Exportgüter von JP
Exportgüter von Japan
Exportgüter von JP - Japan sind:
- Computer
- Elektrogeräte
- Kraftfahrzeuge
Erstellt: 2012-07
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Schauen wir ins Land, aus dem die schwarzen Gürtel kommen, nach Japan. Das bekannteste und erfolgreichste Modell zur Fehlerbeseitigung im Industrieprozess ist das vom Ingenieur Taiichi Ohno entwickelte "Kaizen-Prinzip". Es wurde vom Automobilhersteller Toyota übernommen - und gilt branchenweit als wichtigster Schlüssel für die Erfolge des Konzerns auf den Weltmärkten, die seit den siebziger Jahren ungebrochen anhalten. Oberflächlich betrachtet ähnelt "Kaizen" den westlichen Fehlerbeseitigungsmethoden der Industrie: Es geht um die Perfektionierung von Arbeitsabläufen, um Prozessorientierung, um die Einführung eines rigoros überwachten und kontrollierten Qualitätsmanagements. Das klingt für westliche Ohren bekannt. Doch es ist anders, wie der an der Eidgenössischen Technischen Hochschule Zürich (ETH) lehrende Fehlerforscher Theo Wehner weiß: "Kaizen ist eben nicht - wie man im Westen annimmt - der Weg nach oben, sondern "der gute Weg", wörtlich übersetzt: die Veränderung zum Besseren. Das heißt, es gibt Umwege, Abwege, mal geht man auch nach unten und seitlich weg - das Wichtigste aber ist, dass man den besten Weg zum Ziel findet."
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Economy - overview:
In the years following World War II, government-industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, mastery of high technology, and a comparatively small defense allocation (1% of GDP) helped Japan develop a technologically advanced economy. Two notable characteristics of the post-war economy were the close interlocking structures of manufacturers, suppliers, and distributors, known as keiretsu, and the guarantee of lifetime employment for a substantial portion of the urban labor force. Both features are now eroding under the dual pressures of global competition and domestic demographic change. Japan's industrial sector is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and fuels. A tiny agricultural sector is highly subsidized and protected, with crop yields among the highest in the world. Usually self-sufficient in rice, Japan imports about 60% of its food on a caloric basis. Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch. For three decades, overall real economic growth had been spectacular - a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s, and a 4% average in the 1980s. Growth slowed markedly in the 1990s, averaging just 1.7%, largely because of the after effects of inefficient investment and an asset price bubble in the late 1980s that required a protracted period of time for firms to reduce excess debt, capital, and labor. Measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis that adjusts for price differences, Japan in 2011 stood as the fourth-largest economy in the world after second-place China, which surpassed Japan in 2001, and third-place India, which edged out Japan in 2011. A sharp downturn in business investment and global demand for Japan's exports in late 2008 pushed Japan further into recession. Government stimulus spending helped the economy recover in late 2009 and 2010, but the economy contracted again in 2011 as the massive 9.0 magnitude earthquake in March disrupted manufacturing. Electricity supplies remain tight because Japan has temporarily shut down almost all of its nuclear power plants after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear reactors were crippled by the earthquake and resulting tsunami. Estimates of the direct costs of the damage - rebuilding homes, factories, and infrastructure - range from $235 billion to $310 billion, and GDP declined almost 0.5% in 2011. Prime Minister Yoshihiko NODA has proposed opening the agricultural and services sectors to greater foreign competition and boosting exports through membership in the US-led Trans-Pacific Partnership trade talks and by pursuing free-trade agreements with the EU and others, but debate continues on restructuring the economy and reining in Japan's huge government debt, which exceeds 200% of GDP. Persistent deflation, reliance on exports to drive growth, and an aging and shrinking population are other major long-term challenges for the economy.