism | ethnographer | ethnographic semantics | ethnography | ethnography of communication | ethnography of speaking | ethnolinguistic | ethnolinguistics | ethnologist | ethnology | ethnomethodologist | ethnomethodology | ethnomusicologist | ethnomusicology | ethnoscience | ethnosemantics | etic | etic point of view | etic unit | etymological | etymological fallacy | etymology | etymon | | euphonic | euphony | evaluation | evaluation procedure | event | eventive | evidence | evidential | evidentiality | evolution | evolve | exact | examination | examination | examination of the data | example | exception | exceptional case(-)marking | exchange | exclamation | exclamation mark | exclamative | exclamative | exclamative | exclamatory | exclamatory pitch | exclamatory sentence | exclusion | exclusive | exclusive relationship | execute | exegesis | exegetic(al) | exemplification | exemplify | exercise | exercitive | exhalation | exhaled | exhaustive | exhaustiveness | exhaustiveness of a corpus | exhortation | existential | existential causative | existential clause | existential quantification | existential quantifier | existential sentence | exocentric | exocentric compound | exocentric construction | exocentricity | exoglossic | exophor | exophora | exophoric reference | exordium | expansion | expansion | expansion by co(-)ordination | expansion by subordination | expansion rule | expectation | experience | experiencer | experiential approach | experiment | experimental phonetics | expert systems | expiration | explain | explain | explanation | explanatory | explanatory adequacy | explanatory power | explanatory relative clause | | | | | | explicature | explicit | explicit information | explicit performative | explosion | exponence | exponent | exposition | expositive | expository discourse | expressibility | expression | expression | expression | expression(-)form | expression(-)plane | expression(-)substance | expressive | expressive | expressive aphasia | expressive aphasia | expressive function | expressive function | expressive meaning | expressivity | expressivity principle | extendable corpus | extended grade | Extended Projection Principle (EPP) | extended standard theory (EST) | extension | extension | extension | extension of meaning | extensional | extensional definition | extensional meaning | exterior | external | external argument | external focalization | external incidence | external negation | external open juncture | external sandhi | external theta-role | externalization | externalized language | exteroceptivity | extra high | extra high tone | extra low tone | extract | extraction | extraction | extradiegetic | extralinguistic | extralinguistic reference | extraposition | extrinsic | extrinsic (rule) ordering | eye rhyme |

F | fable | face | face-threatening act (FTA) | face-to-face | face-to-face interaction | face-to-face relationships | face-want | face-work | factitive | factitive | factitive verb | factive | factive verb | factivity | factor | factual | factuality | facultative | facultative variant | faculty of speech | fairy tale | faithful translation | fall | fall on | falling | falling diphthong | falling intonation | falling tone | falling-rising tone | false | false cognate | false friend | falsetto | falsetto voice | falsifiability | falsification | falsity | familiar | familiar style | family | family (of languages) | family resemblance | family tree | faux ami | favored | favorite sentence | feature | feature mode | feature specification | feedback | felicity conditions | female | feminine | feminine rhyme | fiction | fidelity | field | field | field linguistics | field of dispersion | field perspective | field research | field study | field-theory | fieldwork | figura | figurative | figurative expression | figurative meaning | figurativization | figure (of speech) | figure of thought | file | file slip | fill a slot | filter | filter | filter | filter | filtering | final | final clause | final intonation | final position | final stress | final syllable | finite | finite automaton | finite class | finite state | finite verb (form) | finite(-)state grammar | finite-state language | Finno-Ugric language | first actant | first and second persons | first argument | first articulation | first formant | first harmonic | first language | first overtone | first person | first person exclusive | first person inclusive | first person plural | first person pronoun | first person singular | first syllable | firstness | fixation | fixed | fixed accent | fixed stress | fixed stress language | fixed word(-)order | flap | flap | flapped | flapping | flashback | flat | flat phoneme | flip-flop transformation | floating | floating element | floating quantifier | floating tone | flout | fluctuation | fluency | fluently | focal area | focal point | focalization | focalized | focalizer | focus | focus | focus | focus of attention | focus (on) | folk | folk etymology | folk tale | folk taxonomy | folklore | folklorist | folkloristic | followed (by) | following | foot | footnote | force | foreground | foregrounding | foreign | foreign accent | foreign language | foreigner talk | foreignism | forensic genre | form | form | form a hypothesis | form of address | form word | formal | formal | formal grammar | formal language | formal speech | formal style | formal universals | formalism | formality | formalizable | formalization | formalization | formalize | formant | formant | formant synthesizer | formant transition | formant zone | formation | formative | formative | formator | form(-)class | formula | formulaic | formulate | formulation | fortis | fortis consonant | fortition | fossilized | fossilized form | frame | frame | frame | frame analysis | frame of reference | framework | free | free anaphora | free form | free indirect speech | free modifier | free moneme | free morpheme | free relative (clause) | free stress | free syllable | free translation | free variable | free variant | free variation | free variation of phonemes | free verse | free vowel | free word(-)order | Frege's principle | French creole | French-based creole | frequency | frequency count | frequency (of occurrence) | frequent | frequentative | Freudian slip | fricative | fricative | fricativization | friction | frictionless continuant | front | front | front vowel | fronted | fronted | fronting | fronting | frontness | frozen metaphor | frozen style | full | full homonymy | full reduplication | full sentence | full stop | full verb | full word | function | function | function | function | function | function (as) | function chain | function word | functional | functional | functional analysis | functional autonomy | functional change | functional grammar | functional grammatical morpheme | functional linguistics | functional load | functional marker | functional meaning | functional moneme | functional sentence perspective (FSP) | functional shift | functional syntax | functional transfer | functional yield | functionalism | functionally independent | functions of language | functive | functor | fundamental frequency (fo) | fundamental semantics | fundamental syntax | further training | fuse | fused | fused form | fusion | fusional language | futhark | future | future in the past | future perfect | future tense | futurity |

G | gap | gapping | garden path sentence | gather | gather data | gathering (of data) | gaze | geminate | geminate | geminate consonant | gemination | gender | genealogical | genealogical classification | genealogy | general | general grammar | general phonetics | general stylistics | generality | generalization | generalized phrase structure grammar (GPSG) | generalized transformation | generate | generation | generative | generative capacity | generative grammar | generative phonology | generative rule | generative semantics | generative(-)transformational grammar | generativist | generic | generic | generic reference | generic term | generic-specific | generic-specific relation | genesis | genetic | genetic classification | genetic relationship | genetically | genitival | genitive | genitive | genitive case | genitive marker | genre | geographic convergence | geographical linguistics | geographical variation | geolinguistics | Germanic language | gerund | gerundive | gerundive | gestural | gestural communication | gestural language | gesture | gibberish | give emphasis to | given | given information | glide | glide | glissando | global | global linking | global meaning | gloss | glossary | glossematician | glossematics | glosseme | glossogenesis | glossolalia | glottal | glottal | glottal consonant | glottal stop | glottalic | glottalic air(-)stream mechanism | glottalization | glottalize | glottalized | glottalized consonant | glottalized tone | glottis | glottochronology | gnomic | gnomic aorist | gnomic present | gnomic utterance | goal | goal | govern | governed | governed element | governed source | governed target | governing | governing category | government | government and binding (theory of) | Government theory | governor | gradable | gradable adjective | gradable antonym | gradable term | gradatio | gradation | grade | graded antonym | grading | gradual opposition | gram | grammar | grammarian | grammatical | grammatical | grammatical alternation | grammatical ambiguity | grammatical analysis | grammatical aspect | grammatical case | grammatical category | grammatical conditioning | grammatical determinant | grammatical feature | grammatical form | grammatical function | grammatical gender | grammatical hierarchy | grammatical interference | grammatical item | grammatical level | grammatical marker | grammatical meaning | grammatical moneme | grammatical morpheme | grammatical predicate | grammatical process | grammatical relation | grammatical sentence | grammatical subject | grammatical subordination | grammatical tone | grammatical word | grammaticality | grammaticality judgment | grammaticalization | grammaticalized | grammatically conditioned alternation | grammaticalness | grammaticization | grammaticized | grammatology | graph | graph | grapheme | graphemics | graphetics | graphic | graphic medium | graphic organization | graphic substance | graphology | Grassmann's law | grave | grave accent | Great Divide theory | Great (English) Vowel Shift (GVS) | Greek alphabet | greeting | greeting formula | grid | Grimm's Law | groove(d) fricative | ground | grounds-conclusion relation | group | group | group (into) | grouping | gums | guttural | gutturalization |

H | habit | habitual | habitus | half(-)close | half-close vowel | half(-)open | half-open vowel | Hamito-Semitic | hapax legomenon | haplography | haplology | hard palate | harmonic | harmonization | harmonize | harmony | hash mark | head | head | head noun | head/modifier order | head-first language | head-last language | headless relative (clause) | head-modifier phrase | headword | hearer | hearing | hearing range | heavy syllable | heavy-NP shift | hedge | hedging | height | height | height of the tongue | helper | hendiadys | hermeneutic | hermeneutics | hero | hesitate | hesitation | heterogeneity | heterogeneous | heterogeneous (multilateral) opposition | heterography | heteronomous | heteronomous languages | heteronomy | | heterophone | heterorganic | heuristic | heuristics | hiatus | hierarchic(al) | hierarchical level | hierarchical module | hierarchical organization | hierarchical structure | hierarchically | hierarchy | hieroglyphic writing | high | high functional load | high tone | high variety | high vowel | higher rank | highlight | high-mid vowel | high-pitched | histoire | historical | historical infinitive | historical linguistics | historical phonetics | historic(al) present | historical relationship | historical semantics | historicity | history | hold | hole | hole in the pattern | hollow | holonym | holonymy | holophrase | holophrastic | holophrastic language | homeostasis | homeostasis | homogeneity | homogeneity of the corpus | homogeneous | homogeneous corpus | homogeneous (multilateral) opposition | homogeneous speech community | homogenization | homograph | homographic | homography | homologation | homologous | homology | homomorph | homonym | homonym(ic) clash | homonymous | homonymy | homophone | homophonous | homophony | homorganic | honorific | honorific | honorific form | hortative | hortatory | hortatory discourse | human | human noun | hushing | hushing sound | hybrid | hybrid | hybrid language | hybrid word | hybridization | hypallage | hyperbole | hypercorrect | hypercorrection | hyper(o)nym | hyper(o)nymy | hyperphoneme | hypertext | hyperurbanism | hyphen | hypocorism | hypocoristic | hypocoristic | hyponym | hyponymy | hypotactic | hypotaxis | hypothesis | hypothetical |

I | iamb | iambic | iambic foot | IC analysis | icon | iconic | iconicity | ictus | ideal speaker-hearer | idealization | ideational function | identical environment | identical (to) | identification | identification | Identification Principle | identificational | identified | identifier | identifier | identify | identifying | identity | ideogram | ideograph | ideographic | ideographic writing | ideophone | ideophonic | idiolect | idiom | idiom | idiomatic | idiomatic expression | idiomatic translation | idiomaticness | I-language | illative | illative case | ill-formed | ill-formedness | illiteracy | illocution | illocutionary | illocutionary act | illocutionary force | illocutionary force indicating device | illocutionary negation | illocutionary verb | illustrative | image | image | imaginary | imitate | imitation | imitative | imitative word | immanence | immanent | immediate | immediate constituent analysis | immediate constituent (I.C.) | immediate context | immediate dominance | immediate domination | immediate future | immediate past | immediately dominate | immutability of the sign | imperative | imperative mood | imperative sentence | imperfect | imperfect | imperfect tense | imperfective | impersonal | impersonal construction | impersonal passive | impersonal pronoun | impersonal verb | implementation | implicate | implication | implicational | implicational tendency | implicational universals | implicature | implicit | implicit information | implicit performative | implicitly | implied | implosion | implosive | implosive | implosive consonant | imply | impossibility | improper | in accordance (with) | in common use | (in) complementary distribution | in current use | in intervocalic position | in isolation | in the background | in the infinitive | inalienable | inalienable possession | inanimate | inanimate noun | inborn | inceptive | inchoative | inchoative verb | incidence | incidental to | include | included | inclusion | inclusion (in) | inclusive | incompatibility | incompatible | incomplete | incomplete sentence | incomplete verb | incontinguous assimilation | incorporating language | incorporation | indeclinable | indefinite | indefinite article | indefinite description | indefinite determiner | indefinite expression | indefinite pronoun | independence | independent | independent clause | independent pronoun | independent sentence | indeterminacy | indeterminate | index | index | index | index | index card | indexical | indexical | indexical deixis | indexical expression | indexicality | indexing | indicate | indicative | indicative marker | indicative mood | indicator | indigenous language | indirect | indirect anaphora | indirect discourse | indirect object | indirect question | indirect quotation | indirect speech | indirect speech act | indirect theta-marking | individual bilingualism | individual variant | individual variation | individualized | individuated | individuation | indivisible | indivisible whole | Indo-European | Indo-European language | induction | inductive | inductive inference | inductive method | inequality | inergative verb | inessive | inessive case | infelicitous | infelicity | infer | inference | inferential | inferential computation | infinite class | infinitival | infinitival clause | infinitive | infinitive | infinitive clause | infix | infixation | inflect | inflected | inflected form | inflected language | inflecting language | inflection | inflection [INFL] | inflectional | inflectional affix | inflectional ending | inflectional language | inflectional morpheme | inflectional morphology | inflectional suffix | influence | influence | informal | informal speech | informal style | informant | information | information structure | information theory | information unit | informational encapsulation | informational organization | informative | informative intention | informativeness | informativity | infrequency | infrequent | infrequently | ingressive | ingressive | ingressive | ingressive air | ingressive consonant | inhalation | inherency | inherent | inherent Case | inherent feature | inherent tone | inheritance | initial | initial | initial position | initial stress | initial syllable | initial symbol | initialism | initially | initiating move | injective | injective | innate | innateness | innateness hypothesis | innatist | innovation | input | input system | inseparability | inseparable | insert | insertion | insertion | inspiration | instance | instantaneous release | instantiation | institutional bilingualism | instructor | instrument | instrumental | instrumental | instrumental case | instrumental case | instrumental phonetics | instrumentalism | insult | integrated | integration | intelligibility | intensifier | intensifying | intension | intensional | intensional definition | intensional semantics | intensity | intensity | intensive | intensive | intensive verb | intent | intention | intentional | intentionality | interaction | interactional | interactional context | interactional frame | interactional module | interactional ritual | interactional sociolinguistics | interactionism | interactive | interchangeability | interchangeable | interclausal | interconsonantal | interdental | interdental | interdental consonant | interdependence | interdependence | interdependency link | interdependent | interdisciplinary | interdiscourse | interference | interior | interjection | interjectional | interjectional phrase | interlanguage | interlingual translation | interlinguistics | interlocution | interlocutor | intermediary language | intermediate projection | intermittent | internal | internal argument | internal focalization | internal incidence | internal negation | internal open juncture | internal pause | internal reconstruction (IR) | internal sandhi | internalization | internalized language | international language | International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) | International Phonetic Association | interoceptivity | interpersonal function | interpolated | interpret | interpretability | interpretable | interpretant | interpretation | interpretation | interpreting | interpretive | interpretive capacity | interpretive semantics | interpretive use | interrelation(ship) | interrogative | interrogative adjective | interrogative adverb | interrogative form | interrogative inversion | interrogative mood | interrogative pronoun | interrogative sentence | interrogative transformation | interrogative word | interrupted | intersect | intersection | inter-sentence | intersentential switching | intertext | intertextual | intertextual dimension | intertextual relation | intertextuality | interval | interview | interviewee | interviewer | intervocalic | intervocalic position | intimate style | intonation | intonation | intonation contour | intonation pattern | intonational | intonational contour | intonational phrase | intonational stress | intonation(-)group | intoneme | intralingual translation | intralinguistic | intransitive | intransitive verb | intrasentential switching | intrinsic | intrinsic (rule) ordering | introduction | introspection | intrusion | intrusive | intrusive consonant | intuition | intuitive | intuitive judgment | intuitively | invalidate | invalidate a hypothesis | invariability | invariable | invariable word | invariant | invariant | inventio | invention | inventory | inversion | inversion | inversion | invert | inverted commas | investigation | involvement | irony | irrealis | irreducible | irregular | irregular alternation | irregular conjugation | irregular sandhi | irregular verb | irregularity | irrelevant | irrelevant | irrelevant feature | island | island condition | island constraint | isochronism | isochronous | isochrony | isogloss | isoglottic line | isograph | isolatability | isolatable | isolate | isolate | isolated | isolated opposition | isolating | isolating language | isolation | isomorphic | isomorphism | isophone | isosyllabic | isotopy | item | item(-)and(-)arrangement | item(-)and(-)process | item-possessor phrase | iteration | iterative |

J | jargon | jaw | joint moneme | judgment | junction | juncture | juncture phoneme | jussive | just-noticeable difference | juxtapose | juxtaposed | juxtaposition | juxtapositional assimilation |

K | kernel | kernel | kernel sentence | key | key | key lowering | key word | Khoisan language | kin terms | kinesics | kinetic tone | kinship | kinship system | kinship terms | knowledge | knowledge of the world | koine | kymogram | kymograph | kymographic | kymography |

L | label | label | labelled | labelled bracketing | labelled node | labelled tree | labial | labial | labial consonant | labialization | labialize | labialized | labial-palatal | labial-palatal | labio(-)dental | labio(-)dental | labio(-)dental flap | labio(-)velar | labio(-)velar | labiovelarization | labiovelarized | lamina | laminal | lamino-alveolar | landing site | language | language | language | language | language acquisition | language activity | language area | language attitude | language behavior | language boundary | language change | language contact | language death | language disorder | language engineering | language family | language game | language game | language having a relatively fixed word order | language having a relatively non-fixed word order | language helper | language learning | language learning techniques | language loss | language loyalty | language maintenance | language planning | language policy | language processing | language shift | language state | language system | language teaching | language type | language universals | language use | language user | language variation | language-acquisition device | languages | languages in contact | langue | laryngeal | laryngeal | laryngeal consonant | laryngealization | laryngealized | larynx | latent | latent consonant | lateral | lateral | lateral approximant | lateral click | lateral consonant | lateral fricative | lateral plosion | lateral release | Latin alphabet | law | law of the excluded middle | lax | lax vowel | laxness | layer | layering | learnability | learned borrowing | learned word | learning | learning of a second language | least-effort principle | lect | left branching | left dislocation | leftness condition | legal language | legible | leitmotiv | lemma | lemmatization | length | length diacritic | lengthen | lengthened | lengthened grade | lengthening | lenis | lenis consonant | lenition | lento | lesson | letter | level | level | level | level of analysis | level of focus | level of language | level of phrase structure | level of representation | level tone | level tone language | levelling | level-skipping | lexeme | lexia | lexia | lexical | lexical access | lexical ambiguity | lexical aspect | lexical category | lexical choice | lexical class | lexical component | lexical creativity | lexical diffusion | lexical entry | lexical field | lexical form | lexical hierarchy | lexical innovation | lexical insertion | lexical interference | lexical item | lexical level | lexical meaning | lexical module | lexical moneme | lexical morpheme | lexical morphology | lexical negation | lexical redundancy | lexical redundancy rule | lexical representation | lexical rule | lexical semantics | lexical storage | lexical stress | lexical structure | lexical system | lexical tone | lexical verb | lexical word | lexicalist hypothesis | lexicalization | lexicalized | lexically | Lexicase grammar | lexicographer | lexicography | lexicologist | lexicology | lexicology of stems | lexicon | lexicostatistics | lexie | lexis | lexis | liaison | license | licensing | ligature | light syllable | light verb | limit | limiting | line | line of verse | linear | linear order | linear ordering | linear predictive synthesizer | linearity | linearly | lingo | lingua franca | lingual | linguist | linguistic | linguistic analysis | linguistic anthropology | linguistic area | (linguistic) assimilation | linguistic atlas | linguistic capacity | linguistic change | linguistic community | linguistic competence | linguistic conflict | linguistic consciousness | linguistic contact | linguistic context | linguistic determinism | linguistic diversity | linguistic environment | linguistic field | linguistic geography | linguistic individuation | linguistic insecurity | linguistic knowledge | linguistic legitimacy | linguistic market | linguistic minority | linguistic model | linguistic mutability | linguistic norm | linguistic relativity | linguistic repertoire | linguistic semantics | (linguistic) sign | linguistic theory | linguistic unit | linguistic universals | linguistic variable | linguistically | linguistically significant generalization | linguistics | linguistics | linguo-labial | link | link | linkage | linking | linking | linking clause | linking consonant | linking verb | lip | lip position | (lip) protrusion | lip reading | lip rounding | lipread | lip(-)spreading | liquid | lisp | lisp | lisping | list | list | listen (to) | listener | literacy workshop | literal | literal meaning | literal translation | literariness | literary | literary genre | literary language | literary stylistics | literary text | literary translation | literate | literature | litotes | living language | loan | loan translation | loan(-)word | local | local case | local dialect | local negation | local transformation | localism | localization | localization | localization | localize | located | locating operation | location | location | location phrase | locational | locative | locative | locative adverb | locative case | locative phrase | locator | locatum | locus | locution | locutionary | locutionary act | locutor | locutor | logatom | logic | logical | logical entry | logical form (LF) | logical implication | (logical) modality | logical predicate | logical relations | logical semantics | logical stress | logical structure | logical subject | logician | logocentrism | logogram | logograph | logographic | logographic writing | logography | logophoric | logophoric pronoun | logorrhea | long | long consonant | long syllable | long vowel | long-term memory | loopback | lose face | loss | loss by collision | loss of final unstressed vowel | loud | loudness | low | low frequency | low functional load | low tone | low variety | low vowel | lower | lower | lower articulators | lower lip | lower rank | lower teeth | lower-case | lower-case letter | lowered tone | lowering | low-mid | low-mid tone | low-mid vowel | low-pitched | loyalty | lung | lung air | lungs |

M | machine translation | macroact | macro-context | macrolinguistic | macrolinguistics | macron | macroproposition | macrosequence | macro-sociolinguistics | macro-structural | macro(-)structure | main | main clause | main line of the story | main verb | major | major category | major sentence | majority language | make an assumption | make explicit | malapropism | male | malefactive | mand | manifest fact | manifestation | manifestation mode | manifestness | manner | manner adverb | manner adverbial | manner of articulation | manner of speech | manner phrase | manual | manuscript | map (onto) | mapping | margin | marginal | marginal tagmeme | mark | mark | mark | mark | mark of correlation | mark of plurality | marked | marked periphery | markedness | marker | marker | marker | marking | Markov chain | Markov model | Markov process | masculine | masculine rhyme | mass | mass noun | mass of the tongue | matched guise technique | material | mathematical linguistics | matrix | matrix | matrix clause | matrix sentence | matter | maxim | maxim of conversation | maxim of manner | maxim of quality | maxim of quantity | maxim of relation | maxim of relevance | maximal | maximal differentiation | maximal projection | maximum | m-command | meaning | meaning effect | meaning in context | meaning postulates | meaningful | meaningful unit | meaningfulness | meaningless | means | means of communication | means-purpose relation | means-result relation | measurable | measure | mechanism | medial | medial | medial position | medial vowel | mediation | mediation theory | mediopalatal | medio(-)passive | medium | meiosis | mel | melioration | meliorative | mellow | mellow consonant | melodic | melodic tone | melody | member | member of a class | membership (in) | memorization | memory | mental | mental lexicon | mental representation | mentalese | mentalism | mentalistic approach | mereology | merger | meronym | meronymy | mesolect | message | message content | message form | metacommunication | metacommunicative | metadiscourse | metadiscursive | metalanguage | metalanguage | metalepsis | metalinguistic | metalinguistic awareness | metalinguistic function | metalinguistic negation | metalinguistic use | metalinguistic utterance | metalinguistics | metaphone | metaphony | metaphor | metaphorical | metaphoric(al) code switching | metaphorical extension | metaphoric(al) meaning | metaphorically | metaphorization | metaplasm | metathesis | meter | method | methodical | methodology | metonymical | metonymy | metric(al) | metrics | micro-context | microlinguistic | microlinguistics | micro-sequence | micro-sociolinguistics | micro-structural | micro(-)structure | mid | mid tone | mid vowel | middle | middle verb | middle voice | middle vowel | mid-dorsal | mid-high tone | mid-open | migration | mimetic word | mimicry | minimal | minimal free form | minimal governing category | minimal grammatical unit | minimal meaningful unit | minimal pair | minimal projection | minimal segment | minimal unit | minimal unit of interaction | minimal utterance | minimal-distance principle | minimalism | minimality condition | minimum | minor | minor category | minor sentence | minority language | misinterpretation | mispronunciation | misspelling | mistaken liaison | mistranslation | misunderstanding | mitigator | mixed | mixed language | mixed metaphor | mnemonic | mnemonics | mobile | mobility | modal | modal | modal adjunct | modal adverb | modal attraction | modal auxiliary | modal construction | modal expression | modal particle | modal value | modal verb | modality | modality | modality | modality constituent | modalization | modalized | modalizing | modalizing style | modalizing term | mode | mode of action | model | model of communication | modern language | modification | modification | modified (by) | modified noun | modifier | modifier | modifier/head order | modify | modifying | modular | modular approach | modular device | modularity | modularity of mind | modulation | module | modus | momentary | momentary | moneme | monitor | monitoring | monogenesis | monogenetic | monoglot | monoglot | monograph | monolingual | monolingual approach | monolingual dictionary | monolingualism | monologic | monological | monologism | monologue | monologue discourse | monomorphemic | monomorphemic word | monophonem(at)ic | monophthong | monophthongization | monosegmental | monosemic | monosemous | monosemy | monosyllabic | monosyllabism | monosyllable | monotone | monotonic | monotonous | monotony | monotransitive verb | monovalent | monovalent lexical morpheme | monovalent verb | mood | mora | moral | morph | morpheme | morpheme boundary | morpheme class | morpheme variant | morpheme-structure rule | morpheme-word | morphemic | morphemic alternation | morphemic analysis | morphemic level | morphemic paradigm | morphemically conditioned alternation | morphemics | morphological | morphological case | morphological conditioning | morphologically | morphologically conditioned alternation | morphology | mor(pho)phoneme | mor(pho)phonemic | mor(pho)phonemic component | mor(pho)phonemic rule | mor(pho)phonemics | mor(pho)phonology | morphosyntactic | morphosyntax | morphotoneme | morphotonemic alternation | morphotonemics | mot | mother node | mother tongue | motherese | motif | motion | motion verb | motivated | motivation | motor aphasia | motto | mouth | mouth air | mouth cavity | movable stress | move | move | move the action forward | move(-)alpha | movement | movement | movement rule | movement to clause-final position | movement verb | movement-to-COMP | muffled vowel | multidimensional | multifunctional | multilateral opposition | multilinear phonology | multilingual | multilingual | multilingualism | multiple | multiple branching | multiplex network | multi-propositional | multisyllabic | murmur | murmuring voice | muscular tension | mutability | mutability of the sign | mutation | mute | mute e | mute letter | mute phoneme | mutual | mutual assimilation | mutual exclusion | mutual intelligibility | mutual knowledge | mutual manifestness | mutually | mutually exclusive | mutually exclusive dependency | myoelastic aerodynamic theory | myth | mythography |

N | name | naming (things) | narrate | narratee | narration | narrative | narrative | narrative analysis | narrative discourse | narrative proposition | narrative schema | narrative semantics | narrative semiotics | narrative sequence | narrative strategy | narrative structure | narrative syntax | narrative text | narrativity | narratological | narratology | narrator | narrow scope | narrow transcription | narrowing | narrowing (of meaning) | nasal | nasal | nasal | nasal cavity | nasal consonant | nasal release | nasal resonance | nasal twang | nasal vowel | nasality | nasalization | nasalize | nasalized | nasalized vowel | national language | native | native language | native speaker | native speaker intuition | native tongue | nativism | nativist | nativization | natural | natural class | natural conversation | natural gender | natural language | natural language processing (NLP) | natural logic | natural meaning | naturalness | nature | near | near future | near past | necessarily | necessary | necessary and sufficient condition | necessary condition | necessitative | necessity | negation | negative | negative | negative adverb | negative face | negative feature | negative morpheme | negative polarity | negative polarity item | negative politeness | negative sentence | negative transfer | negative verb | negator | negotiation | neighborhood | neighboring | neighboring phoneme | neo(-)classical combination | neo(-)classical compound | neogrammarian | neological | neologism | neology | nested | nested dependency | nesting | nesting | network | network theory | neuro-chronaxic theory | neurolinguistics | neustic | neuter | neuter verb | neutral | neutral order | neutral vowel | neutralizable opposition | neutralization | neutralized | new | new information | next higher rank | next lower rank | nexus | nickname | Niger-Congo | Niger-Congo language | Nilo-Saharan language | Nilotic language | node | node | noise | nomenclature | nominal | nominal | nominal clause | nominal grammatical morpheme | nominal group | nominal inflectional affix | nominal lexical morpheme | nominal modifier | nominal predicative | nominal relative (clause) | nominal sentence | nominal stem | nominal substitution | nominalization | nominalization transformation | nominalize | nominalized | nominalizer | nominalizing affix | nominative | nominative case | Nominative Island condition | non-ambiguous | non-anterior | non-argument | non-conditional variant | non-configurational | non-configurational language | non-consonantal | non-contiguous assimilation | non-continuant | non-continuant | non-coronal | non-count | non-count noun | non-covered | non-defining relative (clause) | non(-)distinctive | non-distinctive opposition | non(-)distributed | non-favorite sentence | non-finite verb (form) | non-flat | non-front | non-human | noninterruptability | non-linear phonology | non-linguistic context | non-modal auxiliary | non-nasal | non-native | non-natural meaning | non-phonemic tone lowering | non-predicative | non-predicative function | non(-)restrictive | non(-)restrictive adjective | non(-)restrictive determiner | non(-)restrictive modifier | non(-)restrictive relative (clause) | non-rhotic | non-rhotic accent | non-rhotic dialect | non-rounded | non-segmental | non-segmental phonology | nonsense | nonsense syllable | non-sharp | nonstative verb | non-strident | non-subjective person | non-terminal | non-terminal node | non(-)verbal | non-verbal communication | nonvocalic | norm | norm | norm of usage | normal grade | normal order | normal (rate of) speech | normative | normative grammar | norms of appropriateness | nose | not overtly marked hypotaxis | not relevant to the present | notation | notebook | notion | notion | notional | notional domain | notional grammar | noun | noun | noun class | noun class system | noun classification | noun clause | noun phrase (NP) | noun stem | noun-form | novel | NP-movement | NP-raising | NP-trace | nuance | nuclear | nuclear seme | nuclear stress | nuclear syllable | nuclear tagmeme | nucleus | nucleus | null | null anaphora | null element | null subject | null subject parameter | null-subject language | number | number | number | number concord | numbering | numbering | numeral | numerative | nunation | nursery rhyme |

O | obedience conditions | object | object | object complement | object control | object language | object of preposition | object of result | object pronoun | object-control predicate | objective | objective | objective case | objective conjugation | objective genitive | objective norm | objective personal pronoun | objective pronoun | objectively | objectivity | obligation | obligative | obligatory | obligatory determinative relation | obligatory expansion | obligatory modifier | obligatory rule | obligatory stem affix | obligatory tagmeme | obligatory transformation | oblique | oblique case | oblique question | observable | observation | observational adequacy | observer | observer's paradox | obsolescence | obsolescent | obsolete | obstruction | obstruent | obstruent | obviation | obviative | Occam's razor | occlusion | occlusive | occlusive | occur | occurrence | occurrence | Ockham's razor | octave | oesophagus | off-glide | official language | omission | one-place | one-place predicate | one-place verb | one-to-one correspondence | on-glide | onomasiological | onomasiology | onomastics | onomatology | onomatopoeia | onomatopoeic | onomatopoeic word | onset | onset of voicing | on-the-job training | ontogenesis | ontogenetic | ontogenic | ontogeny | ontological | ontology | opacity | opacity | opacity condition | opaque | opaque context | open | open | open approximation | open class | open juncture | open list | open network | open set | open syllable | open system | open transition | open vowel | opening | opening | opening | opening section | open-mid vowel | operand | operation | operation | operational | operational organization | operator | opponent | oppositeness | opposition | oppositional function | optative | optative mood | optimal | optimal relevance | option | optional | optional determinative relation | optional expansion | optional modifier | optional occurrence | optional rule | optional tagmeme | optional transformation | optional variant | optionality | oracy | oral | oral | oral air(-)stream mechanism | oral cavity | oral consonant | oral literature | oral reading | oral tradition | oral translation | oral vowel | orality | order | order | order | order | order | order of constituents | order of phonemes | ordered | ordered rules | ordered transformation | ordering | ordering of rules | ordinal | ordinal number | ordinal numeral | ordinary | ordinary conversation | ordinary language philosophy | organization | organization form | organizing centre | organs | organs of speech | orientation | orthoepy | orthographic | orthographic transcription | orthographic word | orthography | oscillation | oscillogram | oscillograph | oscilloscope | ostension | ostensive | ostensive communication | ostensive definition | ostensive-inferential communication | other-initiated repair | otherness | other-repair | out of phase | outline | output | output | overcoding | overcorrection | overdetermination | overdifferentiated | overgeneralization | overgeneration | overlap | overlap | overlap | overlapping | overt | overt prestige | overtone | overused metaphor | oxymoron | oxytone | oxytonic |

P | pair | paired | pal(a)elography | palatal | palatal | palatal click | palatalization | palatalize | palatalized | palatalized consonant | palate | palato(-)alveolar | palato(-)alveolar | palato(-)alveolar fricative | palatogram | palatography | palilalia | palindrome | panchronic | paper | parable | paradigm | paradigmatic | paradigmatic axis | paradigmatic relation(s) | paradigmatic set | paradox | paradoxical | paragoge | paragrammatism | paragraph | paragraph level | paralanguage | paralinguistic | paralinguistic features | paralipsis | parallelism | parameter | parametric | parametric variation | paraphasia | paraphrase | paraphrase | paraphrasing | paraphrastic | parasite segment | parasitic | parasitic gap | parasitic vowel | parasynthesis | parasynthetic | paratactic | paratactic relation | parataxis | paratext | parent language | parentheses | parentheses | parenthesis | parenthetical | parenthetical | parenthetical clause | parisyllabic | parochialism | parody | parole | paronomasia | paronym | paronym | paronymy | paroxytone | paroxytonic | paroxytonic language | parser | parsing | part | part of speech | partial | partial assimilation | partial homonymy | partial homophony | partial reduplication | partial register lowering | partial syndeton | partial synonym | partial synonymy | participant | participant | participant in a communicative event | participant observation | participant structure | participant-role | participant-role | participation | participation framework | participial | participial adjective | participial clause | participial mood | participial relative clause | participle | participle clause | particle | particle | particle perspective | partitive | partitive article | partitive case | partitive genitive | passage | passive | passive agent | passive articulators | passive clause | passive construction | passive sentence | passive transformation | passive verb | passive vocabulary | passive voice | passivization | passivize | past | past | past anterior | past historic | past participle | past perfect | past tense | path | patient | patois | patois | patois speaker | patronymic | pattern | pattern | pattern (as) | pattern congruity | patterning | paucal | pause | peak | peak of the syllable | pedagogic(al) | pedagogy | peer group | pejoration | pejorative | penult | penultimate | penultimate syllable | perceive | perceptibility | perceptible | perception | perfect | perfect synonym | perfect tense | perfective | perfective aspect | perform | performance | performative | performative | performative adverb | performative meaning | performative utterance | performative verb | performativity | period | period | period | periodic | periodic organization | periodic sentence | periodic wave | periodicity | peripheral | peripheral system | peripheral tagmeme | peripheral to | periphery | periphrasis | periphrasis | periphrastic | periphrastic expression | periphrastic form | perlocution | perlocutionary | perlocutionary act | perlocutionary effect | perlocutionary force | permansive aspect | permission | permit | permutable | permutate | permutation | permute | peroratio | perseveration | person | person concord | person deixis | person/thing outside the dialogue | person/thing within the dialogue | personal | personal infinitive | personal interaction | personal pronoun | personification | perspective | pertinent | PF-representation | pharyng(e)al | pharyng(e)al | pharyng(e)al air | pharyng(e)al air(-)stream mechanism | pharyng(e)al cavity | pharyng(e)al consonant | pharyngealization | pharyngealize | pharyngealized | pharyngealized sound | | pharynx air | phatic | phatic act | phatic communication | phatic communion | phatic function | phenomenological | phenomenology | phenomenon | phenotext | phenotype | phi feature | philological | philologist | philology | philosophical semantics | phonation | phonation | phonatory | phone | phonematic | phonematic unit | phonematics | phoneme | phoneme class | phoneme cluster | phoneme inventory | phoneme member | phoneme position | phoneme system | phonemic | phonemic analysis | phonemic clause | phonemic inventory | phonemic level | phonemic notation | phonemic stress | phonemic system | phonemic tone | phonemic tone lowering | phonemic transcription | phonemically conditioned alternation | phonemicization | phonemics | phonetic | phonetic act | phonetic alphabet | phonetic alternation | phonetic chart | phonetic context | phonetic distinctive feature | phonetic environment | phonetic feature | phonetic form (PF) | phonetic interpretation | phonetic law | phonetic notation | phonetic realization | phonetic representation | phonetic script | phonetic similarity | phonetic symbol | phonetic transcription | phonetic transition | phonetic unit | phonetic variant | phonetically | phonetician | phonetics | phoniatrics | phonic | phonic difference | phonic interference | phonic medium | phonic substance | phonic unit | phonogram | phonological | phonological analysis | phonological chart | phonological component | phonological conditioning | phonological feature | (phonological) group | phonological hierarchy | phonological level | (phonological) opposition | phonological phrase | phonological redundancy rule | phonological representation | phonological rule | phonological sentence | phonological system | phonological tagmeme | phonological unit | phonological word | phonologically conditioned alternation | phonologist | phonologization | phonology | phonometrics | phonometry | phono-prosodic organization | phonostylistics | phonotactic | phonotactic rule | phonotactics | phonotagmeme | phrasal compound | phrasal verb | phrase | phrase | phrase structure | phrase structure | phrase structure grammar | phrase structure rule | phrase-level analysis | phrase(-)marker | phraseological | phraseological dictionary | phraseological unit | phraseology | phrase-structure component | phylogenesis | phylogeny | phylum | physiological phonetics | pictogram | pictograph | pictographic | pictography | pidgin | pidgin language | pidginization | pidginized | pied-piping | pinpointing | pitch | pitch | pitch accent | pitch contour | pivot | pivot word | place | place | place adverbial | place deixis | place name | place of articulation | placement | plain | plain | plan | plane | platitude | plausibility | plausible | play back | pleonasm | pleonastic | pleonastic pronoun | plereme | plosion | plosive | plosive | plot | plug | pluperfect | plural | plural marker | plural morpheme | plural noun | pluralia tantum | plurality | pluralization | pluralizer | plurilingualism | plus feature | poetic | poetic function | poetic license | poetics | poetry | point of articulation | point of incidence | point of view | point to | point-of-reference | polar | polar interrogative | polar question | polarity | polarization | polarized | policymaker | polite | polite form | politeness | politeness principle (PP) | polyfunctional | polygenesis | polygenetic | polyglossia | polyglot | polyglottism | polymorphemic | polymorphemic word | polyphonematic | polyphonic | polyphonic organization | polyphonous | polyphony | polysemia | polysemic | polysemous | polysemy | polysyllabic | polysyllabic word | polysyllable | polysyndeton | polysynthetic language | polyvalence | popular | popular etymology | popular language | popularization | population | portmanteau | portmanteau morph | portmanteau word | position | position of contrast | position of neutralization | position of the tongue | positional | positional variant | positive | positive degree | positive face | positive polarity | positive polarity item (PPI) | positive politeness | positive sentence | positive transfer | positivism | possessed | possession | possessive | possessive adjective | possessive compound | possessive phrase | possessive pronoun | possessive sentence | possessor | possibility | possible | possible combinations | possible worlds theory | post(-)alveolar | post-article | post(-)consonantal | post(-)dental | post(-)determiner | post(-)dorsal | posteriority | post-nuclear | post(-)palatal | post(-)palatal | postpose | postposed | postposing | postposition | post-tonic | post-tonic syllable | postulate | postulate | postulates | post(-)velar | postverbal position | potential | potential marker | potential mood | potential pause | potential sentence | potentiality | power | powerful | practitioner | pragmatic | pragmatic competence | pragmatic connective | pragmatic context | pragmatic particle | pragmatic presupposition | pragmatics | Prague School | praxematics | praxeme | praxeological unit | preaching | pre-article | preaspirated | pre(-)aspiration | precede | preceded (by) | precedence | precise | pre(-)consonantal | preconstruction | predeterminer | predicate | predicate | predicate adjective | predicate calculus | predicate construction | predicate negation | predicate nominal | predicate nominative | predicate noun | predicate phrase | predicate pronoun | predicate-argument structure | predicated | predication | predicative | predicative adjective | predicative expression | predicative function | predicative function | predicative moneme | predicative relation | predicatoid | predicator | predict | predictability | predictable | predictable tone lowering | prediction | predictive | predictively describe | pre(-)dorsal | preference organization | preferential | preferential order | preferred sequence | prefix | prefix | prefix | prefixal | prefixation | prefixed (to) | preliminary | premise | prenasalization | prenasalized | prenasalized consonant | pre(-)nuclear | pre(-)palatal | preparatory condition | preparatory rules | preposed | preposing | preposition | preposition stranding | prepositional | prepositional complement | prepositional group | prepositional object | prepositional phrase | prepositional verb | prerequisite | prescription | prescriptive | prescriptive grammar | prescriptivism | present | present participle | present perfect | present tense | presentation | presentational | presentational construction | presentative | presentative | presentative construction | pressure | prestige | prestige forms | prestige language | presuppose | presupposed | presupposition | presuppositional | preterite | preteritio | preterminal | preterminal node | preterminal string | pretonic | prevelar | preverb | prevoicing | primacy | primary | primary accent | primary articulation | primary articulation | primary auxiliary | primary cardinal vowel | primary clause | primary expansion | primary function | primary object | primary stress | prime | primitive | primitive | primitive language | primitive relation | principal | principal variant | principal verb | principle of compositionality | principle of expressibility | principle of greed | principle of informativeness | principle of last resort | principle of opposition | principle of recoverability of deletion | principle of relevance | principles and parameters theory | privative | privative opposition | privileged | PRO (big pro) | pro (little pro) | probability | probable | procedural | procedural discourse | procedural step | procedure | process | process | process | process of fixation | processing | processing | processing effort | processing of the data | processive | proclitic | procliticization | pro-drop | pro-drop language | pro-drop parameter | produce | production | production of sounds | productive | productivity | profanity | pro-form | program | progress | progression | progressive | progressive | progressive aspect | progressive assimilation | progressive neutralization | prohibition | prohibitive | projection | Projection Principle | projection rule | prolative | prolepsis | prolix | prolixity | prologue | prolongation | prolonged | prominence | prominent | promise | promotion | prone to be elided | pronominal | pronominal | pronominal anaphora | pronominal verb | pronominalization | pronoun | pronounce | pronounceable | pronouns of the first and second person | pronunciation | prop | prop 'it' | prop word | propagate | propagation | proparoxytone | proper | proper government | proper name | proper noun | proper sense | property | proportion | proportional | proportional analogy | proportional opposition | proportionality | propose | proposition | propositional | propositional act | propositional analysis | propositional attitude | propositional calculus | propositional content | propositional content condition | propositional content indicator | propositional content rule | propositional form | Propositional Island condition | propositional logic | propositional negation | proprioception | proprioceptivity | prose | pro-sentence | prosodeme | prosodic | prosodic analysis | prosodic feature | prosodic movement | prosodic phenomenon | prosodic phonology | prosodic unit | prosodic word | prosody | prosody | prosopopeia | prospective | prosthesis | protagonist | protasis | prothesis | prothetic | Proto-Bantu | Proto-Indo-European (PIE) | proto-language | prototype | prototype semantics | prototype theory | proverb | pro-verb | provide evidence for | provincial dialect | proxemics | proximal demonstrative | proximate | proximate | proximate demonstrative | proximity | pseudo-cleft | pseudo-cleft sentence | pseudo-clefting | pseudogapping | pseudo-passive | pseudo-passive | psych verb | psycholinguistic | psycholinguistics | psychological predicate | psychological semantics | psychological subject | pulmonic | pulmonic air | pulmonic air(-)stream mechanism | pun | punctual | punctual tone | punctuality | punctuation | punctuation mark | punctuation marker | pure vowel | purism | purist | purport | purpose | purpose | purpose adjunct | purpose clause | put forth a hypothesis | put in parentheses | put into focus |

Q | quadrangular vowel system | quadrisyllable | qualification | qualification | qualificative construction | qualifier | qualify | qualifying | qualitative | qualitative adjective | qualitative alternation | qualitative delimitation | quality | quantification | quantification | quantifier | quantifier | quantifier raising (QR) | quantify | quantifying | quantitative | quantitative delimitation | quantitative linguistics | quantitative meter | quantitative scale | quantitative sociolinguistics | quantity | quantity | quatrain | question | question form | question mark | question word | questionnaire | quotation | quotation marks | quote |

R | radical | radical | radix | raised tone | raising | raising | raising predicate | raising to object | raising verb | random | range | range of application | rank | rank | rank(-)shift | rank(-)shifted | rank(-)shifted clause | rapid reading | rapid speech | rare | rarely | rarity | rate (of speech) | rationalism | raw data | r-colored vowel | r-coloring | reaction | reactive illocutionary relation | read | read a paper | readability | readable | reader | readerly | reading | reading | reading ability | reading aloud | readjustment | readjustment rule | ready-made expression | real time | realia | realis | realism | realization | realize | realized hero | real-time studies | reanalysis | reanalysis | reason clause | reasonableness | reasonableness conditions | reason-result relation | rebus | rebus principle | rebuttal | recall | recapitulation | recategorization | Received Pronunication (RP) | receiver | receiver of the direct object | recent past | receptive | recipient | reciprocal | reciprocal assimilation | reciprocal presupposition | reciprocal pronoun | reciprocal verb | reciprocal voice | recitative | reconstructed | reconstructed form | reconstruction | reconstruction | reconstruction rule | record | recording | recount | recoverability | recoverability condition | recoverability constraint | recoverable | rection | recurrence | recurrent | recursion | recursive | recursive application | recursive derivation | recursive element | recursive property | recursive rule | recursively | recursiveness | recursivity | reduced | reduced grade | reduced vowel | reducible (to) | reduction | reduction | reduction | reductionism | reductive neutralization | redundancy | redundancy | redundancy rule | redundant | redundant feature | reduplicate | reduplicated | reduplication | refer (to) | reference | reference chain | reference speaker | referent | referential | referential continuity | referential expression | referential function | referential hierarchy | referential index | referential meaning | referential module | referential opacity | referential semantics | referential tagmeme | referential transparency | referential use | referential value | referring expression | reflected meaning | reflectiveness | reflex | reflexive | reflexive | reflexive passive | reflexive pronoun | reflexive transformation | reflexive verb | reflexiveness | reflexivity | reflexivity | reflexivization | reflexivization transformation | reformulation | regional | regional accent | regional dialect | regional language | regional variant | regional variation | regionalism | register | register | register change | register difference | register lowering | register tone | register tone language | regressive | regressive assimilation | regressive neutralization | regular | regular alternation | regular conjugation | regular grammar | regular language | regular sandhi | regular verb | regularity | regulation | regulative rule | reinforcement | reinforcement | relate (to) | related | related language | related word | relater | relater-axis phrase | relating to the utterance | relation of location | relational | relational adjective | relational antonym | Relational Grammar | relational organization | relation(s) | relationship | relationship (between languages) | relative | relative arbitrariness | relative (clause) | relative motivation | relative order | relative pitch | relative pronoun | relative superlative | relative tense | relative transformation | relative universals | relativity | relativization | relativize | relator | release | released | released consonant | released (plosive only) | releasing | releasing consonant | relevance | relevance theory | relevant | relexicalization | relexification | relic form | remark | remote context | remote demonstrative | remote future | remote past | remoteness | reordering | repair | repair | repair | repair sequence | repartee | repeat | repertoire | repertory | repetition | repetition | repetitive | rephonologization | replace (by) | replacement | replacive | replacive morph | replacive morpheme | replica | reply | report | reported | reported discourse | reported speech | represent | represent | representation | representation | representation | representational | representational function | representative | representative | representative corpus | representativeness | representativeness of the corpus | request | request | research | researcher | resemblance | residue | resonance | resonance chamber | resonant | resonant | resonate | resonator | respiration | respiratory | respiratory tract | responding move | response | response | restricted | restricted code | restriction | restriction of meaning | restriction of the air passage | restrictive | restrictive modification | restrictive relative (clause) | restructuring | result | result | result clause | resultant | resultative | resulting | résumé | resumptive pronoun | retracted | retracted tongue | retracted tongue root | retraction | retraining | retroactive | retroflex | retroflex consonant | retroflex(ed) | retroflexed 'r' | retroflexed vowel | retroflexion | retrospective | reversal | reverse | reversible | reversive | reversive | reversive suffix | review | review | revised extended standard theory (REST) | revision | rewind | rewrite | rewrite | rewrite rule | rewrite system | rewriting | rewriting rule | rewritten | R-expression | rhematic | rheme | rhetic act | rhetoric | rhetorical | rhetorical figure | rhetorical question | rhotacism | rhotacization | rhotacize | rhotacized vowel | rhotic | rhotic accent | rhotic dialect | rhyme | rhyme | rhyme | rhythm | rhythmic beat | rhythmic(al) | rhythmic(al) group | rhythmics | riddle | right branching | right dislocation | right node raising (RNR) | rigid designator | rigor | rise | rising | rising diphthong | rising intonation | rising tone | ritual | ritual constraints | ritual insult | r-less | r-less dialect | role | role | role | role relations | roll | rolled | rolled consonant | rolled 'r' | Roman alphabet | Romance language | Romanization | roof of the mouth | root | root | root transformation | root word | round | round | round brackets | rounded | rounded lips | rounded vowel | rounding | rule | rule of construal | rule of interpretation | rule of production | rule of the categorial component | rule ordering | Runic alphabet |

S | sagittal section | salience | salient | sample | sampling | sanction | sandhi | sandhi-form | sanitized | sanitized version | Sapir-Whorf hypothesis | sarcasm | satellite | satisfaction | saturated | saturation | save face | scalar | scalar implicature | scale | scanning | scansion | scenario | scene | schema | schema | schema | schematic form | scheme | scheme | schwa | scope | scope | scope ambiguity | scope of negation | scope of quantifiers | scrambling | script | script | second actant | second argument | second articulation | second formant | second harmonic | second language | second person | second person exclusive | second person inclusive | second person plural | second person pronoun | second person singular | secondary | secondary articulation | secondary articulation | secondary cardinal vowel | secondary clause | secondary expansion | secondary function | secondary motivation | secondary object | secondary phoneme | secondary predication | secondary stress | second-language acquisition | secondness | section | segment | segment | segmentable | segmental | segmental morpheme | segmental phoneme | segmental phonology | segmentation | segmentator | segmented | select | selection | selectional | selectional feature | selection(al) restriction | selectional rule | selective | selective listening | self-correction | self-dominated | self-dominating | self-embedding | self-embedding | self-initiated repair | self-reference | self-referential | self-regulation | self-repair | self-select | self-selection | semanalysis | semanteme | semantic | semantic ambiguity | semantic analysis | semantic anaphora | semantic anomaly | semantic axis | semantic change | semantic class | semantic component | semantic component | semantic connective | semantic content | semantic differential | semantic dimension | semantic domain | semantic drift | semantic entailment | semantic equivalence | semantic extension | semantic feature | semantic field | semantic incompatibility | semantic interpretation | semantic level | semantic marker | semantic memory | semantic organization | semantic presupposition | semantic reference | semantic representation | semantic role | semantic rule | semantic shift | semantic universe | semantic value | semantically | semantician | semanticist | semanticity | semantico-pragmatic | semantics | semantization | semasiological | semasiology | seme | semelfactive | sememe | semi-auxiliary | semic | semic analysis | semicolon | semi-consonant | semilingualism | seminar | semiological | semiological analysis | semiological level | semiology | semiosis | semio-syntax | semiotic | semiotic function | semiotic square | semiotic system | semiotician | semiotics | Semitic | Semitic language | semi(-)vowel | semotactics | sender | sense | sense | sentence | sentence | sentence accent | sentence adverb | sentence adverbial | sentence boundary | sentence fragment | sentence grammar | sentence level | sentence negation | sentence nucleus | sentence stress | sentence topic | sentence type | sentence word | sentence-adjunct | sentence-level | sentence-level particle | sentential | sentential negation | sentential subject | separability | separable | separation | sequence | sequence | sequence | sequence of tenses | sequence of verbs | sequencing | sequencing rule | sequential | sequential bilingualism | sequential derivation | sequential implicativeness | sequential organization | sequentiality | sequentially | serial | serial construction | serial verb | series | series of localization | sermon | set | set | set expression | set of background assumptions | set of semantic features | set the boundaries | setting | setting up a corpus | sex | shade of meaning | shadow pronoun | shape | shared constituent coordination | shared knowledge | sharp(ed) | shibilant | shift | shifter | short | short story | short syllable | short vowel | shorten | shortened | shortened | shortening | shorthand | shortness | short-term memory | show | shwa | sibilant | sign | sign | sign language | sign system | sign vehicle | signal | signal | signifiant | significance | significans | significant | significant unit | signification | significatum | signifié | signified | signifier | signify | signifying signifying | silent | silent letter | silent reading | similar | similar word | similarity | similarity | simile | simple | simple clause | simple future tense | simple lexia | simple lexical morpheme | simple noun | simple past | simple sentence | simple sound | simple stem | simple tense | simple term | simple utterance | simple word | simplicity | simplicity metric | simplification | simplification of consonant clusters | simultaneity | simultaneous | simultaneous bilingualism | simultaneous interpretation | simultaneous translation | sincerity condition | sincerity rule | single-base | single-base transformation | singular | singularity | singulary | singulary transformation | singulative | Sino-Tibetan language | sister language | sister node | situate | situation | situation of interaction | situation of utterance | situation of uttering | situational | situational code switching | situational component | situational constraints | situational context | situational reference | situation(al) semantics | situative | sketch | skills | slang | slang | slangy | slash | Slavic language | slip of the tongue | slit fricative | slogan | slot | slow | slow speech | slowed down | slur | slur | small clause | smooth onset | social | social class | social constraints | social context | social deixis | social determinism | social dialect | social dialectal variation | social dialectology | social distance | social fact | social function (of language) | social group | social identity | social interaction | (social) network | social role | social situation | social status | social stratification | social variant | social variation | socialization | sociative | sociocultural community | socioeconomic class | sociogram | sociolect | sociolectal variation | sociolinguistic | sociolinguistic survey | sociolinguistic universals | sociolinguistic variable | sociolinguistic variation | sociolinguistics | sociology | sociology of language | soft | soft consonant | soft palate | solecism | solidarity | solidarity | solidarity | solidus | sonagram | sonagraph | sonant | sonant | sonant | sone | sonnet | sonorant | sonorant | sonority | sonority features | sort | sorting | sound | sound | sound change | sound image | sound law | sound spectrogram | sound spectrograph | sound system | sound wave | sound-proof | sound(-)symbolism | source | source | source language | space | spatial | spatial deixis | spatial location | spatial programming | spatialization | spatiotemporal | spatiotemporal location | spatiotemporel setting | speak | speak badly | speak with a nasal twang | speaker | speaker | speaker reference | speaker's attitude | speaker's turn | special language | specialization | specialized | specific | specific reference | specification | specification | specification | specificity | specificity condition | specified | Specified-Subject condition | specifier | specifier | specify | specifying | spectral | spectral analysis | spectrogram | spectrograph | spectrographic analysis | spectrum | speech | speech | speech | speech | speech act | speech activity | speech chain | speech community | speech continuum | speech defect | speech disorder | speech event | speech impediment | speech organs | speech perception | speech production | speech signal | speech situation | speech sound | speech synthesis | speech synthesis by rule | speech synthesizer | speech therapist | speech therapy | speed reading | spell (aloud) | spell (in writing) | spelling | spelling | spelling | spelling disorder | spelling pronunciation | spelling reform | spelling rule | spelling system | spell(-)out | sphere | sphere of activity | spirant | spirantization | spirometer | split | split antecedent | split infinitive | spoken | spoken language | spoken text | spondaic foot | spondee | | sporadic | sprachbund | spread | spread | spread lips | spread vowel | spreading | square | square brackets | S-structure | stable | stage | stage | staging | stammer | stammering | stand for | standard | standard deviation | standard dialect | standard language | standard theory (ST) | standard variety | standardization | standardized | stanza | star | starred form | starting term | state | state | state | state of affairs | state of language | state verb | statement | static | static | static linguistics | static tone | static verb | statistical | statistical linguistics | statistical method | statistical universals | statistics | stative | stative verb | status | status | status planning | steady | stem | stem | stem affixation | stem alternation | stem derivation | stem inflection | stem lexicology | stem morpheme | stemma | stenography | stereotype | stereotyped | stereotypy | stigmatization | stigmatized | stigmatized form | stimulus | stimulus-response | stochastic process | stop | stop | stop consonant | stopped | storage | story | strategic organization | strategy | stratification | stratification | stratificational | stratificational grammar | stratificational theory | stratified | stratum | strengthening | stress | stress | stress | stress | stress accent | stress group | stress on the antepenultimate syllable | stress on the first/initial syllable | stress on the last but one syllable | stress on the last (final) syllable | stress on the penult | stress on the penultimate syllable | stress on the third from last syllable | stress pattern | stress-bearing | stress-bearing unit | stressed | stressed syllable | stressed unit | stress-timed language | stress-timed (rhythm) | strict sub(-)categorization | strict sub(-)categorization feature | strict sub(-)categorization rule | stricture | stridency | strident | strident consonant | string | stroboscope | stroke | strong | strong adequacy | strong cross(-)over | strong declension | strong form | strong generative capacity | strong syllable | strong verb | strongly equivalent | structural | structural ambiguity | structural analysis | structural Case | structural change | structural compensation | structural description | structural dialectology | structural linguistics | structural meaning | structural order | structural semantics | structuralism | structuralist | structurally conditioned neutralization | structure | structure index | structure preservation | structure word | structured | structure-preserving constraint | structure-preserving hypothesis | structure-preserving principle | structure-preserving transformation | structuring | study | study of clause sequences | stutter | stutterer | stuttering | style | style | style shifting | style stratification | stylistic | stylistic analysis | stylistic inversion | stylistic rule | stylistic variant | stylistic variation | stylistician | stylistics | stylization | stylometry | stylostatistics | sub(-)categorization | sub(-)categorization feature | sub(-)categorization frame | sub(-)categorization rule | sub(-)categorize | sub(-)category | sub(-)class | subcode | sub-component | sub-genre | subglottal | subglottal pressure | subgroup | subjacency | Subjacency condition | subject | subject | subject complement | subject control | subject position | subject pronoun | subject raising | subject-auxiliary inversion | subject-control predicate | subjective | subjective | subjective case | subjective conjugation | subjective genitive | subjective person | subjective personal pronoun | subjective pronoun | subjectivity | subjunctive | subjunctive | subjunctive mode | subjunctive mood | sublative | sublative case | subordinate clause | subordinate (to) | subordinating | subordinating conjunction | subordinating construction | subordination | subordination | subordinative | subordinator | subphonemic | subscript | subset | substance | substance | substance | substantival | substantive | substantive universals | substitutability | substitutable | substitutable item | substitute | substitute (for) | substitution | substitution frame | substitution table | substrate | substratum | substring | subsume | subsystem | | subtractive bilingualism | sub(-)tree | succession | successive | successive cyclic movement | suction | sufficient condition | suffix | suffix | suffix | suffixal | suffixation | suffixed (to) | suggest | suggestion | sum of distributional properties | summarize | summarized | summary | superessive | superfix | superimposed | superimposition | Superiority condition | superlative | superlative | superlative adjective | superlative degree | superordinate | superordinate | superordinate term | superordination | superposed | super-raising | superstrate | superstratum | superstructure | supine | supplementary | | suppletive | suppletive | suppletive alternation | suppletive form | suppletive morpheme | support | supporting evidence | supposition | suprafix | supraglottal | supraglottal cavity | supra-regional language | suprasegmental | suprasegmental | suprasegmental feature | suprasegmental morpheme | suprasegmental phoneme | suprasegmental phonology | surface | surface | surface form | surface structure | surface subject | survey | survey questionnaire | surveyor | suspense | suspension points | suspicious pair | suspicious sound | svarabhakti vowel | swear word | switch to | syllabary | syllabic | syllabic boundary | syllabic consonant | syllabic meter | syllabic nasal | syllabic nucleus | syllabic peak | syllabic phoneme | syllabic stress | syllabic writing | syllabication | syllabicity | syllabification | syllabify | syllable | syllable boundary | syllable break | syllable division | (syllable) margin | (syllable) nucleus | syllable sign | syllable structure | syllable weight | syllable-final(ly) | syllable-initial(ly) | syllable(-)internal | syllable-timed language | syllable-timed (rhythm) | syllabogram | syllemma | syllepsis | syllepsis | syllogism | symbol | symbol | symbol | symbolic | symbolic interaction | symbolic interactionism | symbolic system | symbolization | symmetric predicate | symmetrical | symmetry | symploce | symptom | syn(a)eresis | syn(a)esthesia | synaloepha | syncategorematic term | syncategorematic word | syncategoreme | synchronic | synchronic description | synchronic linguistics | synchrony | syncopation | syncope | syncretic | syncretism | syndetic | syndetic construction | syndeton | synecdoche | synesis | synharmony | synonym | synonymous | synonymy | syntactic | syntactic ambiguity | syntactic analysis | syntactic anaphora | syntactic autonomy | syntactic category | syntactic change | syntactic class | syntactic component | syntactic construction | syntactic device | syntactic feature | syntactic function | syntactic marker | syntactic module | syntactic process | syntactic relationship | syntactic representation | syntactic rule | syntactic structure | syntactic unit | syntactically | syntagm(a) | syntagmatic | syntagmatic axis | syntagmatic relation(s) | syntagmatics | syntagmeme | syntax | syntaxeme | synthematics | syntheme | syntheme formation | synthesis | synthetic | synthetic judgment | synthetic language | synthetic proposition | synthetic sentence | synthetic truth | system | system | system balance | system of metalinguistic representation | systematic | systematic correspondence | systematic phonemics | systematic phonetics | systemic | systemic grammar |

T | taboo | taboo word | tabooed | tacit knowledge | tact | tactic form | tactics | tag question | tagma | tagmatic | tagmatic analysis | tagmatics | tagmeme | tagmemic | tagmemic analysis | tagmemic theory | tagmemicist | tagmemics | take a sample (from) | take on a function | take responsibility for | taking the floor | tale | tamber | tap | tape recorder | tape recording | target | target language | tautological | tautological statement | tautology | tautosyllabic | taxeme | taxis | taxonomic | taxonomic hierarchy | taxonomic model | taxonomy | teaching | teaching in the mother tongue | teaching skills | technical language | technical translation | teeth | telegraphic speech | teleological | teleological explanation | telescoped | telescoping | telic | telic verb | telicity | tell | tempo | temporal | temporal adverb | temporal adverbial | temporal clause | temporal conjunction | temporal deixis | temporal discourse interpretation principle (TDIP) | temporality | temporalization | tend to | tendency | tenor | tense | tense | tense marker | tense vowel | tense-aspect | Tensed-S(entence) condition | tenseness | tensing | tension | tension | tentative | tentative | tentatively | tenuis | term | term | term of address | term of endearment | terminal | terminal element | terminal language | terminal node | terminal string | terminal symbol | termination | terminative | terminography | terminological | terminologist | terminology | terraced level | terraced-level language | territoriality | tertiary | tertiary stress | tessitura | test | tetraphthong | tetrasyllable | text | text act | text analysis | text grammar | text linguistics | text relation marker | textlinguistics | textology | textual | textual coherence | textual cohesion | textual competence | textual deixis | textual function | textual level | textual meaning | textual unit | textuality | textualization | texture | 'that'-trace effect | theatrical | theatrical entrance | thematic | thematic | thematic | thematic element | thematic fronting | thematic function | thematic inflection | thematic relation(s) | thematic role | thematic root | thematic structure | thematic subject | thematic verb | thematic vowel | thematization | theme | theme | theme | theorem | theoretical | theoritician | theorize | theory | theory of communication | theory of enunciative operations | theory of mental spaces | theory of observables | theory of semantic fields | 'there'-insertion | thesaurus | thesis | (theta) T-criterion | (theta) T-government | (theta) T-grid | theta theory | (theta) T-marking | (theta) T-position | (theta) T-role | thetic judgment | thinking | third actant | third argument | third person | third person plural | third person pronoun | third person singular | thirdness | thought | threshold | threshold of hearing | throat | throaty | thymic | tilde | timbre | time | time adverbial | time axis | time deixis | time reference | timeless | title | tmesis | token | token | token-reflexive | token-reflexivity | tonal | tonal absorption | tonal analysis | tonal contrast | tonal density | tonal inflection | tonal language | tonal modification | tonal pattern | tonal polarity | tonal stress | tonal system | tonality | tonality features | tone | tone contour | tone frame | tone language | tone level | tone lowering | tone polarity | tone space | tone spreading | tone spreading rule | tone terracing | tone-bearing unit (TBU) | tone(-)group | toneme | tonemic | tonemics | tonetic | tonetics | tone(-)unit | tongue | tongue | tongue blade | tongue body | tongue height | tongue root | tongue tip | tongue(-)position | tongue-slip | tonic | tonic syllable | tonic vowel | tonogenesis | tonology | top-down | top-down methodology | topic | topic | topic | topic marker | topical coherence | topical organization | topicalization | topicalized | toponomasiology | toponomastics | toponomatology | toponym | toponymy | total | total assimilation | total synonymy | totality | totalization | trace | trace theory | trachea | trade language | traditional grammar | trainee | training | training course | traitor | transaction | transactional | transactional interaction | transcendent | transcodification | transcribe | transcriber | transcription | transducer | transducer | transfer | transfer | transferend | transferred epithet | transferred meaning | transformation | transformational | transformational component | transformational cycle | transformational grammar | transformational history | transformational rule (T-rule) | transformational(-)generative grammar | transformationalist hypothesis | transient | transition | transition | transitional area | transitional sound | transition-relevance place | transitive | transitive adjective | transitive relations | transitive verb | transitivity | transitivization | transitory | translatability | translatable | translate | translation | translation into a foreign language | translation into the mother tongue | translative | translative | translative case | translatology | translator | transliteration | transmitter | transmutation | transparency | transparency | transparent | transparent context | transverse section | treatise | tree | tree | tree diagram | tree pruning | tree-pruning rule | trema | trial | triangular vowel system | tribal language | triconsonantal root | trigger | trigger | triglossia | trigraph | trilingual | trilingualism | triliteral | triliteral root | trill | trilled | trilled consonant | trilled 'r' | trimodal | trimodal structure | triphthong | triphthongization | triptote | trisyllabic | trisyllable | trivalent | trivalent verb | trochaic foot | trochee | trope | tropic | tropology | true | truism | truncate | truncated | truncation | truth | truth conditions | truth value | truth-conditional | truth-conditional semantics | truth-conditionality | truthfulness | truth-functional | truth-telling | turbulence | turbulent | Turing machine | turn | turn of phrase | turn-allocational unit | turn-constructional component | turning point | turn-taking | turn-taking system | two-place | two-place predicate | two-place verb | type | type | type of discourse | type of information | type of utterance | typological | typological adequacy | typological classification | typological relationship | typology | typology |

U | ultimate constituent (UC) | umlaut | umlaut | unaccented | unaccented syllable | unacceptability | unacceptable | unaccusative verb | unambiguous | unary | unary transformation | unaspirated | unaspirated stop | unbound anaphora | unchecked | unchecked vowel | uncommon | uncountable | uncountable noun | underdifferentiation | undergoer | underlying | underlying form | underlying representation | underlying structure | underlying subject | understanding | understatement | understood | unduly free translation | unexpected | unfolding | unfolding of the story | ungradable antonym | ungraded antonym | ungrammatical | ungrammatical sentence | ungrammaticality | ungrammaticalness | unidimensional | unidirectional dependency | unification | unification grammar | uniform | uniformity | uniformity condition | unilateral | unilateral | unilateral | unilateral consonant | unilingual | unilingual | uninflected | uninterruptability | uninterrupted | union | union language | unique constituent | uniqueness | unit | unit capable of bearing stress | unit noun | unit of information | universal | universal grammar | universal language | universal quantification | universal quantifier | universalism | universality | universals | universe of discourse | univocal | univocality | unmarked | unmarked case | unmarked order | unmotivated | unpredictable | unproductive | unreadability | unreleased plosive | unreleased (plosive only) | unrestricted universals | unrounded | unrounded vowel | unrounding | unstressed | unstressed syllable | untranslatability | untranslatable | unvoice | unvoiced | unwritten language | upper | upper articulators | upper lip | upper teeth | upper-case | upper-mid vowel | uptake | usage | usage | use | use | use of the auxiliary | use of the familiar pronoun | use of the familiar 'tu' | use of the formal 'vous' | use of the polite pronoun | used as an adjective | user | utter | utterance | utterance | utterance act | utterance pattern | utterance production | utterance-signal | utterance-token | utterance-type | uttereme | utterer | uvula | uvular | uvular | uvular consonant | uvular 'r' | uvularized |

V | vague | vagueness | valence | valency | validation | validation | value | value | value | value | value | value judgment | variability | variable | variable | variable | variable constraints | variable rule | variable stress | variable word | variant | variation | variation | variationist | variety | variphone | vary | vector | vehicle | velar | velar consonant | velar nasal | velar vowel | velaric | velaric air(-)stream mechanism | velarization | velarized | velarized 'l' | velarized sound | velic | velic closure | velum | verb | verb | verb actualizer | verb morphology | verb of action | verb of motion | verb of object control | verb of propositional attitude | verb of subject control | verb particle | verb phrase (VP) | verb second | verbal | verbal | verbal | verbal | verbal act | verbal adjective | verbal affix | verbal behavior | verbal clause | verbal communication | verbal deprivation theory | verbal exchange | verbal extension | verbal grammatical morpheme | verbal group | verbal inflectional affix | (verbal) inflectional class | verbal interaction | verbal lexical morpheme | verbal noun | verbal particle | verbal predicate | verbal repertoire | verbal sentence | verbal stem | verbal substitution | verbal suffix | verbal system | verbalizer | verbalizing affix | verbatim | verbid | verbigeration | verbless clause | verb-noun | verbose | verbosity | verb-second language | verdictive | veridiction | veridictory modality | verifiable | verification | verify | vernacular | vernacular | vernacular loyalty marker | vernacular variety | vernacularization | Verner's law | verse | verse | versification | version | vertical bar | vibrant | vibrate | vibration | viewpoint | villain | violate | virtual | virtuality | virtualization | virtueme | visibility | visibility condition | visible | visual | vitality | vocabulary | vocabulary item | vocal | vocal apparatus | vocal bands | vocal cords | vocal folds | vocal fry | vocal lips | vocal tract | vocalic | vocalic | vocalic alternation | vocalic localization | vocalicity | vocalism | vocalization | vocalization | vocalize | vocalized | vocative | vocative case | vocoid | voice | voice | voice | voice | voice | voice onset | voice onset time (VOT) | voice range | voiced | voiced consonant | voiceless | voiceless consonant | voiceless vowel | voicelessness | voiceprint | voicing | voicing | volition | volitional | volitional | volitive | volume | vowel | vowel | vowel diagram | vowel gradation | vowel harmony | vowel height | vowel length | vowel lengthening | vowel mutation | vowel point | vowel quadrangle | vowel quadrilateral | (vowel) quality | vowel reduction | vowel system | vowel triangle | vulgar |

W | wanna-contraction | wave | wave | wave perspective | wave theory | way of speaking | weak | weak adequacy | weak cross(-)over | weak declension | weak form | weak generative capacity | weak syllable | weak verb | weakening | weakly equivalent | weather verb | well-formed | well-formed sentence | well-formedness | well-formedness condition | Wernicke's aphasia | Wernicke's area | Wh-in-situ | wh-island | wh-island constraint | whisper | whisper | whispered | whispered vowel | whispering | whispery voice | whistle(d) speech | Wh-movement | wh-phrase | Wh-question | Wh-raising | wh-trace | wh-word | wide scope | widening | widening of meaning | windpipe | witness | word | word accent | word blindness | word boundary | word derived from an expression | word family | word juncture | word list | word play | word similarity | word stress | word(-)class | word-combination | word-final (position) | word(-)formation | word-formation rule | word-for-word | word-for-word | word-for-word translation | wordiness | word-initial (position) | word-level analysis | word(-)order | word-sound deafness | wordy | workchart | working hypothesis | workshop | world(-)view | worn-out metaphor | write | write | write up | writer | writing | writing | writing ability | writing system | written | written form | written language | written medium | written text |

X | X-bar syntax | X-bar theory |

Y | yes/no question | yield | yod |

Z | zero | zero affix | zero allomorph | zero anaphora | zero article | zero element | zero ending | zero form | zero grade | zero morph | zero morpheme | zero phoneme | zero sign | zero(-)derivation | zero-valent | zeugma | Zipf's law | zone | zoosemiotics |

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etymology

Sentence first

An Irishman's blog about the English language.

Swadesh list (W3)

Swadesh lists were originally devised by the linguist Morris Swadesh. In the 1940s to 1950s, Swadesh developed 100-word and 207-word lists of body parts, verbs, natural phenomena, and other words for comparative purposes. Swadesh proposed to use the words as a means of measuring the closeness of any pair of languages, a method he called lexicostatistics. This method has since been widely argued to be of little real scientific merit, giving results of no predictable reliability. He even proposed that they could be used to estimate the amount of time elapsed since any two related languages first began to diverge, proposing a technique called glottochronology. However, for most linguists this method is even more unreliable than lexicostatistics.

The Swadesh list is also a useful tool for learning languages, and can be used to rapidly achieve basic knowledge of other languages. This is because, for basic communication, knowledge of vocabulary is more important than knowledge of grammar and syntax. Sometimes it is even possible to achieve (very) basic communication skills with no knowledge of the target language syntax whatsoever.

To sort the table columns here (or for any other table in any HTML page), copy the javascript link from here (control-click the "sort table" link to copy the link) and once you have come back to this page, paste the javascript code you have copied into your URL window and run it. (The other table scripts there can also be used here.) Alternatively, instead of copying the link, you could drag it into your bookmarks toolbar, allowing the link to be accessible in the future from the toolbar. This sorting feature could be particularly useful if and when the categories of the Swadesh template and/or Basic English template are fleshed out.

Contents

• 1 Assorted Swadesh lists 1.1 Indo-European languages
• 1.2 Other Eurasian languages
• 1.3 Pacific Rim languages
• 1.4 Amerindian languages
• 1.5 African languages
• 1.6 Creoles, pidgins, and constructed languages
• 2 Lists in need of expansion
• 3 Templates
• 4 Swadesh list table of Germanic and Romance languages
• 5 External links

Swadesh lists

Afrikaans - Albanian - Antillean Creole - Arabic (standard) (p), Egyptian Arabic (p), Palestinian Arabic (p), Tunisian Arabic (t) - Armenian (t,p) - Aromanian - Bangala - Bashkir - Basque - Belarusian - Breton - Bulgarian (t) - Burmese (t,p) - Catalan - Chinese: Cantonese, Gan (p), Mandarin (t), Min Nan (Amoy), Old Chinese (p) - Croatian - Czech - Danish - Dutch - Egyptian (Middle) - Esperanto - Estonian - Finnish - French (p) - Frisian (West) - Friulian - Georgian (t,p) - German (p) - Greek (modern) (p), Greek (ancient) - Guaraní - Haida - Haitian Creole - Hausa - Hindi - Hittite - Hmong (White) - Hungarian - Icelandic - Indonesian - Irish - Istro-Romanian - Italian (p) - Japanese (t) - Kashubian - Khmer (p) - Korean (t) - Kurdish - Latvian - Lingala - Lithuanian - Luwian - Macedonian (t) - Malagasy - Malay - Maltese - Megleno-Romanian - Ossetian (p) - Polish (p) - Portuguese (p) - Proto-Indo-European - Purepecha - Quechua - Romani - Romanian - Russian - Sanskrit (t) - Scottish Gaelic - Serbian - Slovenian - Spanish (p) - Sranan - Swahili - Swedish - Tagalog - Tajik (t) - Tahitian - Thai (t) - Tocharian B - Turkish - Vietnamese - Walloon - Zulu
...

German Swadesh list

trigram (W3)

Glossary of Chinese Yijing terms

This is a glossary of Yijing technical terms that appear on this site, in alphabetical order of pinyin syllables, so xiantian comes before xiangshu. If you need a Chinese font, you can download one.

bachungua

'Eight pure hexagrams' - The eight hexagrams where upper and lower trigrams are the same (1, 2, 29, 30, 51, 52, 57, 58). Each heads a 'palace' of Jing Fang's Eight Palaces arrangement, so such hexagrams are also known as 'palace hexagrams' (GONGGUA).

bagong

'Eight Palaces' - The Eight Palaces arrangement of Jing Fang. Sometimes called 'Eight Houses', though this is less accurate.

bagua

'Eight trigrams'
...

trigram

n. - figure of three lines; inscription of three letters. trigrammatic, adj.

Flag description:

white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center; there is a different black trigram from the ancient I Ching (Book of Changes) in each corner of the white field; the Korean national flag is called Taegukki; white is a traditional Korean color and represents peace and purity; the blue section represents the negative cosmic forces of the yin, while the red symbolizes the opposite positive forces of the yang; each trigram (kwae) denotes one of the four universal elements, which together express the principle of movement and harmony

&X2630

Unicode Character 'TRIGRAM FOR HEAVEN' (U+2630)

• Order: Perciformes
• Family: Nototheniidae
• Species: Notothenia trigramma

Notothenia trigramma Regan, 1913

Falkland Islands (Malvinas) country information

Trigrammatic Anatomical Council: jaw

trigram

trigram

Yijing Mono-, Di- and Trigrams

• ☰ - Trigram Heaven (I Ging)
• ☱ - Trigram Lake (I Ging)
• ☲ - Trigram Fire (I Ging)
• ☳ - Trigram Thunder (I Ging)
• ☴ - Trigram Wind (I Ging)
• ☵ - Trigram Water (I Ging)
• ☶ - Trigram Mountain (I Ging)
• ☷ - Trigram Earth (I Ging)

ALPHABETICALLY-CONSECUTIVE LETTERS

1. Each of these words has a trigram of alphabetically-consecutive letters:

• ABCHAS (= Abhika) one of the older of the Upper Creek towns, near upper Coosa R., Alabama
• ILDEFONSO (San Ildefonso de Cieneguita) a mission of Sonora, Mexico
• TSEGHI (=Chelly ‘among the cliffs’) canyon with cave dwellings on the Navaho reserve N.E. Arizona
• HIJAMES (= Sijames) a former tribe of Coahuila, N.E. Mexico
• NOPAS (= Unharik) a Karok village on the Klamath R., California
• OPQUIVE (= Walpi, ‘place of the notch’) one of the 6 villages of the Hopi in Arizona
• STUIK a Bellacoola village on Bellacoola R., British Colombia
• TUVAK a Tahagmiut Eskimo village on the north coast of Labrador

2. Each of these words has a trigram of alphabetically-consecutive letters in reverse:

• REDCAPS = Opegoi, the Yurok name of the Karok village opposite the mouth of Redcap
• ...
3. alternate letters are alphabetically-consecutive: ...
4. alphabetically-consecutive letters anywhere in word in any order: ...
...
BIGRAMS, TRIGRAMS, TETRAGRAMS and OCTOGRAMS
...
TRIGRAMS \Oregon
Each of these words has a trigram which occurs 3 times:
• KOU KOUAKOUIKOUESIOUEK (= Wakouingouechiwek) an Algonquin tribe living on a river S. of Hudson bay, Quebec
• KLA KLANOHKLATKLAM (= Kalispel) a Salish tribe around Salish lake and river in N. Idaho and N.E Washington
• CHI CHIPPANCHICKCHICK a tribe, either Chinookan or Shahaptian, on Colombia R. in Klickitat co., Washington
• OUE OUEPERIGOUEIAOUEK (= Weperigweia) an Algonquin tribe living N. of St. Lawrence R., below Tadoussac, Quebec
• OUN OUNOUNTCHATAROUNONGAK (= Ononchataronon) an Algonquin tribe that occupied the district near Montreal, Canada, and wintered near the Hurons
...

trigram

trigrammatic

trigrammic

trigrams

Uni Erfurt
ASSIDUE
Arbeitspapiere des Seminars für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Erfurt
Skopeteas, Stavros
Texts and communicative practices
An encoding scheme

Publikationen: ASSidUE - Arbeitspapiere des Seminars für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Erfurt

ABSTRACT
The principle that linguistic activity can only be understood in relation to the surrounding communicative events goes back to the Prague school linguistics and it is taken as evident in most functional studies on language for the last decades. In this respect there is a need for language documentation to deal not only with the archiving of texts but also with the description of their context, i.e. the communicative events and cultural environments, within which they are produced. This paper offers an encoding scheme for this purpose in form of attribute-value matrices.

• 1. Preliminaries
• 2. Domains
• 3. Properties
• 3.1. Linguistic practice
• 3.2. Community
• 3.3. Knowledge
• 4. Levels
• 4.1. Instances
• 4.2. Generic types
• 4.3. Specific types
• 5. Complex units
• 6. Relations
• 7. Conclusion
• 8. References

Uni Erfurt
Lindenlaub, Juliane
Text typology - A compilation of parameters

Publikationen: ASSidUE - Arbeitspapiere des Seminars für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Erfurt

Contents

• 1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................4
• 2. Parameters for text typology .....................................................................................4
• 2.1. Situation dependent parameters.........................................................................4
• 2.1.1. Participants ................................................................................................4
• 2.1.1.1. Roles..................................................................................................5
• 2.1.1.2. Characteristics ...................................................................................6
• 2.1.2. Content ......................................................................................................7
• 2.1.3. Intention.....................................................................................................8
• 2.1.4. Temporal circumstances............................................................................9
• 2.1.5. Situation.....................................................................................................9
• 2.1.6. Channel....................................................................................................11
• 2.2. Linguistic structure dependent parameters......................................................13
• 2.2.1. Way of Speaking .....................................................................................13
• 2.2.2. Formal features........................................................................................13
• 2.3. Text source, text state and text history............................................................14
• 3. The parameters and their relationships....................................................................14
• 4. References ...............................................................................................................25

...

Uni Essen
Einstieg in die Linguistik (englisch)

Information | Information on current courses (WS 2007/8) | Presentation template for students | Student presentations from current term | Next term: SS 2008 | Further websites by author | Search this website for text | Ringvorlesung presentation | Examinations and essays | Possible exam topics | Literature for exams and essays | Introduction | Language in perspective | Introduction as PDF file | Levels of language | Levels chart | Phonetics, phonology | Material on Phonetics | Alphabets | Morphology | Lexicology | Syntax | Semantics | Pragmatics | Language Levels as PDF file | Summary and Dictionary | Summary as PDF file | Dictionary as PDF file | Areas and applications | Sociolinguistics | Anthropological linguistics | Language and gender | Corpus linguistics | Text linguistics | Language acquisition | Language and the brain | History of linguistics | Language change | Language typology | Linguistic theory | History of English | Varieties of English | Pidgins and Creoles | Areas as PDF file | Varieties as PDF file | History of Linguistics as PDF file | Language Families as PDF file | Language Change | Language Change as PDF file | Timelines | Indo-European | History of Linguistics | History of English | Varieties of English | Terms and people | Glossary | Gallery | Help for students | Oral presentations | Term essays | Essay template | Guide to phonetics | Free downloads | Get linguistic texts | Get the phonetic font | Technical help | Listening to sound files | | Google | Links | Linguist list | LINSE server (Essen)

Uni Laval
L'aménagement linguistique dans Royaume-Uni
Langues dans Royaume-Uni

(anglais)

Uni Laval
L'aménagement linguistique dans Angleterre
Langues dans Angleterre

(anglais)

Uni Laval
L'aménagement linguistique dans Écosse
Langues dans Écosse

(anglais) = R.-U.

Uni Laval
L'aménagement linguistique dans Irlande du Nord
Langues dans Irlande du Nord

(anglais) = R.-U.

Uni Laval
L'aménagement linguistique dans Pays de Galles
Langues dans Pays de Galles

(anglais-gallois) = R.-U.

Uni Laval
L'aménagement linguistique dans Territoire britannique de l'Antarctique
Langues dans Territoire britannique de l'Antarctique

(anglais)

Histoire de la langue anglaise

• Section 1: Les origines de l'anglais : jusqu'à 700
• Section 2: La période du Old English (vieil anglais ou anglo-saxon): de 700 ~ 1100
• Section 3: La période du Middle English (moyen anglais): de 1100 ~ 1500
• Section 4: La période du Modern English (anglais moderne): de 1500 ~ aujourd'hui
• Section 5: Bibliographie

unigram (W3)

...
An n-gram of size 1 is referred to as a "unigram"; size 2 is a "bigram" (or, less commonly, a "digram"); size 3 is a "trigram". Larger sizes are sometimes referred to by the value of n, e.g., "four-gram", "five-gram", and so on.
...

"unigram": (linguistics) An n-gram consisting of a single item from a sequence.

usingenglish
Etymology and History
Links

• Online Etymology Dictionary: Excellent online dictionary of etymologies which covers an extensive range or words and phrases.
• Ancient Scripts: The aim of Ancient Scripts is to give an introduction to writing systems, which hopefully will tantalize the reader into searching for more information on the web or in books and publications.
• Behind the Name: The etymology and history of First Names.
• De Proverbio: Electronic Journal of International Proverb Studies. Proverbs, Quotations, Sayings, Wellerisms.
• Ethnologue, Languages of the World: ethnologue.com, languages of the world. A searchable database of language resources.
• Etymologic- The Hardest Word Game on the Web: In this game you'll be presented with 10 randomly selected word origin or word definition puzzles to solve; in each case the word or phrase is highlighted in bold, and a number of possible answers will be presented. You need to choose the correct answer to score a point for that question. Beware: the false answers will often also seem quite plausible, and some of the true answers are hard to believe, but we have documentation.
• Etymological Dictionary of Classical Mythology: An etymological dictionary focusing on those modern English words whose origins reach far back into Ancient Greek and Roman mythology.
• Fun-With-Words Etymology: word origins, books: Reviews of lots of books on etymology. Funny and amusing origins of selected words, phrases, expressions, and sayings.
• Funwords!: Fun with words and etymology from Martha Barnette, author of Ladyfingers & Nun's Tummies, and other books on word origins. Includes archive of fascinating stories behind some familiar words, and some other odd words as well. Check out the Wacky Word of the Week!
• History of the English Language: This site includes a list of links to on-line, worldwide resources for the study of the English language and its history. (Many of these links were discovered by others too numerous to list here! Thanks.) As well, my students are contributing to an anthology of historical texts representing different genres of English, and an encyclopedia on the cultural history of English.
• Luciferous Logolepsy- Dragging obscure words into the light of day: Luciferous Logolepsy is a collection of over 9,000 obscure English words. Though the definition of an "English" word might seem to be straightforward, it is not. There exist so many adopted, derivative, archaic or abandoned words in what we loosely define as the "English Language", that a clear-cut definition seems impossible. For the purposes of this project though, words are included that may stretch any basic definitions.
• MooT - the Grammar and Etymology game: Play Moot online -- the game that tests your knowledge of grammar, etymology, and semantics.
• Old English at the University of Virginia: This site contains resources for students of Old English at the University of Virginia and elsewhere, including texts and exercises, information about Introduction to Old English, the new textbook by the creator of this web site (with a link to the free on-line version), and links to a selection of on-line resources. Students everywhere are invited to make free use of these pages.
• Old English Fonts: Junicode (short for Junius-Unicode) is a Unicode font for medievalists.
• Phrontistery: English obscure words and etymology resources: online dictionary of weird and unusual words, word lists, technical vocabulary aids, lipograms, and word related essays
• Proverbs and sayings: Proverbs and sayings English, huge searchable database with over 4000 proverbs. You can also find there sympathy sayings, new baby sayings and old proverbs.
• Silva Rhetoricae: This online rhetoric, provided by Dr. Gideon Burton of Brigham Young University, is a guide to the terms of classical and renaissance rhetoric. Sometimes it is difficult to see the forest (the big picture) of rhetoric because of the trees (the hundreds of Greek and Latin terms naming figures of speech, etc.) within rhetoric.
• Society for Mediaeval Languages and Linguistics: The Society for Mediaeval Languages and Linguistics was formed in 1998 to promote the linguistic study of languages known to have been written or spoken during the period AD 450-1450, and to provide a forum for those with an interest in and working in this field. Membership is and should be diverse, encompassing mediaevalists and linguists alike, and is open to people working on any linguistic aspect of mediaeval languages.
• The English Language - A Brief History: A brief history of the English language including the origin of words, borrowed words and language families.
• The Evolution of Present-Day English: Articles charting the history and evolution of the English language, sorted by period and by topic.
• The History of English Phonemes: This Website is designed to help students of the English language trace the development of the phonemes of English from the Old English period into Present-Day English.
• The Viking Liguistic Heritage in England: A look at the Viking influence on the English language.
• Think! Baby Names: Baby names resource on the etymology and popularity of first names.
• Victorian Slang: 19th Century British Slang - Lower Class and Underworld This is vocabulary that only lower (mostly much lower) class characters would comprehend, let alone use.
• Word origin, etymology & word history quizes: Do your interests include etymology, word and phrase origins or word and phrase history? Then the Lingua Trivia weekly word and phrase origins quiz is the place for you
• Ye Olde English Sayings: A quick, fun-to-read collection of the origins of terms and some of the sayings even go back to ancient times.

vimeo
Etymology videos

• Colloque Etymologie et traduction CIRHill
• Cocotiers, l'arbre de vie medium def
• Etymologie 6ème
• Geister
• Trailer zum Film "Was ist eine Person? Betrachtungen im Lichte moderner Reproduktionsmedizin und Biotechnologie"

• "Sacred Name" Teachers Debunked - Donations to Chris White: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=CB4376B8LXS72 This is a refutation of the "Sacred Name" theories or divine name. Topics Discussed: Baal The Name or Shem of God The Tetragrameton Is Jesus connected to Zeus? Is deus or dios connect to Zeus? How […] - Chris White
• Profiles of Suc-cess. - suc·cess * Pronunciation: \s?k-'ses\ * Function: noun * Etymology: Latin successus, from succedere * Date: 1537 1 obsolete : outcome, result 2 a : degree or measure of succeeding b : favorable or desired outcome; also : the attainment of wealth, favor, or eminence 3 : one that […] - Bean Summer / / Ben Worley
• Abstract Notions (Stupid Git Segment) - Flawed Frame of Reference, False Sense of Entitlement, this is stupid, I am stupid, you are stupid------ STUPID Function: adjective Etymology: Middle French stupide, from Latin stupidus, from stupere to be numb, be astonished 1 a : slow of mind : obtuse b : given to unintelligent decisions or acts : […] - Ralph Nature
• Agianst My Killer S/S'11_Anarchist Denim - L’anarchie, c’est l’ordre sans le pouvoir” Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Les Confessions d’un révolutionnaire pour servir à l’histoire de la Révolution de Février “Anarchy is order without power“ The Against My Killer S/S 2011 collection is based on the idea of Anarchy. The designer chooses to use the concept […] - Leonardo Del Paggio
• Alla Bua (written also ???a ß?a in ancient Greek) was a verbal form used by elder people of the South Salento (in South Italy) in most work or love songs. The word was repeated insistently, as if it were a mantra, and this constituted a kind of drone supporting the main voice. The etymological meaning […] - Kostas Petsas
• An Etymology of Communitas - A Prezi/Camtasia presentation of Roberto Esposito's etymology of the latin word for community, communitas. - Jared
• Andras Ostrom Reel - Andras Ostrom Director/Editor/DP andrasostrom@verizon.net andrasostrom.com Featured Videos: The Cyclist The Chase I Dream Things The Party Fantastic Mr. Fox promo Hamlet Eldorado 2am The Zoo Story Etymology Cinematography Project 3 Portrait of a Hobo Alley Cats On the Road Again - Andras Ostrom
• Atomic 5.1 - performance (Le Fresnoy) - “Strobos” means whirlwind in ancient Greek and scope and comes from “skopeïn”, which means to observe. The 5 stroboscopic lamps (Martin Atomic 3000’s) used in the performance are placed in a circular formation making reference to this etymology. By placing the lights at different angles, but aiming at […] - ula sickle
• Barbari siamo noi, performance. 11/11/2010 - Barbari siamo noi (Barbarian are us) evokes a consideration about the urgent need to decolonize our imagination and leave the big words written in capital letters that influence our cognition and interpretation of reality. The ethnocentric attitude to see the world in according with the parameters of […] - conceptinprogress
• Bee Wiggle - Eleanor Jaekel
• BEST METAL RIFFS - The best riffs in metal of all time! In music, a riff is an ostinato figure: a repeated chord progression, pattern, refrain or melodic figure, often played by the rhythm section instruments or solo instrument, that forms the basis or accompaniment of a musical composition. Though they are most often […] - Bob Johnson
• Bishop P.J Lawrence : A Passion for the Lost - The Right Revd Dr P.J. Lawrence serves in the Diocese of Nandyal in the Church of South India. http://www.dioceseofnandyal.org/ He preached at Christ Church, Virginia Water last Sunday in the lead up to our Passion for Life mission. His message focussed on having a passion for the lost. The etymological […] - Stephen Sizer
• ...

Vimeo
...

...
Namensherkunft

Der Name "Vimeo" stammt von Mitgründer Jakob Lodwick und ist ein Anagramm des englischen Wortes "movie" (deutsch: "Film"). Der Name spielt außerdem mit den Worten "Video", und "me" (deutsch: "ich") und betont somit noch einmal den Bezug zwischen den Filmen und ihren Eigentümern.
...

wikipedia
Linguistics

Linguistics is the scientific study of natural language.[1][2] Traditionally one of the fields of anthropology,[3] it is now usually treated as an independent academic discipline. Linguistics encompasses a number of sub-fields. An important topical division is between the study of language structure (grammar) and the study of meaning (semantics). Grammar encompasses morphology (the formation and composition of words), syntax (the rules that determine how words combine into phrases and sentences) and phonology (the study of sound systems and abstract sound units). Phonetics is a related branch of linguistics concerned with the actual properties of speech sounds (phones), non-speech sounds, and how they are produced and perceived. Someone who engages in linguistics is called a linguist.
...

wikipedia
Lists of etymologies

• General
• uk-inform List of computer term etymologies
• uk-musik_ List of band name etymologies
• uk-fremdw Lists of English words of international origin
• Non-loanwords
• eu-unterg proto-Indo-European
• eu-unterg Proto-Germanic
• uk-unterg Anglo-Saxon
• How words have been loaned from various languages to (many) other languages:
• au-ismen_ Australian Aboriginal
• @f-ismen_ - African
• @m-ismen_ - Algonquian
• sa-ismen_ - Arabic
• bd-ismen_ - Bengali
• cz-ismen_ - Czech
• nl-ismen_ - Dutch
• it-ismen_ - Etruscan
• fr-ismen_ - French
• de-ismen_ - German
• gr-ismen_ - Greek
• us-__hi__ - Hawaiian
• il-ismen_ - Hebrew
• in-ismen_ - Hindi
• hu-ismen_ - Hungarian
• ie-ismen_ - Irish
• it-ismen_ - Italian
• jp-ismen_ - Japanese
• kr-ismen_ - Korean
• va-ismen_ - Latin
• in-ismen_ - Malayalam
• nz-ismen_ - Maori
• @m-ismen_ - Nahuatl
• no-ismen_ - Norwegian
• no-ismen_ - Old Norse
• ir-ismen_ - Persian
• pl-ismen_ - Polish
• pt-ismen_ - Portuguese
• in-ismen_ - Punjabi
• ru-ismen_ - Russian
• in-ismen_ - Sanskrit
• uk-__sc__ - Scots
• uk-__sc__ -ismen_ - Scottish Gaelic
• es-ismen_ - Spanish
• se-ismen_ - Swedish
• in-ismen_ - Tamil
• tr-ismen_ - Turkic
• in-ismen_ - Urdu
• il-ismen_ - Yiddish
• Lists of foreign words with English derivatives
• gr-ismen_ - Greek
• va-ismen_ - Latin
• uk-medizi - See: Medical terminology
• es-fremdw - Spanish word origins
• African - Americas - Arabic - Austronesian - Basque/Iberian - Celtic - Chinese - Etruscan - French - Germanic - Greek - Indo-Aryan - Iranian - Italic - Latin - Semitic - Turkic - uncertain - various -
• Toponymy or placename etymology
• uk-orte__ - Main article: Toponyms
• uk-orte__ - British
• uk-___reg - UK counties
• de-orte__ - German
• in-______ - India
• ie-orte__ - Irish
• ru-___reg - * Romanian counties
• uk-person - Eponyms (Names derived from people)
• uk-person - Main article: Eponyms
• uk-astron - Astronomical objects named after people
• uk-comics - Cartoon characters named after people
• uk-medizi - Diseases named after people
• uk-essen_ - Foods named after people
• uk-medizi - Human anatomical parts named after people
• uk-philos - Ideologies named after people
• uk-techni - Inventions named after people
• uk-minera - Minerals named after people
• uk-awards - Prizes named after people
• uk-messen - Scientific constants named after people
• uk-wissen - Scientific laws named after people
• uk-wissen - Scientific phenomena named after people
• uk-messen - Scientific units named after people
• uk-lernen - Universities and colleges named after people

WJMLL (W3)

ISSUE 4-5 (1999-2000)
CONTENTS

ARTICLES

• Verb valency - an attempt at conceptual clarification. (Abstract) (Klaus Fischer, London Guildhall University)
• The representation of compounds and phrases in the mental lexicon: evidence from Chinese (Abstract) (Yi-ching Su, University of Maryland)
• Hedging your bets - the use of yo in face-to-face interaction (Abstract) (Miranda Stewart, Strathclyde University)
• Answering back in Old High German (Abstract) (John Flood, University of London)
• The Expression of Passive Sense in Non-Finite Forms in English and German (Abstract) (John Partridge, University of Kent)

CURRENT PROJECTS

• The relevance of corpora to German studies. (Abstract) (Bill Dodd, University of Birmingham)

REVIEWS

• Lamy, Marie-Noëlle: The Cambridge French-English Thesaurus) (Nigel Armstrong, University of Newcastle upon Tyne)
• Duffy, Jean: Using French Vocabulary (Nigel Armstrong, University of Newcastle upon Tyne)
• Radford, Andrew, Martin Atkinson, David Britain, Harald Clahsen and Andrew Spencer: Linguistics: An Introduction (Helen Wright, St Edward's School, Oxford)
• L'Huillier, Monique: Advanced French Grammar (Jean-Marc Dewaele & Penny Sewell, Birkbeck College, University of London)
• Fischer, Klaus: German-English Verb Valency. A Contrastive Analysis (Jonathan West, University of Newcastle upon Tyne)
• Lalaire, Louis: La variation modale dans les subordonnées à temps fini du français moderne : approche syntaxique. (Richard Wakely, University of Edinburgh)
• Broderick, George: Language death in the Isle of Man: an investigation into the decline and extinction of Manx Gaelic as a community language in the Isle of Man. (Michelle Heanue, NUI, University College Dublin)
• Braidi, Susan M.The Acquisition of Second Language Syntax. (Sharon Unsworth, University of Durham)
• Jones, William Jervis: German Lexicography in the European Context. A descriptive bibliography of printed dictionaries and word lists containing German language (1600-1700). (Jonathan West, University of Newcastle)
• Jeffrey, Charlie and Ruth Whittle: Germany Today. A Student's Dictionary. (Jonathan West, University of Newcastle)
• Green, D. H.: Language and history in the early Germanic world. (Nicola McLelland, University of Dublin, Trinity College)

ISSUE 3
CONTENTS

ARTICLES

• Language and survival: language policy and use in the Lodz ghetto 1940-1944 (Abstract) (William Bostock, University of Tasmania)
• Scalar categorization (Abstract) (Grazia Crocco Galèas, University of Pavia)

REVIEWS

• Roelcke, Thorsten: Sprachtypologie des Deutschen. Historische, regionale und funktionale Variation. (Nils Langer, University of Newcastle upon Tyne)
• McEnery, Tony, and Andrew Wilson: Corpus Linguistics. (Zoë Boughton, University of Newcastle upon Tyne)
• Roelcke, Thorsten: Periodisierung der deutschen Sprachgeschichte. Analysen und Tabellen. (Nils Langer, University of Newcastle upon Tyne)
• Johnson, Sally: Exploring the German Language. (Jonathan West, University of Newcastle upon Tyne)
• Ungerer, Friedrich and Hans-Jörg Schmid: An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics. (Jyh Wee Sew, University of Otago)
• Hudson, Richard: Sociolinguistics (Second Edition). (Nigel Armstrong, University of Newcastle upon Tyne)
• Black, James R. and Virginia Motapanyane (eds): Microparametric Syntac and Dialect Variation (Susann Fischer, University of Potsdam)
• Manno, Giuseppe: Le français non-conventionnel en Suisse romande. (Alan Smith, University of Newcastle upon Tyne)
• Price, Glanville (ed.): Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe. (Nigel Armstrong, University of Newcastle upon Tyne)
• Trudgill, Peter and Jenny Cheshire (eds): The Sociolinguistics Reader. Volume 1: Multilingualism and Variation. Volume 2: Gender and Discourse. (Aidan Coveney, University of Exeter)
• Chambers, J. K. and Trudgill, Peter: Dialectology (second edition) (Nigel Armstrong, University of Newcastle upon Tyne)

ISSUE 2
CONTENTS

ARTICLES

• Verb-Noun Combinations in Machine Translation (Bill Niven, University of Aberdeen)
• The Pragmatics of Slang (Anthony Lodge, University of St Andrews)
• Towards a unified account of adjectival agreement in French (Jane Shelton, University of Newcastle upon Tyne)
• Unstressed a and ai in the Gothic Class III Weak Verbs (Julian Skinner, University of Newcastle upon Tyne)

REVIEWS

• Coveney, Aidan: Variability in Spoken French. A Sociolinguistic Study of Interrogation and Negation. (Nigel Armstrong, University of Newcastle upon Tyne)
• Biber, Douglas, 1995: Dimensions of Register Variation. A Cross-Linguistic Comparison. (Nigel Armstrong, University of Newcastle upon Tyne)
• Wittven, Andreas: Infotainment. Fernsehnachrichten zwischen Information und Unterhaltung. (Hugh Dauncey, University of Newcastle upon Tyne)
• Hawkins, Eric (ed.): 30 years of language teaching. (Hugh Dauncey, University of Newcastle upon Tyne)
• Laver, John: The Gift of Speech. (Patrick Honeybone, University of Newcastle upon Tyne)
• Barnbrook, Geoff: Language and Computers: A Practical Introduction to the Computer Analysis of Language. (Francis Jones, University of Newcastle upon Tyne)
• Anagnostopoulou, Elena, Henk van Riemsdijk, and Frans Zwarts (eds): Materials on Left Dislocation. Nils Langer, University of Newcastle upon Tyne)
• Johnson, Sally A.: Gender, group identity and variation in the Berlin vernacular: a sociolinguistic study. (Jim Milroy, University of Michigan)
• Lavatori, Gerard Ponziano: Language and Money in Rabelais. (Ian Morrison, University of Newcastle upon Tyne)
• Gutknecht, Christoph and Lutz J. Rölle: Translating by Factors. (Bill Niven, University of Aberdeen)
• Yule, George: The Study of Language. (Alan Smith, University of Newcastle upon Tyne)
• Pfeffer, J. Alan and Garland Cannon: German Loanwords in English. An historical dictionary. (Jonathan West, University of Newcastle upon Tyne)
• Beaton, K. B.: A Practical Dictionary of German Usage. (Jonathan West, University of Newcastle upon Tyne)
• Nerbonne, John, Klaus Netter, and Carl Pollard (eds): German in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar. (Jonathan West, University of Newcastle upon Tyne)

ISSUE 1
CONTENTS

ARTICLES

• Attitudes to the use of English in Swiss German advertising language. (Felicity Rash, University of London)
• Das Frauenbild in der Werbung und Werbesprache: Attribuierungen zur potentiellen Konsumentin. (Anke Hübner, University of Nottingham)
• Rauhe Männer - Zarte Frauen. Linguistic and Stylistic Aspects of Gender Stereotyping in German Advertising Texts 1949-1959. (Felicity Rash, University of London)

REVIEWS

• Beedham, Christopher: German Linguistics. An Introduction. (Carol Chapman, University of Newcastle)

Word Family (W3)

2. Most Unnecessary: the entire "Monica Lewinsky" word family, 28 votes. This includes "Big She" as a synonym for "M.L.", and the verb "Lewinsky", "to engage in what might be sexual relations". Others: "phone family" (19), "group of people with the same phone number in different area codes"; Big She (7).

"word family": 17 results

Sanchez 2008 Consociation and dissociation. An empirical study of word family integration in English and German

Titel: Consociation and dissociation. An empirical study of word family integration in English and German
Personen: Sanchez, Christina
Jahr: 2008
Typ: Monographie
Verlag: Narr
Ortsangabe: Tübingen
Reihe: Language in performance
Band: 37
Untersuchte Sprachen: Deutsch - Englisch
Schlagwörter: Etymologie, Wort

Abstract:

Since the middle of the twentieth century it has been widely believed that English words are less integrated into word families than German words. Ernst Leisi attributed this so-called dissociation to the large proportion of Romance words that have entered the originally Germanic English language in the course of its history. Even though fairly common, these hypotheses have not yet been tested empirically. This book thus presents a long-due study which subjects the 2,500 most frequent English and German lemmas to various analyses. For instance, they are analysed into constituents to which they are both formally and semantically related. In addition, morphosemantically related complex words containing the English and German list items are sought for. The approach adopted here, which considers a variety of variables such as formal differences and semantic obstacles, allows for a highly differentiated answer to the question whether the English vocabulary is dissociated or not. The last part of the book discusses the relevance of the study's surprising results with respect to the mental lexicon as well as language learning and teaching.

...
Is there a specific term for words that share the same root? Words like education, educating, and uneducated? A friend asked me and I can't seem to find one.
...
Groups of words that all share the same root are called "word families".

A bunch of people suggested the word "cognates", which gets a little more complicated. Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary defines "word family" as "a group of cognate words especially within a single language".

What Is a "Cognate"?

The most simple definition of "cognates" is "words that share the same etymology", and the words in a "word family" do share the same etymology, but when you start reading about "cognates", you find that when people actually use the word, they’re almost always talking about "words from different languages that share the same etymology".

Examples of "Cognates"

The English word "night" and the German word "Nacht" are cognates because they have the same origin if you go all the way back to the very early language called Proto-Indo-European. Other examples are the English word "father" and the French word "pere" and the English word "history" and the Spanish word "historia". The existence of cognates makes some languages easier to learn than others. You have a head start if you’re learning a language that has a lot of cognates with your own language because you can start by learning the similar words.

"Grammar" and "Glamour" Are Cognates

When people talk about cognates within English, instead of talking about word families, they seem to talk about words that are different now but originally had the same origin, such as "grammar" and "glamour". Yup, "grammar" and "glamour" come from the same origin. In medieval times, "grammar" was a type of learning or scholarship and was especially associated with "magic" and "spells", and you’ve probably heard the word "glamour" used to describe a type of "magic" or "spell". You might hear that a vampire "glamoured" someone, for example. "Glamour" comes from the word "grammar"; the Oxford English Dictionary calls it "a corrupt form of grammar", So "glamour" and "grammar" have the same origin, making them cognates, but over time, the two spellings and meanings diverged, and sadly, "grammar" is no longer widely viewed as magical.

"Cognates" Versus "Word Families"

"Cognates" are really interesting, but after doing some research, I feel comfortable saying your quick and dirty tip is that "word family" is the best term to describe words in the same language that have the same root like "education", "educating", and "uneducated".

Where does the word "family" come from?

The word "family" first referred to the servants of a household and then to both the servants and the descendants of a common ancestor. It comes from the Latin word "familia", meaning "household", "household servants", which came from another Latin term "famulus", or "servant". It was not until 1667 that the term was used specifically for the group of persons consisting of parents and their children.

The word "daughter" is a very old English word, first recorded c. 1000 as "dohtor". It descends from Old English and is related to words in many other Indo-European languages, such as Greek "thugater". The modern spelling "daughter" was first used in a 16th century Bible and was popularized by Shakespeare.

The word "son" is quite a bit older, found in Beowulf in 645. It also descends from Old English and is related to words in many other Indo-European languages, such as Greek "huios".

"Mother" is one of the surviving words from Anglo-Saxon (starting as "modor"), which are among the most fundamental words in English. "Mother" has many cognates in other languages, including Old High German "muoter", Dutch "moeder", Old Norse "mothir", Latin "mater", Greek "meter", and Sanskrit "mat". These words share an Indo-European root. "Mother" is one of the Anglo-Saxon nouns that has an Anglo-Saxon adjective as well as a Latinate adjective - "motherly" and "maternal" - and "motherly" also came from Old English ("modorlic"). "Mom", a shortened form of "momma", was recorded in 1894; "momma" was first used in 1884. Both are chiefly North American uses. "Mamma" and "mama", created by children reduplicating an instinctive sound, are much earlier terms, showing up in the 1500s. In between came "mommy" (also North American in usage) in 1848, which was a variant of "mammy" (also 1500s).

"Father" is derived from Latin "pater" and has cognates in many other languages; the word entered Old English as "feder" and "foeder" (among others).

Word Families

Laurie Bauer and Paul Nation, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand

Abstract

The idea of a "word family" is important for a systematic approach to vocabulary teaching and for deciding the vocabulary load of texts. Inclusion of a related form of a word within a word family depends on criteria involving frequency, regularity, productivity and predictability. These criteria are applied to English affixes so that the inflectional affixes and the most useful derivational affixes are arranged into a graded set of seven levels. This set of levels and others like it have value in guiding teaching and learning, in standardising vocabulary load and vocabulary size research, in investigating lexical development and lexical storage, and in guiding dictionary making.
...

wordorigins.org
Etymological Sources & Links

General Dictionaries - These are general, all-purpose dictionaries that contain excellent etymological information.

• American Heritage Dictionary
• Dictionary of Americanisms (Mathews)
• Macquarie Dictionary
• OneLook Dictionary
• Webster's Third New International Dictionary

Specialty Dictionaries - These are dictionaries specializing in particular aspects of the English language and etymology.

• Brave New Words
• Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase & Fable
• Chambers Dictionary of Etymology
• Colonial American English
• Dictionary of 1913 Baseball
• Dictionary of Canadian Place Names
• Dictionary of Catch Phrases
• Dictionary of English Place-Names
• Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English
• Dictionary of Smoky Mountain English
• Dictionary of South African English
• Dictionary of the Scots Language
• Etymological Dictionary of Scottish-Gaelic
• F Word, The
• Fantabulosa
• Fifty Years Among The New Words
• Hatchet Jobs and Hardball
• Historical Dictionary of American Slang
• How Not To Say What You Mean
• Illustrated Dictionary of Place Names
• Jargon Dictionary
• Middle English Dictionary
• New Dickson Baseball Dictionary
• New Dictionary of American Slang
• New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English
• New Words (Hargraves)
• Official Dictionary of Unofficial English
• Oxford Dictionary of British Place Names
• Oxford Dictionary of Catchphrases
• Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation
• Oxford Dictionary of Slang
• Oxford Dictionary of Word Histories
• Place-Names of the World (Room)
• Polari--The Lost Language of Gay Men
• Safire's New Political Dictionary
• Scots Dialect Dictionary
• Slang (Dickson)
• Trade Name Origins
• Underground Dictionary
• War Slang
• Word Parts Dictionary
• Wordspy

Out-of-Date Sources - These sources are dated and don't reflect current scholarship, but they can often provide useful or historical insight into the development of the English language.

• American Dialect Dictionary (Wentworth)
• American Dictionary of the English Language
• American Language, The
• American Thesaurus of Slang
• Bailey's Canting Dictionary
• Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue
• Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language
• Dictionary of American Slang
• Dictionary of Americanisms (Bartlett, 1848)
• Dictionary of Forces Slang
• Dictionary of the English Language (Johnson)
• Dictionary of Word & Phrase Origins (Morris)
• Etymological Dictionary of Modern English
• Hobson-Jobson
• Hog On Ice & Other Books By C.E. Funk
• Lexicon Balatronicum
• Modern English Usage
• Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
• Phrase & Word Origins (Holt)
• Safire's Political Dictionary
• Samuel Johnson's Dictionary
• Slang and Its Analogues
• Unusual Words (Radford)
• Word Origins (Hunt)
• Word origins and their romantic stories

General Language References - These works do not specialize in etymology, although they often contain useful etymological information.

• America In So Many Words
• American Speech
• Anatomy of Swearing
• Australian Language, The
• Australian Slanguage
• Black Talk
• Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language
• Concise Columbia Dictionary of Quotations
• Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language
• Defining The World
• Dialects of England
• Dictionary of Languages (Dalby)
• Early American Proverbs
• Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe
• Familiar Quotations
• Fanboys And Overdogs
• Forbidden Words
• Handbook of the International Phonetic Association
• How Language Works (Crystal)
• How We Talk: American Regional English Today
• Language Report, The
• Larpers And Shroomers
• Lover's Tongue
• Meaning of Everything
• Mighty Fine Words and Smashing Expressions
• Modern Proverbs & Proverbial Sayings
• Nice Guys Finish Seventh
• Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes
• Oxford Dictionary of Political Quotations
• Oxford Guide to World English
• Predicting New Words
• Quote Verifier
• Science Fiction Quotations
• Studies In Slang
• Swearing (Hughes)
• Swearing in English
• Think On My Words
• Word Myths
• Yale Book of Quotations

Historical Linguistic Sources - These are sources, other than dictionaries, that address etymology, historical linguistics, and the history of the English language.

• Adventure of English, The
• Book of Middle English
• Cobbett's A Grammar of the English Language
• Comments on Etymology
• Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
• Dewdroppers, Waldoes, & Slackers
• Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages
• Dictionary of True Etymologies
• English Language, The (Barber)
• Guide to Old English
• Historical Linguistics (Schendl)
• Historical Linguistics: An Introduction (Campbell)
• History of English in Its Own Words
• Inventing English
• Looking For Dr. Condom
• Nineteenth-Century English
• Old English and Its Closest Relatives
• Origin of Language (Ruhlen)
• Origin of the Term "Hot Dog"
• Origins of English Words
• Origins of the English Language
• Power of Babel
• Slang Through The Ages
• Stories of English, The
• Story of English (McCrum)
• Word Origins (Liberman)

Oft-Used Sources - These are the sources habitually consulted in the creation of the words on "The Big List." The sources in this category are also listed in the other resources categories, as appropriate.

• American Heritage Dictionary
• American Language, The
• American Speech
• Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue
• Dictionary of Americanisms (Mathews)
• Dictionary of Canadian Place Names
• Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English
• Historical Dictionary of American Slang
• Illustrated Dictionary of Place Names
• New Dickson Baseball Dictionary
• New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English
• Newspaperarchive.com
• Proquest Historical Newspapers
• Safire's New Political Dictionary
• Webster's Third New International Dictionary
• Yale Book of Quotations

Online Databases - These are links to online databases of literature, journalism, and other writing; useful for etymological research

• 19th Century Mormon Publications
• Ad*Access
• American Colonist's Library
• Avalon Project
• Brigham Young University Online Collections
• Brooklyn Daily Eagle Online, 1841-1902
• Colorado Historic Newspaper Collection
• Cornell University Library Historical Monographs
• Department of Transportation Online Digital Special Collections
• Digital Book Index
• Documenting the American South,
• Eisenhower Battlefield Communiques
• English Online Resources
• Eserver.org
• Google Books
• Historic Missouri Newspaper Project
• Historical Ricks College / BYU Idaho Scroll
• Internet Public Library
• Making of America Database (Cornell)
• Making of America Database (Michigan)
• Newspaperarchive.com
• Online Books Page
• Oxford Text Archive
• Proceedings of the Old Bailey
• Proquest Historical Newspapers
• Schoenberg Center for Electronic Text and Image
• Southwest Historical Quarterly
• Utah Digital Newspapers
• Wright American Fiction

Grammar & Style Manuals - Books and sources on style and usage.

• Alt.Usage.English Frequently-Asked Questions List
• Associated Press Stylebook & Briefing On Media Law
• Associated Press Stylebook & Libel Manual
• Bryson's Dictionary of Troublesome Words
• Cambridge Guide to English Usage
• Chicago Manual of Style
• Common Errors in English Usage
• Dictionary of Modern American Usage
• Elements of Style
• Grammar Girl: Quick & Dirty Tips
• Modern American Usage (Barzun)
• Modern English Usage, 2nd Edition
• New Fowler's Modern English Usage
• Sister Bernadette's Barking Dog
• Sound on the Page
• The Underground Grammarian
• Webster's Dictionary of English Usage
• When You Catch an Adjective, Kill It

Popular Press Language Books - These are intended for a mass audience and are generally not useful for research. The quality of the scholarship is variable: excellent in some cases; less than admirable in others.

• Ballyhoo, Buckaroo, & Spuds
• Berkeley High School Slang Dictionary
• Born to Kvetch
• Common Phrases & Where They Come From (Korach)
• Devious Derivations
• Dictionary of Word Origins (Almond)
• Dictionary of Word Origins (Ayto)
• Dubious Doublets
• Eats Shoots & Leaves
• Facts On File Encyclopedia of Word & Phrase Origins
• Jesse's Word of the Day
• Made In America
• Mother Tongue
• On Language (series)
• Poplollies & Bellibones
• Sea of Words
• Slang of Sin
• They Never Said It
• txtng: the gr8 db8
• When a Loose Cannon...

Language Web Sites & Blogs - The following are links to web-based general language sources and blogs about language. Online sources that fall into other categories, such as online dictionaries, are listed in those categories.

• AFU & Urban Legends Archive
• Blue Letter Bible
• English 419
• Free Dictionary
• Funwords.com
• Grammar Girl: Quick & Dirty Tips
• Language Log
• Lost For Words
• Old English at the University of Virginia
• Old English Pages
• Online Medical Dictionaries & Glossaries.
• OUPblog
• Roots of English Dictionary
• Shakespeare Concordance
• Silva Rhetoricae
• Urban Legends Reference Pages (snopes.com)
• Verbivore
• Whonamedit.com
• Word Nerds, The

Bauer, Laurie (Herausgeber)
Trudgill, Peter (Herausgeber)
Language Myths

Synopsis
This is a unique collection of original essays by 21 of the world's leading linguists. The topics discussed focus on some of the most popular myths about language: the media are ruining English; children can't speak or write properly anymore; and, America is ruining the English language. The tone is lively and entertaining throughout and there are cartoons from Doonesbury and The Wizard of Id to illustrate some of the points. The book should have a wide readership not only amongst students who want to read leading linguists writing about popular misconceptions but also amongst the large number of people who enjoy reading about language in general.

Bryson, Bill
Dictionary for Writers and Editors

What is the difference between "cant" and "jargon", or "assume" and "presume"? What is a "fandango"? How do you spell "supersede"? Is it "hippy" or "hippie"? These questions really matter to Bill Bryson, as they do to anyone who cares about the English language. Originally published as "The Penguin Dictionary for Writers and Editors", Bill Bryson's Dictionary for Writers and Editors has now been completely revised and updated for the twenty-first century by Bill Bryson himself. Here is a very personal selection of spellings and usages, covering such head-scratchers as "capitalization", "plurals", "abbreviations" and "foreign names and phrases". Bryson also gives us the difference between British and American usages, and miscellaneous pieces of essential information you never knew you needed, like the names of all the Oxford colleges, or the correct spelling of "Brobdingnag". An indispensable companion to all those who write, work with the written word, or who just enjoy getting things right, it gives rulings that are both authoritative and commonsense, all in Bryson's own inimitably goodhumoured way.

Bill Bryson's bestselling travel books include "The Lost Continent" and "Notes From A Small Island", which in a national poll was voted the book that best represents Britain. Another travel book, "A Walk in the Woods", has become a major film starring Robert Redford, Nick Nolte and Emma Thompson. His new number one Sunday Times bestseller is "The Road To Little Dribbling".

His acclaimed book on the history of science, "A Short History Of Nearly Everything", won the Royal Society's Aventis Prize as well as the Descartes Prize, the European Union's highest literary award, and is the biggest selling popular science book of the 21st century. Bryson has also written books on language, on Shakespeare, on history, and on his own childhood in the hilarious memoir "The Life And Times Of The Thunderbolt Kid".

Bill Bryson was born in the American Mid-West, and now lives in the UK. A former Chancellor of Durham University, he was President of the Campaign to Protect Rural England for five years, and is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society.

Welcome to Bill Bryson’s official website

Crystal, David (Autor)
Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics

Crystal, David (Autor)
Linguistics

Dascal, Marcelo
Racionero, Q.
Cardoso, A.
G.W. Leibniz
The Art of Controversies

Synopsis
Leibniz is known to the wide public and to many scholars mainly as a logician and mathematician, and as the creator of a fascinating but strange metaphysical system. In these, as well as in other fields, his remarkable innovations were achieved by painstaking efforts to establish a fruitful critical dialogue with the leading contemporary thinkers. He was no less important, however, in his practical endeavor to bring opponents to negotiate reasonable solutions to key political and religious conflicts of his time. Both his theoretical and practical activities were informed by a philosophical mind that sought in all circumstances the most general underlying principles; by a juridical mind that sought to bring order and structure to human interaction, without sacrificing the necessary flexibility; by an argumentative mind that knows that persuading is often more important than proving; by a scientific mind eager to organize past and present knowledge so as not to miss any bit of information capable of pointing the way to new discoveries; by a theologian mind that refuses to admit that religious conflicts between true believers are irresolvable; and by an ethical and political mind whose major concern is to direct all our intellectual work towards improving the well-being of humankind.

Dent, Susie
What Made The Crocodile Cry?
101 questions about the English language

• Why do good things cut the mustard?
• Who or what was the real Real McCoy?
• And why do we call false sentiment crocodile tears? Can crocodiles really cry?

In What Made the Crocodile Cry?, Susie Dent draws on her popular television segment on the curiosities of English to tackle these and many other fascinating puzzles. Writing with her customary charm and erudition, Dent offers a wonderfully readable and endlessly entertaining exploration of language, answering 101 of the most intriguing questions about the English language, from word origins and spelling to grammar and usage.

Dent ranges far and wide in her search for the oddities of language, pondering the ancient origin of the word "tragedy" (which originally meant "goat song" in Greek) as well as the modern meaning of the word "donk" in the Blackout Crew's song title "Put a Donk in It." And throughout, the book brims with fascinating tales.

Readers learn, for instance, that the word "bankrupt" comes from the Italian "banca rotta" or "broken bench" and the word "broke" (meaning "out of funds") has the same origin. Dent explains that in the sixteenth century, money lenders conducted their business on benches outdoors and the usual Italian word for "bench" was "banca" (hence today's "bank"). The author also provides an entertaining account of the origin of the term "white elephant" (meaning "a useless, burdensome possession") that dates back to ancient Siam, where rare white elephants were always given to the king. But since by law white elephants couldn't be worked (and earn money) or even be ridden, the king often re-gifted these worthless burdens to courtiers whom he didn't like.

Sparkling with insight and linguistic curiosity, this delightful compendium will be irresistible to anyone fascinated with language—the perfect gift for word lovers everywhere.

Susie Dent draws on her popular television coverage of curious questions about English

Supported by evidence from Oxford Dictionaries, the world's largest language research programme

Reveals fascinating facts about all areas of our language, from word origins and spelling to grammar and usage

Wonderfully accessible with entertaining examples given throughout

The perfect gift for linguistic browsers

The Blackout Crew have a song with the title "Put a donk on it" - but what is a "donk"? Which ending came first: "-ise" or "-ize"? Where does the idea of a "white elephant" come from? Who decides on the collective noun for something? And what is it that made the crocodile cry?

Sparkling with insight and linguistic curiosity, this delightful compendium answers 101 of the most intriguing questions about the English language, from word origins and spelling to grammar and usage. Irresistible to anyone with an interest in the words around them.

Supported by Oxford's celebrated dictionary research programme, Susie Dent tackles these and many other fascinating questions in this wonderfully accessible and endlessly entertaining exploration of the English language.

Durkin, Philip
The Oxford Guide to Etymology

2009. 352 Seiten 25 cm
Gebunden
Sprache : Englisch

The best introduction to word history ever published combines scholarship with readability. OED's chief etymologist shows how words originate and change. He explores the histories of place and personal names and explains how to use different kinds of evidence, historical as well as linguistic. This is a book for everyone interested in words. Target group: everyone with a serious interest in words and their history. Students of historical linguistics and lexicography everywhere.

Autorenportrait:

Philip Durkin is Principal Etymologist of the Oxford English Dictionary. He trained as a medievalist and historian of the English language at the University of Oxford, where he completed a doctorate on previously unedited Middle English prose texts. He is a well-known speaker on English etymology. His publications include articles in scholarly journals, such as Transactions of the Philological Society, Dictionaries, and Critical Quarterly. He is Honorary Treasurer of teh Philological Society, the oldest learned society in Great Britain for the study of language and languages.

Durst-Andersen, Per (Autor)
Linguistic Supertypes
A Cognitive-Semiotic Theory of Human Communication
(Semiotics, Communication and Cognition Semiotics, Communicat)

Kurzbeschreibung
By integrating ideas of Peirce, Bühler, Bakhtin, Piaget and Jakobson, in this book the author defines three linguistic supertypes each operating with either the situation in reality, the speaker's experience of it or his condensed information to the hearer. The theory is built step by step on the basis of a detailed examination of individual languages and their relationship to perception and cognition, their representation of situations and their use in oral and written discourse. The theory offers a completely new understanding of language and its role in perception, cognition and communication.

Über den Autor
Per Durst-Andersen, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark.

The book offers a completely new view of language and of languages such as Russian, Chinese, Bulgarian, Georgian, Danish and English by dividing them into three supertypes on the basis of a step-by-step examination of their relationship to perception and cognition, their representation of situations and their use in oral and written discourse. The dynamic processing of visual stimuli involves three stages: input (experience), intake (understanding) and outcome (a combination). The very choice among three modalities of existence gives a language a certain voice - either the voice of reality based on situations, the speaker's voice involving experiences or the hearer's voice grounded on information. This makes grammar a prime index: all symbols are static and impotent and need a vehicle, i.e. grammar, which can bring them to the proper point of reference. Language is shown to be a living organism with a determinant category, aspect, mood or tense, which conquers territory from other potential competitors trying to create harmony between verbal and nominal categories. It is demonstrated that the communication processes are different in the three supertypes, although in all three cases the speaker must choose between a public and a private voice before the grammar is put into use.

Everaert, Martin
Musgrave, Simon
Dimitriadis, Alexis
The Use of Databases in Cross-Linguistic Studies
Empirical Approaches to Language Typology Ealt 41

Produktinfo
This book promotes the development of linguistic databases by describing a number of successful database projects, focusing especially on cross-linguistic and typological research. It has become increasingly clear that ready access to knowledge about cross-linguistic variation is of great value to many types of linguistic research. Such a systematic body of data is essential in order to gain a proper understanding of what is truly universal in language and what is determined by specific cultural settings. Moreover, it is increasingly needed as a tool to systematically evaluate contrasting theoretical claims. The book includes a chapter on general problems of using databases to handle language data and chapters on a number of individual projects.

Forsyth, Mark - TIE
The Illustrated Etymologicon
A Circular Stroll Through the Hidden Connections of the English Language

£20.00, Hardback, 320 Pages / Published: 04/11/2021

Waterstones Says

Sumptuously designed and full of quirky, intriguing illustrations, this special edition of Forsyth’s trivia classic makes charming and enlightening connections between words in the English language and is the perfect gift for all fans of fascinating facts.

The Etymologicon is an occasionally ribald, frequently witty and unerringly erudite guided tour of the secret labyrinth that lurks beneath the English language.

What is the actual connection between disgruntled and gruntled? What links church organs to organised crime, California to the Caliphate, or brackets to codpieces?

Mark Forsyth's riotous celebration of the idiosyncratic and sometimes absurd connections between words is a classic of its kind: a mine of fascinating information and a must-read for word-lovers everywhere.

Publisher: Icon Books, ISBN: 9781785787850, Number of pages: 320, Weight: 915 g, Dimensions: 230 x 180 x 30 mm

Görlach, Manfred
Einführung in die englische Sprachgeschichte

Kurzbeschreibung
Englische Sprachgeschichte soll in dieser Einführung an Texten erarbeitet werden. Unter Anwendung moderner linguistischer Methoden werden die strukturellen Wandlungen des Englischen auf den verschiedenen sprachlichen Ebenen - Schriftsysteme, Phonologie, Morphologie, Syntax, Lexik, Semantik, Lehnbeziehungen - exemplarisch behandelt. Das Buch ist als Arbeitsgrundlage für Proseminare gedacht und als Komplement zu einem Grundkurs Linguistik konzipiert.

Gries, Stefan Th. (Autor)
Statistics for Linguistics with R
A Practical Introduction

Kurzbeschreibung
This book is an introduction to statistics for linguists using the open source software R. It is aimed at students and professors with little or no statistical background, is written in a non-technical and reader-friendly style, and covers the structure of quantitative studies, descriptive and analytical statistics, multifactorial approaches and simple statistical graphs. Key features comes with many exercises, recommendations for further study, and answer keys reference to companion website aimed at beginners on every level of linguistic education presupposes no quantitative/statistical knowledge whatsoever begins at step 1 for every method and explains everything explicitly.

Über den Autor
Stefan Th. Gries, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA.

It first introduces in detail the overall logic underlying quantitative studies: exploration, hypothesis formulation and operationalization, and the notion and meaning of significance tests. It then introduces some basics of the software R relevant to statistical data analysis. A chapter on descriptive statistics explains how summary statistics for frequencies, averages, and correlations are generated with R and how they are graphically represented best. A chapter on analytical statistics explains how statistical tests are performed in R on the basis of many different linguistic case studies: For nearly every single example, it is explained what the structure of the test looks like, how hypotheses are formulated, explored, and tested for statistical significance, how the results are graphically represented, and how one would summarize them in a paper/article. A chapter on selected multifactorial methods introduces how more complex research designs can be studied: methods for the study of multifactorial frequency data, correlations, tests for means, and binary response data are discussed and exemplified step-by-step. Also, the exploratory approach of hierarchical cluster analysis is illustrated in detail.

The book comes with many exercises, boxes with short think breaks and warnings, recommendations for further study, and answer keys as well as a statistics for linguists newsgroup on the companion website.

The volume is aimed at beginners on every level of linguistic education: undergraduate students, graduate students, and instructors/professors and can be used in any research methods and statistics class for linguists. It presupposes no quantitative/statistical knowledge whatsoever and, unlike most competing books, begins at step 1 for every method and explains everything explicitly.

Harder, Peter (Autor)
Meaning in Mind and Society
From Conceptual Construal to Social Construction
(Cognitive Linguistics Research)

Kurzbeschreibung
Cognitive Linguistics is becoming increasingly oriented towards the social dimension. This book describes this development and discusses some central issues for the emerging socio-cognitive synthesis. Mapping out the territory from individual embodied meaning to discourse struggles, it suggests principles for an analysis of the relation between conceptual and social processes.

Über den Autor
Peter Harder, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

Produktinfo
Meaning is embodied - but it is also social. If Cognitive Linguistics is to be a complete theory of language in use, it must cover the whole spectrum from grounded cognition to nonsense and irony. This book tries to show how.

Cognitive Linguistics knocked down the wall between language and the experiential content of the human mind. Frame semantics, embodiment, conceptual construal, figure-ground organization, metaphorical mapping, and mental spaces are among the results of this breakthrough, which at the same time provided cognitive science as a whole with an essential human dimension. A new phase began when Cognitive Linguistics started to see itself as part of the wider movement of 'usage-based' linguistics. Bringing about an alliance between mind and discourse, it complemented the conceptual dimension that had been dominant until then with a 'use' dimension - thereby living up to the explicit 'experiential' commitment of Cognitive Linguistics. This outward expansion is continuing: The focus on 'meaning construction', which began with the theory of blending, highlights emergent, online effects rather than underlying mappings. Cognitive Linguistics is integrating the evolutionary perspective, which links up individual and population-based features of language. The empirical obligations incurred by this expansion have led to greatly increased attention to corpus and experimental methods, especially in relation to sociolinguistic and language acquisition research.

The book describes this development and goes on to discuss the foundational challenge that it creates for Cognitive Linguistics as it begins to cover issues that are also central to types of discourse analysis focusing on social processes of determination. The book argues for a synthesis based on a renewed Cognitive Linguistics, which can accommodate everything from bodily grounding to deconstructible floating signifiers in an integrated complete picture, which also covers the roles of arbitrariness and structure.

Herbst, Thomas (Autor)
English Linguistics

Kurzbeschreibung
This book provides an introduction to central areas of English linguistics. The book consists of six large sections: language and linguistics - sounds - words - sentences - utterances - applied linguistics. Each of these sections is subdivided into a number of chapters, some of which address beginners, some of which are intended for more advanced students. The book is written from a foreign student's perspective of the English language, i.e. aspects relevant to foreign language teaching and didactics are especially focussed on. The book also provides basic facts concerning the history of the language and differences between British and American English. The main idea is to demonstrate that usually in linguistics there is not just one way of describing certain facts. This is why each section contains a chapter written for beginners providing a broad outline of the area and introducing the basic terminology for each field. The other chapters in each section highlight certain linguistic facts in more detail and give an idea of how particular theories account for them. The book can thus be used from the first semester onwards but is also intended to serve as an important study aid for final B.A.-examinations. Key features comprehensive introduction to the fundamentals of English linguistics highly accessible through a strongly didactic, reader-friendly orientation

Über den Autor
Thomas Herbst, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany.

The book introduces the reader to the central areas of English linguistics. The main sections are: the English language and linguistics - sounds - meaning-carrying units - sentences: models of grammar - meaning - utterances - variation. Notably, the book is written from a foreign student's perspective of the English language, i.e. aspects relevant to foreign language teaching receive particular attention. A great deal of emphasis is put on the insights to be gained from the analysis of corpora, especially with respect to the idiomatic character of language (idiom principle, valency approach). In addition, the text offers basic facts about the history of the language and elaborates on the differences between British and American English.

The author demonstrates that a linguistic fact can usually be described in more than one way. To this end, each section contains a chapter written for beginners providing a broad outline and introducing the basic terminology. The remaining chapters in each section highlight linguistic facts in more detail and give an idea of how particular theories account for them.

The book can be used both from the first semester onwards and as perfect study aid for final B.A.-examinations.

Key features

• comprehensive introduction to the basics of English linguistics
• written in an accessible and reader-friendly style
• some chapters specifically address beginners
• perfect tool for preparing for B.A.-examinations

Hinterhölzl, Roland / Petrova, Svetlana
Information Structure and Language Change
New Approaches to Word Order Variation and Change in the Germanic Languages
Trends in Linguistics
Studies and Monographs

Produktinfo
The volume presents new approaches to explaining word order variation and change in the Germanic languages and thus relates to one of the most prominent and widely discussed topics in the theory of language change and diachronic syntax.

The novelty of our approach consists in three main points. First of all, we aim at describing functional variety in the field of word order and verb placement in the early Germanic languages not as a result of language contact, but rather as a language-internal phenomenon related to stylistic and grammatical conditions in information packaging. Second, given that information structure is directly accessible in texts from historical corpora that are available only in written form and bear no or little information on prosody and intonation, it presents various methods of retrieving information-structural categories in such texts. Third, it presents empirical studies on the relation between word order and information structure of the four main texts of the Old High German period and embeds these results in the wider picture of word order change in Germanic.

The volume will be of interest to students of German, English, and general linguistics as well as to researchers interested in diachronic syntax, philology of Older German, language change, information structure, discourse semantics, language typology, computational linguistics and corpus studies.

Horn, Laurence R. (Herausgeber)
The Expression of Negation
Expression of Cognitive Categories

Kurzbeschreibung
Negation is at the core of human language; without negation there can be no denial, contradiction, irony, or lies. This book examines the form and function of negative sentences in a variety of languages and offers state-of-the-art surveys of the acquisition of negation by children, its processing by adults, its historical development, and its interaction with other operators and predicates within natural language sentences. Topics covered include the nature of negative polarity, the phenomenon of pleonastic or illogical negation, and the role of morphological, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, and typological factors in negative expression. Über den Autor Laurence R. Horn, Yale University, New Haven, USA.

Negation is a sine qua non of every human language but is absent from otherwise complex systems of animal communication. In many ways, it is negation that makes us human, imbuing us with the capacity to deny, to contradict, to misrepresent, to lie, and to convey irony. The apparent simplicity of logical negation as a one-place operator that toggles truth and falsity belies the intricate complexity of the expression of negation in natural language. Not only do we find negative adverbs, verbs, copulas, quantifiers, and affixes, but the interaction of negation with other operators (including multiple iterations of negation itself) can be exceedingly complex to describe, extending (as first detailed by Otto Jespersen) to negative concord, negative incorporation, and the widespread occurrence of negative polarity items whose distribution is subject to principles of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. The chapters in this book survey the patterning of negative utterances in natural languages, spanning such foundational issues as how negative sentences are realized cross-linguistically and how that realization tends to change over time, how negation is acquired by children, how it is processed by adults, and how its expression changes over time. Specific chapters offer focused empirical studies of negative polarity, pleonastic negation, and negative/quantifier scope interaction, as well as detailed examinations of the form and function of sentential negation in modern Romance languages and Classical Japanese.

Kenneally, Christine
The first word
The Search of the Origins of Language

From Publishers Weekly
This book grows out of Kenneally's conviction that investigating the evolution of language is a good and worthwhile pursuit - a stance that most in the field of linguistics disparaged until about 20 years ago. The result is a book that is as much about evolutionary biology as it is about linguistics. We read about work with chimpanzees, bonobos, parrots and even robots that are being programmed to develop language evolutionarily. Kenneally, who has written about language, science and culture for the New Yorker and Discover among others, has a breezily journalistic style that is occasionally witty but more often pragmatic, as she tries to distill academic and scientific discourses into terms the casual reader will understand. She introduces the major players in the field of linguistics and behavioral studies - Noam Chomsky, Steven Pinker, Sue Savage-Rumbaugh and Philip Lieberman - as well as countless other anthropologists, biologists and linguists. Kenneally's insistence upon seeing human capacity for speech on an evolutionary continuum of communication that includes all other animal species provides a respite from ideological declamations about human supremacy, but the book will appeal mainly to those who are drawn to the nuts and bolts of scientific inquiry into language.
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Kristiansen, Gitte / Dirven, René
Cognitive Sociolinguistics
Language Variation, Cultural Models, Social Systems

Kurzbeschreibung
A union of Cognitive Linguistics and Sociolinguistics was bound to happen. Both proclaim a usage-based approach to language and aim to analyse actual language use in objective ways. Whereas Sociolinguistics is by nature on the outlook forlanguage in its variety, CL can no longer afford to ignoresocial variation in language as it manifests itself in the usagedata. Nor can it fail to adopt an empirical methodology thatreflects variation as it actually occurs, beyond the limitedknowledge of the individual observer. Conversely, while CL canonly benefit from a heightened sensitivity to social aspects,the rich, bottom-up theoretical framework it has developed islikely to contribute to a much better understanding of themeaning of variationist phenomena. This volume brings together fifteen chapters written by prominent scholars testifying of rich empirical and theoretizing research into the social aspects of language variation. Taking a broad view on Cognitive Sociolinguistics, the volume covers three main areas: corpus-based research on language variation, cognitive cultural models, and the ideologies of sociopolitical and socio-economic systems.

Produktinfo
A union of Cognitive Linguistics and Sociolinguistics was bound to happen. Both proclaim a usage-based approach to language and aim to analyse actual language use in objective ways.

Whereas Sociolinguistics is by nature on the outlook for language in its variety, CL can no longer afford to ignore social variation in language as it manifests itself in the usage data. Nor can it fail to adopt an empirical methodology that reflects variation as it actually occurs, beyond the limited knowledge of the individual observer. Conversely, while CL can only benefit from a heightened sensitivity to social aspects, the rich, bottom-up theoretical framework it has developed is likely to contribute to a much better understanding of the meaning of variationist phenomena.

The volume brings together fifteen chapters written by prominent scholars testifying of rich empirical and theoretizing research into the social aspects of language variation. Taking a broad view on Cognitive Sociolinguistics, the volume covers three main areas: corpus-based research on language variation, cognitive cultural models, and the ideologies of sociopolitical and socio-economic systems.

Lee, Chungmin
Gordon, Matthew
Büring, Daniel (Hg)
Topic and Focus
Cross-Linguistic Perspectives on Meaning and Intonation
Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy

Synopsis
This book contains a collection of papers exploring the cross-linguistic expression of topic and focus. A diverse set of perspectives from some of the leading scholars in the areas of semantics and intonation are represented in the collection, which is based on papers presented at the Topic and Focus Workshop at the 2001 LSA Summer Institute in Santa Barbara. This book is unique in the breadth of its typological coverage of topic and focus phenomena. Material is presented from nine languages, including several that are severely under-documented from a theoretical perspective. The expression of topic and focus are integral aspects of linguistic communication that introduce the content of discourse and emphasize its most crucial elements. Topic and focus phenomena are complex and involve both a meaning and a prosodic component. This book is the first collection of papers devoted to the rigorous examination of both semantic and intonational features of topic and focus from a broad typological perspective.

Liberman, Anatoly (Autor)
A Bibliography of English Etymology
Sources and Word List

Kurzbeschreibung
Distinguished linguistics scholar Anatoly Liberman set out the frame for this volume in An Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology. Here, Liberman's landmark scholarship lay the groundwork for his forthcoming multivolume analytic dictionary of the English language. A Bibliography of English Etymology is a broadly conceptualized reference tool that provides source materials for etymological research. For each word's etymology, there is a bibliographic entry that lists the word origin's primary sources, specifically, where it was first found in use. Featuring the history of more than 13,000 English words, their cognates, and their foreign antonyms, this is a full-fledged compendium of resources indispensable to any scholar of word origins.

Über den Autor
Anatoly Liberman is professor of Germanic philology at the University of Minnesota. He has published many works including linguistics, etymology, and structuralism.

Lindsey, W.M.
Isidore Etymologiae

Linhares-Dias, Rui
How to Show Things with Words
A Study on Logic, Language and Literature

Synopsis
This book straddles the border between linguistics and philosophy to address, on a sound interdisciplinary basis, the narrative-theoretical issue of proximal vs. distal stance adoption. In languages with no grammaticalized evidential systems, the epistemological structure of discourse underlying perspectival oppositions is heavily dependent on the selfexpression of language-using personae and must thereby be inferred from a well-defined set of surface markers. For that matter, the book provides an in-depth formal semantic account of tense, aspect and Aktionsart, supported by the cognitive processes inherent in eventuality-description types.

Locher, Miriam A.
Graham, Sage L.
Interpersonal Pragmatics

Kurzbeschreibung
This handbook focuses on the interpersonal aspects of language in use, exploring key concepts such as face, im/politeness, identity, or gender, as well as mitigation, respect/deference, and humour in a variety of settings. The volume includes theoretical overviews as well as empirical studies from experts in a range of disciplines within linguistics and communication studies and provides a multifaceted perspective on both theoretical and applied approaches to the role of language in relational work.

Über den Autor
Miriam A. Locher, University of Basel, Switzerland; Sage L. Graham, University of Memphis, USA.

Reihe: Handbooks of Pragmatics 6

Lüdeling, Anke (Herausgeber)
Kytö, Merja (Herausgeber)
Corpus Linguistics
An International Handbook, Volume 1
Handbucher Zur Sprach- Und Kommunikationswissenschaft

Produktinfo
In vielen Bereichen der Linguistik werden Textkorpora, Sprachkorpora oder multimodale Korpora heute als empirische Basis verwendet. Aufbauend auf Methoden des 19. Jahrhunderts haben sich dabei mit dem Aufkommen von elektronischen Korpora seit den 1940ern neue Standards für linguistische Annotation und Vorverarbeitung sowie für qualitative und quantitative Untersuchungen entwickelt.

Das Handbuch bietet einen umfassenden Überblick über Geschichte, Methoden und Anwendungen der Korpuslinguistik. Die einzelnen Überblicks- und Spezialartikel sind von Experten und Expertinnen der jeweiligen Gebiete geschrieben. Dabei wird auf klare und umfassende Darstellung, eine gute Vernetzung zwischen den Artikel und weiterführende Hinweise Wert gelegt.

Lüdeling, Anke (Herausgeber) / Kytö, Merja (Herausgeber)
Corpus Linguistics
An International Handbook, Volume 2
Handbücher Zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft

Produktinfo
In vielen Bereichen der Linguistik werden Textkorpora, Sprachkorpora oder multimodale Korpora heute als empirische Basis verwendet. Aufbauend auf Methoden des 19. Jahrhunderts haben sich dabei mit dem Aufkommen von elektronischen Korpora seit den 1940ern neue Standards für linguistische Annotation und Vorverarbeitung sowie für qualitative und quantitative Untersuchungen entwickelt.

Das Handbuch bietet einen umfassenden Überblick über Geschichte, Methoden und Anwendungen der Korpuslinguistik. Die einzelnen Überblicks- und Spezialartikel sind von Experten und Expertinnen der jeweiligen Gebiete geschrieben. Dabei wird auf klare und umfassende Darstellung, eine gute Vernetzung zwischen den Artikel und weiterführende Hinweise Wert gelegt.

Nichols, Johanna
Linguistic Diversity in Time and Space

Product Description
In this ground-breaking book, Johanna Nichols proposes means of describing, comparing, and interpreting linguistic diversity, both genetic and structural, providing the foundations for a theory of diversity based upon population science. This book will interest linguists, archaeologists, and population specialists.

Pedersen, Holger
Linguistic Sciences in the Nineteenth Century
Methods and Results

Übers. v. Spargo, John Webster
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS

Pishwa, Hanna
Language and Social Cognition

Produktinfo
In a collection of 16 papers, eminent scholars from several disciplines present diverse and yet cohering perspectives on the expression of social knowledge, its acquisition and management. Hence, the volume is an attempt to view the social functions of language in a novel, systematic way. Such an approach has been missing due to the complexity of the matter and the emphasis on purely cognitive properties of language.

The volume starts with a presentation of overarching issues of the social nature of humans and their language, providing strong evidence for the social fundaments of human nature and their reflection in language and culture. The second section demonstrates how social functions can be displayed in discourse by using language play and humor, irony and attributions as well as references to social schemas. The chapters in the third part examine a wide range of particular linguistic elements carrying social-cognitive functions. An important finding is that social-cognitive functions have to be inferred on the basis of social knowledge, frequently with the help of non-verbal cues, since languages offer only few direct expressions for them. In other words, linguistic devices used to express social content tend to be multifunctional. Interestingly, this multifunctionality does not prevent their rapid recognition.

The volume presents valuable information to linguists by widening the cognitive-linguistic framework and by contributing to a better understanding of the role of pragmatics. It is also beneficial to social and cognitive psychologists by offering a broader view on the encoding and decoding of social aspects. Finally, it offers a number of fruitful ideas to students of cultural and communication studies.

Restle, David
Zaefferer, Dietmar (Autoren)
Sounds and Systems
Studies in Structure and Change
(Trends in Linguistics)
(A Festschrift for Theo Vennemann)

Kurzbeschreibung
The integration of traditional and modern linguistics as well as diachrony and synchrony is the hallmark of an influential trend in contemporary research on language. It is documented in the present collection of 21 new papers on the history and structure of the sounds and other (sub-) systems of human languages, sharing the common reference point of Theo Vennemann, a leading figure in the above-mentioned trend, whom the authors want to honor with this Festschrift.

Skeat, Walter W.
The Concise Dictionary of English Etymology

Synopsis
This work provides an exploration into the origins and development of the English language.

Stefanowitsch, Anatol / Gries, Stefan Th.
Metaphor and Metonymy

Synopsis
The papers in this volume deal with the issue of how corpus data relate to the questions that cognitive linguists have typically investigated with respect to conceptual mappings. The authors in this volume investigate a wide range of issues - the coherence and function of particular metaphorical models, the interaction of form and meaning, the identification of source domains of metaphorical expressions, the relationship between metaphor and discourse, the priming of metaphors, and the historical development of metaphors. The studies deal with a variety of metaphorical and metonymic source and target domains, including the source domains: space, animals, body parts, organizations and war, and the target domains verbal activity, economy, emotions and politics. In their studies, the authors present a variety of corpus-linguistic methods for the investigation of conceptual mappings, for example, corpora annotated for semantic categories, concordances of individual source - domain items and patterns, and concordances of target-domain items.

In sum, the papers in this volume show how a wide range of corpus-linguistic methods can be used to investigate a variety of issues in cognitive linguistics; the combination of corpus methods with a cognitive-linguistic view of metaphor and metonymy yields new answers to old questions (and to new questions) about the relationship between language as a conceptual phenomenon and language as a textual phenomenon.

Swinton, William (Autor)
A Grammar Containing the Etymology and Syntax of the English Language (1884)

Trosborg, Anna (Herausgeber)
Pragmatics Across Languages and Cultures
(Handbooks of Pragmatics)

Pragmatics across Languages and Cultures
Ed. by Trosborg, Anna
2010 | Hardcover | RRP Euro [D] 199.00 / for USA, Canada, Mexico US$ 299.00. Standing Order price for subscribers to the complete work Euro [D] 149.00 / for USA, Canada, Mexico US$ 249.00. * ISBN 978-3-11-021443-7 Reihe: Handbooks of Pragmatics 7

Produktinfo
This handbook provides a comprehensive overview, as well as breaking new ground, in a versatile and fast growing field. It contains 4 sections: Contrastive, Cross-cultural and Intercultural Pragmatics, Interlanguage Pragmatics, Teaching and Testing of Second/Foreign Language Pragmatics, and Pragmatics in Corporate Culture Communication, covering a wide range of topics, from speech acts and politeness issues to Lingua Franca and Corporate Crises Communication. The approach is theoretical, methodological as well as applied, with a focus on authentic, interactional data. All articles are written by renowned leading specialists, who provide in-depth, up-to-date overviews, and view new directions and visions for future research.

Wanner, Dieter
The Power of Analogy
An Essay on Historical Linguistics

This study demonstrates how historical linguistics regains a central role for the understanding of language as soon as the artificial distinction between synchrony and diachrony is abandoned. The author systematically explores the potential of the concept of analogy within the new framework of "Soft Syntax," illustrating his analysis with numerous examples from the history of the Romance languages. He shows that the openness of analogy allows historical linguistics to improve on old problems and to ask new questions about language change.

Winkler, Susanne / Featherston, Sam (Autoren)
The Fruits of Empirical Linguistics I
Process
The Fruits of Empirical Linguistics II
Product
(Studies in Generative Grammar)

Kurzbeschreibung
The contributions to The Fruits of Empirical Linguistics. Volume 1: Process reveal why the data-driven approach makes for a research environment which is fast-moving and democratic: technological change has made the sources of linguistic data readily accessible. These contributions show the methods both professional and student linguists are using to gather more evidence more easily than before.

Kurzbeschreibung
The second volume of the two-volume set The Fruits of Empirical Linguistics focuses on the linguistic outcomes of empirical linguistics. The contributions present some of the insights that linguists can gain by applying the new methods: progress within language study is accelerated by the new evidence since language systems are more precisely captured. Readers will enjoy the fresh perspective on linguistic questions made possible by the evidence-based approach.

Über den Autor
Susanne Winkler and Sam Featherston, University ofTübingen, Germany.

Produktinfo
The contributions to The Fruits of Empirical Linguistics. Volume 1: Process reveal why the data-driven approach makes for a research environment which is fast-moving and democratic: technological change has made the sources of linguistic data readily accessible. These contributions show the methods both professional and student linguists are using to gather more evidence more easily than before.

Produktinfo
The second volume of the two-volume set The Fruits of Empirical Linguistics focuses on the linguistic outcomes of empirical linguistics. The contributions present some of the insights that linguists can gain by applying the new methods: progress within language study is accelerated by the new evidence, since language systems are more precisely captured. Readers will enjoy the fresh perspective on linguistic questions made possible by the evidence-based approach.

Zirker, Angelika (Hrsg.)
Winter-Froemel, Esme (Hrsg.)
Wordplay and Metalinguistic / Metadiscursive Reflection
Authors, Contexts, Techniques, and Meta-Reflection

Reihe: The Dynamics of Wordplay 1
DE GRUYTER MOUTON

Wordplay can be seen as a genuine interface phenomenon. It can be found both in everyday communication and in literary texts, and it can fulfil a range of functions - it may be entertaining and comical, it may be used to conceal taboo, and it may influence the way in which the speaker’s character is perceived. Moreover, wordplay also reflects on language and communication: it reveals surprising alternative readings, and emphasizes the phonetic similarity of linguistic signs that also points towards relations on the level of content. Wordplay unravels characteristics of literary language in everyday communication and opens up the possibility to analyze literary texts from a linguistic perspective. The first two volumes of the series The Dynamics of Wordplay therefore aim at bringing together contributions from linguistics and literary studies, focusing on theoretical issues such as basic techniques of wordplay, and its relationship to genres and discourse traditions. These issues are complemented by a series of case studies on the use of wordplay in individual authors and specific historical contexts. The contributions offer a fresh look on the multifaceted dynamics of wordplay in different communicative settings.

• Frontmatter - Seiten I-IV
• Contents - Seiten V-VI
• Wordplay and Its Interfaces in Speaker- Hearer Interaction: An Introduction - Zirker, Angelika / Winter-Froemel, Esme - Seiten 1-22
• I Authors and Contexts
• “Equivocation will undo us”? Wordplay and Ambiguity in Hamlet’s First and Second Line - Bross, Martina - Seiten 25-46
• Wordplay as Courtly Pastime and Social Practice: Shakespeare and Lewis Carroll - Kullmann, Thomas - Seiten 47-70
• Double Entendre in Restoration and Early Eighteenth-Century Comedy - Goth, Maik - Seiten 71-94
• The Serious Work of Play: Wordplay in the “Dark Sonnets” of Gerard Manley Hopkins - Russell-Brown, Sheelagh - Seiten 95-116
• II Linguistic Techniques of Wordplay
• Lexical Blending as Wordplay - Renner, Vincent - Seiten 119-134
• Non-Canonical Proverbial Occurrences and Wordplay: A Corpus Investigation and an Enquiry Into Readers’ Perception of Humour and Cleverness - Arnaud, Pierre J. L. / Maniez, François / Renner, Vincent - Seiten 135-160
• A Cognitive Model for Bilingual Puns - Knospe, Sebastian - Seiten 161-194
• Interview: A Perspective from Practical and Professional Experience - Wordplay in Poetry - Duhig, Ian - Seiten 195-210
• III Genre and Meta-Reflection
• Wordplay and Discourse Traditions - Kabatek, Johannes - Seiten 213-228
• Wordplay in Subtitled Films - An Audience Study - Schauffler, Svea - Seiten 229-244
• Plays around Surfaces and Depths: Transitions between Two- and Three- Dimensionality Reflected by Wordplays and Puns - Schmitz-Emans, Monika - Seiten 245-268
• Secret Wordplay and What It May Tell Us - Bauer, Matthias - Seiten 269-288
• Appendix
• List of Contributions and Abstracts - Seiten 291-300
• List of Contributors - Seiten 301-308
• Index - Seiten 309-312