ku-eichstaett
JOACHIM GRZEGA
ADIEU, BYE-BYE, CHEERIO: THE ABC OF LEAVE-TAKING TERMS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE HISTORY

Abstract

The article gives a chronological overview of the leave-taking terms in English language history. In a second approach the leave-taking terms are classified according to the motivation that is the basis for a specific coinage. Expressive expressions, wishes for God’s protection and wishes for a good time or health are shown to be especially prominent. Furthermore, there are a few loan expressions. The article also tries to explain words and phrases whose origin is unclear: "73" is shown to be an unmotivated, accidental Morse expression; "So long" is considered a Norwegian loan translation; evidence is given to see the origin "Good-bye" in the phrase "God buy you". It also shows that many phrases become phonetically reduced (and opaque) and/or semantically "void", which forces the speech community (or particular groups to invent new phrases.
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... We still have Fr. "adieu" = "to God", It. "addio" (dito), Sp. "adios" (dito), G.dial. "Grüß Gott" = "may God greet [you]".
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attn: (W3)

bid (W3)

BT (W3)

Bye-Bye

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"the derivation of "Good-bye" from "God be with you" is well documented formally and semantically.
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c.c. (W3)

Cheerio

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"Cheer(i)o" - According to the OED the verb "cheer" (= "hurra rufen", "jubeln") was suffixed with the interjection "o" and later influenced by "cheery". An influence of "Hello" instead of "O" also seems possible.
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c/o (W3)

contact (W3)

enc. (W3)

galavant, gallivant (W3)

• 1. To roam about in search of pleasure or amusement. See synonyms at wander.
• 2. To play around amorously; flirt.

good-bye (W3)

• Good-Bye (Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882))
• Good-bye, and Keep Cold (Robert Frost (1874-1963))
• Good-bye Hello in the East Village 1993 (Molly Peacock (1947-))

goodbye (W3)

Goodbye Lover | Long Hello And Short Goodbye

"Goodbye" in more than 450 languages

• Goodbye DDR (D 2005)
• Goodbye Deutschland! (D 2006)

GOODBYE: Unknown Apple II File (found on Golden Orchard Apple II CD Rom)

Goodbye Bafana
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Goodbye Bafana, "Bafana" bedeutet in der Xhosa-Sprache "Freund", erweist sich trotzdem als ein gelungener, aber kommerzieller Beitrag zur Aufarbeitung der Apartheid und Entdeckung eines lange ignorierten Kontinents. Und das ist immer noch sehenswert.

• Blunt, James: Goodbye My Lover
• Cincotti, Peter: Goodbye Philadelphia
• Fleetwood Mac: Goodbye Baby
• Imbruglia, Natalie: Goodbye
• Kravitz, Lenny: A Long And Sad Goodbye
• P.O.D.: Goodbye For Now

• John, Elton: Goodbye Yellow Brick Road
• Madonna: Power of goodbye
• Supertramp: Goodbye Stranger

hello (W3)

The First "Hello!": Thomas Edison, the Phonograph and the Telephone - Part 1
Recently, Robert Feinstein found references to this word which intrigued us - namely that Thomas Edison originated and popularized the word "Hello" on the telephone. From this beginning, the research department at APM has been working overtime and has uncovered some astonishing links between this now classic greeting and the birth of two pivotal and related inventions of the 19th century - the telephone and the phonograph.
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The earliest appearance of the word "hello" was given as 1883, in a book by John Hay entitled ‘Breadwinners’ (which had appeared monthly in Century Magazine). There the word was used in conversation: "Hello, Andy! you asleep?" Well, the game was now afoot who was right - the Oxford or Francis Jehl?

Just to be on the safe side, we contacted the editors of the OED in England to see if any earlier dates had turned up since the set was printed - and to explain a puzzling 1854 reference in the Shorter OED. We were informed that the 1854 given was a "rogue date" (incorrect), and that 1883 was the earliest verified date they had.
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insincere (W3)

1990 Word of the Year: bushlips, insincere political rhetoric. Most Likely to Succeed: (tie) notebook PC, a portable personal computer weighting 4-8 pounds, and rightsizing, adjusting the size of a staff by laying off employees. Most Useful: (tie) technostupidity, loss of ability through dependence on machines, and potty parity, equalization of toilet facilities for the sexes. Most Original: voice merging, the oral tradition of African-American preachers using another’s words. Most Amazing: bungee jumping, jumping from a high platform with elastic cables on the feet. Most Unnecessary: peace dividend, anticipated saving in military spending due to improved relations with the Soviet Union. Most Outrageous: politically correct, PC, adhering to principles of left-wing social concern.

Insincere Song Lyrics, ARTIST

An Insincere Wish Addressed to a Beggar

invite (W3)

ku.de
Grzega, Joachim
Adieu, Bye-Bye, Cheerio
The ABC of Leave-Taking Terms in English Language History

Seite 331

originally published in: Onomasiology Online 6 (2005): 56-64

JOACHIM GRZEGA

ADIEU, BYE-BYE, CHEERIO:

THE ABC OF LEAVE-TAKING TERMS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE HISTORY

Abstract

The article gives a chronological overview of the leave-taking terms in English language history. In a second approach the leave-taking terms are classified according to the motivation that is the basis for a specific coinage. Expressive expressions, wishes for God’s protection and wishes for a good time or health are shown to be especially prominent.

Furthermore, there are a few loan expressions. The article also tries to explain words and phrases whose origin is unclear: 73 is shown to be an unmotivated, accidental Morse expression; "So long" is considered a Norwegian loan translation; evidence is given to see the origin "Good-bye" in the phrase "God buy you". It also shows that many phrases become phonetically reduced (and opaque) and/or functionally “deprived”, which forces the speech community (or particular groups) to invent new phrases.
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How do we find out about the ways people said good-bye in medieval Anglo-Saxon times? The difficulty of finding out about about spoken language in medieval times has been discussed several times; for Old English there are virtualy no records of or on spoken language, and most studies on historical pragmatics refrain from dwelling on Old English times (cf., e.g, the overview in Jucker et al. 1999b, Jucker 2000).
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mail (W2)

mail-coach (W3)

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The "stage-coach", with seats outside and in, was a public conveyance which was known in England from the 16th century, and before railways the stage-coaches had regular routes ("stages") all over the country; through their carrying the mails (from 1784) the term "mail-coach" arose.
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Penny-Porto (W3)

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1837 schlug der Engländer Rowland Hill (* Kidderminster 1795, † Hampstead [bei London] 1879), ein vormaliger Lehrer und späterer Generalpostmeister, dem Parlament die Einführung eines einheitlichen Portosatzes von einem Penny für den Brief vor. Seinen Vorschlag veröffentlichte Hill in einem Privatdruck mit dem Titel "Post 0ffice Reform; its importance and practibility", London 1837. Im August 1839 wurde vom britischen Parlament die "Ein-Penny-Grundgebühr" gesetzlich anerkannt. Ab 10. Januar 1840 galt im ganzen Empire das "Penny-Porto", und am 6. Mai 1840 wurden in Großbritannien die für den allgemeinen Gebrauch bestimmten ersten aufklebbaren Postwertzeichen (zu 1 Penny schwarz und 2 Pence blau) ausgegeben. Dieser Tag gilt als der offizielle "Tag der Einführung der ersten Briefmarke in der Welt".
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PLC (W3)

POB (W3)

p.p. (W3)

prithee (W3)

she (W2)

The phonetic development of various dialects had in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries rendered the pronouns "he" (masc.) and "heo" (fem.) almost or wholly indistinguishable in pronunciation. There was therefore, where these dialects were spoken, a strong motive for using the unambiguous feminine demonstrative instead of the feminine personal pronoun. Further, the districts in which "she" or "sho" first appears in the place of "heo" are marked by the abundance of Scandinavian elements in the dialect and place-names; and in Old Norse the demonstrative pronoun (of all genders) is often used as a personal pronoun.

sincere (W3)

• dt. "aufrichtig" = engl. "sincere"
• dt. "aufrichtiger" = engl. "more sincere"
• dt. "aufrichtiger" = engl. "sincerer"

Sincere (2 syl.)

Sincere, Claudius Freiherr

131 results for "sincere"

Developing an Artistic Sensibility for Screenwriting

You've probably heard the saying "Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery." Now, that doesn't mean that you should copy the stories or even the style of other writers, but you may want to try moving through the world as they do.
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2011-10-27: sincere

We found 36 dictionaries with English definitions that include the word sincere:
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sincere (4)

Sprachatlas des Dolomitenladinischen und angrenzender Dialekte, 1. Teil ("Sprechender")
743: sinceri / sincere

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Some other English words derived from "*ker-" are "cereal", "create", and "increase".

Are You Sincere - by Andy Williams

Are You Sincere - by Elvis Presley

SINCERE, NA, [Grammar; Grammaire; Gram.]

Sincerely Yours - Rose

00 Hinweis: -----------------------------------	Hinweis: --------------------------------------------------------------
01 Hinweis: Bild
02 Hinweis: Bemerkung
03 Hinweis: Literatur
10 Name: --------------------------------------	Name: -----------------------------------------------------------------
11 Name: Sortier Name
12 Name: Exhibition Name
13 Name: Registration Name
14 Name: Synonyme	Sincerely Yours, MORdort
15 Name: Auszeichnungen / Awards
20 Genealogie: --------------------------------	Genealogie: -----------------------------------------------------------
21 Genealogie: Gattung / Sektion / Art
22 Genealogie: Elternrosen / Herkunft / Parentage
23 Genealogie: Kinderrosen / Nachkommen
24 Genealogie: Sports / Mutationen
25 Genealogie: Verwendung / Utilisation / Gebruik / Use	Miniature
26 Genealogie: Erscheinungsjahr / DOB (Date of Birth)	1991
27 Genealogie: Züchter / Entdecker / Breeder / Hybridizer	Ralph S. Moore, US, 1991)
30 Blüte: -------------------------------------	Blüte: ----------------------------------------------------------------
31 Blüte: Farbe / Bloemkleur / Flower Colour	Medium Red, Red
32 Blüte: Duft / Fragrance / Geurend / Scent Strength	no fragrance
33 Blüte: Eigenschaften / Flowering Habit
34 Blüte: Blütenblätter-Anzahl / Petals	15 petals
35 Blüte: Form / Forme de la fleur / Bloom Shape
36 Blüte: Größe / Bloem / Bloom Size
37 Blüte: Typ / Bloom Type
38 Blüte: Zeit / Floraison / Bloeitijd / Flowering Period
39 Blüte: Bienenfreundlichkeit
40 Pflanze: -----------------------------------	Pflanze: --------------------------------------------------------------
41 Pflanze: Blätter, Laub / Feuillage / Foliage
42 Pflanze: Dornen / Stacheln / Thornyness
43 Pflanze: Hagebutten / Hips / Hip Colour / Hip Shape
44 Pflanze: Knospen / Buds
45 Pflanze: Stiele / Stems
50 Wuchs: -------------------------------------	Wuchs: ----------------------------------------------------------------
51 Wuchs: Form / Vorm / Growth Habit
52 Wuchs: Abstand / Dist. de plantation
53 Wuchs: Höhe / Taille / Height / Hauteur	20 - 40 cm
54 Wuchs: Weite / Width
60 Gesundheit: --------------------------------	Gesundheit: -----------------------------------------------------------
61 Gesundheit: Bodenansprüche / Cultivation
62 Gesundheit: Bakterien, Pilze, Viren
63 Gesundheit: Tierische Schädlinge
64 Gesundheit: Hitze
65 Gesundheit: Kälte
66 Gesundheit: Nässe
67 Gesundheit: Trockenheit
68 Gesundheit: Schatten
99 --------------------------------------------	-----------------------------------------------------------------------

sincerely, faithfully, truly

Yours Sincerely

Sincerely, The 1%

February 2011 15th: Most Sincerely Yours

sincerely (3)

• Sincerely - by The McGuire Sisters
• Sincerely - by The Moonglows

Sincerely - by The Forester Sisters

Sincerely Yours - by Sweet Sensation [Female] with Romeo J.D.

snailmail

talk
tale
tell
taal (W3)

you
thou
ye
y'all
Höflichkeitspronomen (W3)

Publikationen: ASSidUE - Arbeitspapiere des Seminars für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Erfurt

ASSIDUE - Arbeitspapiere des Seminars für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Erfurt - Nr. 18
Typologie und Diffusion von Höflichkeitspronomina in Europa
Johannes Helmbrecht
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Jespersens Hypothese ist außerdem korrekt insofern, als die direkt an Frankreich angrenzenden Königshöfe die Konvention der höflichen Anrede mit der 2PL etwa zur gleichen Zeit (Mittelalter) oder etwas später übernommen haben. Im Englischen wurde die T/V Distinktion auf der Basis der 2PL durch den Sprachkontakt mit der französischsprachigen normannischen Oberschicht in England im 12. Jht. übernommen. Sie breitete sich in der mittelenglischen Periode (12.-15.Jht.) aus.
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Zu signifikanten formalen Umgestaltungen im Paradigma kommt es jedoch dann, wenn Höflichkeitspronomina ihre alte Funktion verlieren, oder in den Funktionsbereich eines anderen Pronomen in dem Paradigma eindringen. Im Mittelenglischen gab es einen etablierten Kontrast zwischen 2SG.FAM "thou" und 2SG.HON "ye" / "you". Wie im Französischen wurde die letztere auch für die 2PL verwendet (wobei in der 2PL die HON-FAM-Distinktion neutralisiert war). Gegen Ende der mittelenglischen Periode wurde der asymmetrische Gebrauch von "you" für die höfliche Anrede immer stärker generalisiert. Zugleich bekam der ebenfalls asymmetrische Gebrauch von "thou" eine immer stärker pejorative Bedeutung, bis man "thou" nur noch in ganz wenigen Kontexten religiöser Art überhaupt gebrauchen konnte.
Das Resultat dieser Entwicklung war, daß die Numerusdistinktion in der zweiten Person neutralisiert wurde, und daß zugleich die HON-Distinktion in der zweiten Person ebenfalls neutralisiert wurde und zwar durch das Eindringen von "you" in die Domäne der ursprünglichen 2SG.FAM "thou". Die Neutralisierung zumindest des so wichtigen Numeruskontrastes in der zweiten Person wird offensichtlich nicht toleriert.

Im US-amerikanischen Englisch wird die Numerusdistinktion wieder hergestellt durch Ausdrücke wie you guys, y'all, und einige andere. Das numerusindifferent "you" wird durch nominale Ausdrücke wie "guys" oder Quantoren wie "all" repluralisiert. Ein häufig beobachtbarer Vorgang in Personalpronomina. Die Form "y'all" wird im Südosten der USA inzwischen sogar als 2SG.HON verwendet, was ganz sicher ohne europäischen Einfluß bzw. Sprachkontakt erklärt werden muß.
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Brown, Penelope
Politeness
Some Universals in Language Usage
(Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics)

Synopsis
This study is about the principles for constructing polite speech. The core of it first appeared in "Questions and Politeness", edited by Esther N. Goody (now out of print). It is here reissued with a new introduction which surveys the now considerable literature in linguistics, psychology and the social sciences that the original extended essay stimulated, and suggests new directions for research. The authors describe and account for some remarkable parallelisms in the linguistic construction of utterances with which people express themselves in different languages and cultures. A motive for these parallels is isolated - politeness, broadly defined to include both polite friendliness and polite formality - and a universal model is constructed outlining the abstract principles underlying polite usages. This is based on the detailed study of three unrelated languages and cultures: the Tamil of South India, the Tzeltal spoken by Mayan Indians in Chiapas, Mexico, and the English of the USA and England, supplemented by examples from other cultures. Underneath the apparent diversity of polite behaviour in different societies lie some general pan-human principles of social interaction, and the model of politeness provides a tool for analysing the quality of social relations in any society. This volume will be of special interest to students in linguistic pragmatics, sociolinguistics, applied linguistics, anthropology, and the sociology and social psychology of interaction.

Finkenstaedt, Thomas
You und Thou
Studien zur Anrede im Englischen

Kemp, A. C. (Autor)
The Perfect Insult for Every Occasion
Lady Snark's Guide to Common Discourtesy

Kurzbeschreibung
This book tosses aside fluffy new age sensitivity in favour of embracing your inner wolverine. It explores the subtleties of each topic, including gender differences, word histories, and dangerous double meanings. Chapters include how to teach assertive language to a child, put-downs by and for each gender, put-downs for the office, and how to handle courtship. It is filled with boxes, legal disclaimers, and etymology, it's naughty, but very funny.

Locher, Miriam A.
Power and Politeness in Action
Disagreement in Oral Communication

Synopsis
This study investigates the interface of power and politeness in the realization of disagreements in naturalistic language data. Power and politeness are important phenomena in face-to-face interaction. Disagreement is an arena in which these two key concepts are likely to be observed together. Both disagreement and the exercise of power entail a conflict. At the same time, conflict will often be softened by the display of politeness. The material for analysis comes from three different contexts: (1) a sociable argument in an informal, supportive, and interactive family setting; (2) a business meeting among colleagues at a research institution; and (3) examples from public discourse collected during the US Election in 2000.

Rickheit, Gert
Situated Communication

This volume contains a selection of studies from the Collaborative Research Center "Situated Artificial Communicators". The contributions focus on different aspects of human-human and human-machine interaction in situations which closely model everyday workplace demands. The interdisciplinary approach integrates theory, description, and experimentation with simulation and evaluation.

Watts, Richard J. (Hg., Vorwort)
Ide, Sachiko (Hg)
Ehlich, Konrad (Hg)
Politeness
Key Topics in Sociolinguistics

Synopsis
During the last fifteen years, existing models of linguistic politeness have generated a huge amount of empirical research. Using a wide range of data from real-life speech situations, this new introduction to politeness breaks away from the limitations of current models and argues that the proper object of study in politeness theory must be commonsense notions of what politeness and impoliteness are. From this, Watts argues, a more appropriate model, one based on Bourdieu's concept of social practice, is developed. The book aims to show that the terms 'polite' and 'impolite' can only be properly examined as they are contested discursively. In doing so, 'polite' and 'impolite' utterances inevitably involve their users in a struggle for power. A radically new account of linguistic politeness, the book will appeal to students and researchers in a wide range of disciplines, in linguistics and the social sciences.

Synopsis
The second edition of this collection of 13 original papers contains an updated introductory section detailing the significance that the original articles published in 1992 have for the further development of research into linguistic politeness into the 21st century. The original articles focus on the phenomenon of politeness in language. They present the most important problems in developing a theory of linguistic politeness, which must deal with the crucial differences between lay notions of politeness in different cultures and the term 'politeness' as a concept within a theory of linguistic politeness. The universal validity of the term itself is called into question, as are models such as those developed by Brown and Levinson, Lakoff, and Leech. New approaches are suggested. In addition to this theoretical discussion, an empirical section presents a number of case studies and research projects in linguistic politeness. These show what has been achieved within current models and what still remains to be done, in particular with reference to cross-cultural studies in politeness and differences between a Western and a non-Western approach to the subject. The publication of this second edition demonstrates that the significance of the collection is just as salient in the first decade of the new millennium as it was at the beginning of the 1990s.

Watts, Richard J. (Hg., Vorwort)
Ide, Sachiko (Hg)
Ehlich, Konrad (Hg)
Politeness in Language
Studies in Its History, Theory and Practice