Amtssprache von IN
Amtssprache von Indien

Amtssprache(n) von IN - Indien ist / sind

Assamesisch
Bengalisch
Bodo
Dogri
Englisch
Gujarati
Hindi
Kannada
Kashmiri
Konkani
Maithili
Malayalam
Marathi
Meitei (Manipuri)
Nepali
Oriya
Panjabi
Sanskrit
Santali
Sindhi
Tamil
Tamilisch
Telugu
Urdu

Erstellt: 2012-07

angelfire
Sanscrit Etymological Sources
sanscritic roots for Indo-European words

(E?)(L?) http://www.angelfire.com/ma/vivekananda/sanscrit.html
Der Autor dieser Site untersucht die Verbindungen von Worten des indischen "Hindi" zu Begriffen in anderen indoeuropäischen Sprachen.

Publisher and Distributor:
SHREE GANGA PUSTAKALAYA
TRILOCHAN, VARANASI,
BHARAT [INDIA]
While browsing through "Bhargava's Concise English Dictionary" [Hindi-English], I could not help but notice the huge number of Hindi/Sanscrit words, linking to other languages in the Indo-European family. In many cases, these links provided the actual source, revealing Sanscrit to be the the closest offspring of the elusive pre-Sanscritic parent of our common linguistic heritage.

Words featured on this page
adore[4] apt[4] arsch GER[3] attic[6] augment[5] autos GR[5] axle[12] balcony[23] bamboo[24] band[25] bar[24] bark[22] barrier[24] basta ITAL[23] beat[33] bellum LAT[23] bicker[23] bitter[32] blabber[22] boar[24] boat[31] boil[19] book[24] box[22] brother[24] buckle[23] bug[22] buggy[22] bull[24] bully[23] bungalow[24] burden[24] burn[23] button[23] calamity[7] calumny[1] camera[15] candle[14] captain[14] car[13] carabine[8] caraffe FR[14] carat[12] cartouche FR[5] carve[5] center[2] ceremony[6] chat[9] chatter[9] chew[9] chicanery[30] chintz[29] chip[9] chit[10] choir[13] chubby[10] cinnamon[25] circle[10] coal[11] coffee[15] comely[14] commodore[15] comrade[7] conjugal[17] copra[1] corner[1] cornice[2] cot[1] cough[1] count[8] cow[9] cowardice[14] creator[15] crepe[14] crow[11] cruel[11] cut[14] dapper[26] dare[28] daughter[35] day[35] dear[25] decem LAT[5] delay[25] demon[25] dental[6] devastate[25] diet[6] dinghy[25] distant[26] dive[25] divine[5] dog[11] doom[5] door[6] doubt[6] dowry[35] draw[28] drug[26] due[26] duo LAT[26] ebony[11] end[3] entrails[4] eye[18] frontier[30] gallery[13] galleon[17] gang[13] gargle[13] gelee FR[13] genitals[17] genos GR[2] genou FR[3] gerontology[10] giddy[8] glass[8] go[13] goad[19] goo[9] goon[10] gout[1] grass[19] grave[12] groan[15] gross[12] grub[1] gullet[1] harsh[15] home[13] honour[4] hurt[4] image[21] jar[17] jaw[17] jealous[17] jewelry[17] join[18] joke[2] jolly[9] jug[9] juice[16] jungle[17] junk[2] khaki[7] knee[17] knot[29] knowledge[29] lava[8] lazy[11] loot[20] luck[20] mad[21] magic[21] man[21] map[18] medium[21] mondial FR[21] money[21] month[22] mother[21] mouse[21] mouth[21] murder[22] mustache[12] naked[29] name[18] naughty[29] navy[18]near[15] neat[29] nebula[18] neck[18] new[29] next[29] nicht GER[29] nine[18] nous GR[29] oggi ITAL[3] orange[35] other[12] oven[4] owl[5] pain[33] pale[34] papa[23] para GR[34] parity[33] part[32] path[33] pauper[22] pedal[34] peek[31] pepper[32] perimeter[35] person[35] petra LAT[35] pewter[32] picture[31] pin[11] pinch[32] plate[33] ply[15] police[34] potion[32] pounce[30] pour[31] practical[31] praise[30] prayer[33] pretend[31] priority[31] private[34] progenitor[2] progeny[2] progress[31] pronto ITAL[35] property[30] propitious[34] prosper[34] proto LAT[32] prototype[31] proximate[30] proximity[34] pupil[33] pure[32] pyjama[32] quand FR[14] queen[10] race[21] reckon[27] rich[22] saint[19] salle FR[19] same[20] savon FR[20] scratch[15] seek[19] sense[20] serpent[19] sew[20] sewer[20] shame[19] shave[30] shawl[7] sherbert[19] shoot[11] short[30] sip[16] Skanda HIND[36] smell[19] soup[16] star[16] stutter[26] sugar[19] sun[35] sweat[21] talk[28] tambourine[16] target[16] tasse FR[16] tension[28] terra LAT[27] thirst[15] this[27] tingle[16] tiny[28] tither[16] tobacco[28] toi FR[26] toll[27] tone[16] towel[27] town[27] treachery[26] tree[27] tribe[28] tripod[26] tumult[27] tundra[27] udder[33] uncharitable[12] unending[3] unknown[12] up,upward[5] veda[20] veranda[25] virile[20] wagon[20] water[20] wisdom[29] woman[20] young[18] youth[21]

Weiterhin findet man Links zu folgenden Sites:

Glossary of Sanscrit words
Return to Sri Swami Vivekananda Homepage
Quotes from Sri Swami Vivekananda
RK Digest Chatroom and Message Board
Another Sri Swami Vivekananda Site
Visit Site dedicated to the Holy Mother
Visit Sri Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsadeva Site
Visit DAKSHINESWAR temple near Calcutta
SRI SARADA SOCIETY
Vedanta Society of Toronto
Indian Philosophy and Religion
Visit the RAMAKRISHNA MATH at Chennai, India
to see Statue of Swami Vivekananda, unveiled in 1998

Assami - Language of IN (W3)

Assami ist Amtssprache in: Indien (mit Englisch, Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Kashmiri, Sindhi, Sanskrit)

(E1)(L3) http://www.heinrich-tischner.de/22-sp/2wo/sprachen/0/japhet.htm

Barbar
Barbarossa

(E?)(L?) http://www.geschichte.2me.net/bio/cethegus/f/friedrich1.html
Das altind. "barbarah" = "stammelnd" könnte eine lautmalerische Wortbildung vergleichbar zu "babbeln" sein. Für die Griechen war ein "barbarus" ein "Fremder, Ausländer, der griechischen Sprache Unkundiger". Das lat. "barbarus" bezeichnete dann auch einen "ausländischen", "fremden", "ungebildeten" Menschen.
In dieser Bedeutung wurde es dann auch um 1400 ins Deutsche übernommen. Die Umdeutung in "grausamer Mensch" setzte dann im 16. und 17.Jh. ein.
Dieser Bedeutungswandel zeigt sehr schön, dass mit dem Fremden immer zunächst das Negative assoziiert wird. Waren die alten Germanen für die Griechen und Römer noch die "Barbaren" benutzten die Deutschen - nachdem sie endlich von den Bäumen gestiegen waren - den gleichen Ausdruck für diejenigen die ihr "Gebabbel" nicht verstanden.

Die folgenden Hinweise zu "Barbar" erhielt ich von einem Besucher (F.G.)

So weit ich mich erinnere habe ich gehört oder gelesen, daß dieser Ursprung auf "Bartträger", "einen Bart tragen" zurückgeht, wobei im übertragenen Sinne dieser "Bartträger", als "Stammler, Brabbler", undeutlich oder unklar sprechender Mensch bezeichnet wurde (da er der Landessprache -Griechisch oder Latein- nicht oder nur eingeschränkt mächtig war).
Die Zurückführung auf das altindische "barbarah" = "stammeln" mag einen Anhaltspunkt liefern.
Allerdings besaßen die Griechen bereits das Wort "barbaros".
Die Römer besaßen die Begriffe

1. "barbatulus" = "mit dünnem, schütteren Bart"
2. "barbatus" = "bärtig, erwachsen"
3. "barbi-ger, era, erum" = "barttragend, bärtig"

Aus meiner Zeit als Bartträger (lange vor dem Etymologie-Portal) meine ich mich auch an einen derartigen Zusammenhang zu erinnern. Darauf deuten auch Wörter wie "Barbier" = "Bartscherer" und "Barbe" = "bärtiger" Fisch (wegen seiner 4 Bartfäden) hin.
Meine Vermutung, daß das Wort "Barbar" zunächst auf unsere, wie Sie so nett schrieben, etwas verzottelt aussehenden Vorfahren zurückgeht und von da erst im übertragenen Sinne auf brabbeln, babbeln o.ä. zurückzuführen sei, gründet auf den Ausdrücken:

1) Barbarossa = ital. für "Rotbart" = Kaiser Friedrich I. (1122-1190): dt. König und röm. König und Kaiser.)
2) Der Barbier von Sevilla, wozu ich auch die Redewendung über den Löffel "barbieren" zähle;
3) in der französischen Sprache, (Umganssprache?)so wurde mir gesagt, heißt das Wort für Zuckerwatte, die Kinder so gerne essen "barbe à papa" etwa Papas Bart.

Von daher vermutete ich, daß zunächst das Aussehen eines Fremden für dessen Bezeichnung dient; man sieht ja jemanden zuerst und dann hört man ihn reden. Ob er zu verstehen ist, ist dann noch fraglich.
Welche scharfen Instrumente den Griechen zum Rasieren zur Verfügung gestanden haben, weiß ich nicht. Jedoch besaßen die Römer Messer und Skalpelle, die unseren an Schärfe nicht sehr unterlegen gewesen sein dürften; (Hohlschliff ausgenommen.) Zu besichtigen sind diese Gebrauchsinstrumente auf der Saalburg bei Bad Homburg (Taunus), ein ehem. römisches Kastell. Ich war erstaunt zu sehen, was es zu der damaligen Zeit bereits alles an Werkzeugen und Hilfsmitteln gab.

csmonitor - A Hindi-English jumble, spoken by 350 million

(E?)(L?) http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/1123/p01s03-wosc.html

...
GURGAON, INDIA - Turn on any Indian television station these days and you're likely to hear things like "Hungry kya?" and "What your bahana is?"
Or one of your friends might ask you to "pre-pone" your dinner plans or accuse you of "Eve-teasing."
...

Malayalam (W3)
Language of IN
Sprache in Indien

Die Bezeichnung der südindischen Sprache "Malayalam" stellt ein Palindrom dar. Die Sprache "Malayalam" wird als Verwaltungssprache in den Bundesstaaten Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala und Andhra Pradesh benutzt.

Die Bezeichnung "malayalam" bedeutete ursprünglich "gebirgiges Land" und setzt sich zusammen aus "mala" = dt. "Berg" und "alam" = dt. "Platz", "Ort".

(E?)(L?) http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/malayalam.html

Alan Wood’s Unicode Resources

Test for Unicode support in Web browsers

Malayalam

U+0D00 - U+0D7F (3328-3455)

(E?)(L?) http://www.alphadictionary.com/directory/Languages/Dravidian/Malayalam/

Malayalam

Dictionaries

Malayalam Newspapers

Malayalam-English Dictionary

Grammars

Malayalam Language Tutor

Language Resources

Profile of Malayalam

Malayalam Fonts

Malayalam Newspapers

(E?)(L?) http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/vipin/www/mal.html

Malayalam

Malayalam (/malayALam/) is the principal language of the South Indian state of Kerala and also of the Lakshadweep Islands (Laccadives) of the west coast of India. Malayalis (speakers of Malayalam), who - males and females alike - are almost totally literate, constitute 4 percent of the population of India and 96 percent of the population of Kerala (29.01 million in 1991). In terms of the number of speakers Malayalam ranks eights among the fifteen major languages of India.

The word /malayALam/ originally meant mountainous country) (/mala/- mountain + /aLam/-place). Tamil is its neighbor on the south and east and Kannada on the north and east.

Evolution of the Language

With Tamil, Kota, Kodagu and Kannada, Malayalam belongs to the southern group of Dravidian languages. Its affinity to Tamil is the most striking. Proto-Tamil Malayalam, the common stock of Tamil and Malayalam apparently disintegrated over a period of four of five centuries from the ninth century on, resulting in the emergence of Malayalam as a language distinct from Tamil. As the language of scholarship and administration Tamil greatly influenced the early development of Malayalam. Later the irresistable inroads the Brahmins made into the cultural life of Kerala accelerated the assimilation of many Indo-Aryan features into Malayalam at different levels.
...

(E?)(L?) http://www.eki.ee/letter/

(E?)(L?) http://www.eki.ee/letter/chardata.cgi?lang=ml_r+Malayalam&script=romanization

Short description LDB Letter Database query page
Malayalam
Romanization system: UN 1972, 1977
...

(E?)(L?) http://users.elite.net/runner/jennifers/Greetings%20M.htm#Malayalam

Malayalam [mal] (India: Kerala.)

(E?)(L?) http://www.ethnologue.com/

Malayalam (AE) | Malayalam (BH) | Malayalam (FJ) | Malayalam (GB) | Malayalam (IL) | Malayalam (IN) | Malayalam (IN) | Malayalam (MY) | Malayalam (QA) | Malayalam (SG) | Malayalam Muthuvan (IN) | Nagari-Malayalam (IN)

(E?)(L?) http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mal

Malayalam - A language of India
ISO 639-3mal
Alternate Names: "Alealum", "Malayalani", "Malayali", "Malean", "Maliyad", "Mallealle", "Mopla"
Location: Kerala and Lakshadweep; Karnataka, Dakshina Kannada, Kodagu, and Mysore districts; Tamil Nadu, The Nilgiris, Colimbatore, and Tirunelveli districts; western Puducherry, Mahe.
...

(E?)(L?) http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Malayalam

"Malayalam" 1837, Dravidian language of Malabar, from Dravidian "Malayali", from "mala" "mountain" + "al" "possess".

(E?)(L1) http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/c.htm

(E?)(L1) http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/0d4d/index.htm

Unicode Character 'MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA' (U+0D4D)

(E?)(L?) http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/0d7a/index.htm

Unicode Character 'MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU NN' (U+0D7A)

(E?)(L?) http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/0d66/index.htm

Unicode Character 'MALAYALAM DIGIT ZERO' (U+0D66)

(E?)(L1) http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/m.htm

Malayalam U+0D00 | malayalam chandrakkala U+0D4D | Malayalam Chillu Letters U+0D7A | Malayalam Consonants U+0D15 | Malayalam Dependent Vowel Signs U+0D3E | Malayalam Digits U+0D66 | Malayalam Independent Vowels U+0D05 | MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA U+0D4D | malayalam vowel half-u U+0D4D

(E?)(L1) http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/v.htm

VIRAMA, MALAYALAM SIGN U+0D4D

(E?)(L1) http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/block/index.htm

Malayalam U+0D00 U+0D7F (95)

(E?)(L?) http://greatlanguagegame.com/languages/Malayalam/

Malayalam

(E?)(L?) http://www.ilovelanguages.com/index.php?category=Languages%7CBy+Language%7CMalayalam

Kerala/Malayalam | Malayalam

(E?)(L?) http://www.krysstal.com/langfams_dravidian.html

North India is dominated by languages of the Indo-European Family.

The Dravidian Family of languages are the very difficult sounding languages of South India. These include the major languages Tamil (spoken in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, northern Sri Lanka, Singapore and Malaysia), Malayalam (Kerala state), Kannada (from Karnataka) and Telugu (Andhra Pradesh). Each has its own script which has the curved appearance typical of South Indian writing.
...

(E?)(L?) http://www.krysstal.com/writing_malayalam.html

The Malayalam Syllabary

(E?)(L?) http://www.language-archives.org/language/mal

OLAC resources in and about the Malayalam language

(E?)(L?) http://www.language-museum.com/encyclopedia/m/malayalam.php

Malayalam
...
Statistics: India (33,667,000) - United Arab Emirates (300,000) - Malaysia (37,000) - Singapore (10,000) - Fiji (313) - Bahrain (?) - Qatar (?) - United Kingdom (?) - Total (34,014,000)

(E?)(L?) http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/English_list.php

Malayalam Malayalam malayalam mal ml

(E?)(L?) http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=mjs

Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Malayalam

Source: United Nations Department of Public Information, NY
...
Profile

Native Name: None

Total Speakers: 34,014,000 (1994)

Usage By Country: Official Language: Kerala/India

Background: Malayalam, with the stress on the third syllable, is spoken on the Malabar (western) coast of extreme southern India, chiefly in the state of Kerala, and also in the Laccadives. It is one of the Dravidian languages (southern group) and is most closely related to Tamil. There are about 35 million speakers. Speakers of Malayalam (which originally meant "mountainous country") are called Malayalis, and constitute 4% of the population of India. Over a period of 4 or 5 centuries, from the 9th century on, the common stock of Tamil and Malayalam apparently disintegrated giving rise to two distinct languages. The alphabet, which dates from the 8th or 9th century, also developed out of the script called "Grantha". The English words "teak", "copra", and "atoll" all come from Malayalam.

(E?)(L?) http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/mjs.pdf

Universal Declaration of Human Rights Malayalam

(E?)(L?) http://www.omniglot.com/links/dictionaries.htm#malayalam

Malayalam dictionaries and Information

http://www.prokerala.com/general/dictionary/

http://www.mashithantu.com/dictionary/

http://www.dictionary.tamilcube.com/malayalam-dictionary.aspx

http://malayalam.changathi.com/Dictionary.aspx

http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/gundert/

http://www.shabdkosh.com/ml/

http://olam.in

Information about Malayalam

Malayalam phrases

Tower of Babel in Malayalam

Malayalam learning materials

(E?)(L?) http://www.omniglot.com/links/fonts.htm#malayalam

Malayalam fonts

http://www.wazu.jp/gallery/Fonts_Malayalam.html

http://www.prokerala.com/downloads/fonts.php

https://sites.google.com/site/fontpacksite/malayalam-fonts

https://sites.google.com/site/cibu/

http://www.clickeralam.org/product.html

http://www.horomatching.com/KattaFont.aspx

Information about Malayalam

Malayalam phrases

Tower of Babel in Malayalam

Malayalam learning materials

(E?)(L?) http://www.omniglot.com/links/phrases.php#malayalam

Malayalam phrases

http://www.jaimalayalam.com/vegam_vegam_malayalam.htm

http://www.languageshome.com/English-Malayalam.htm

Information about Malayalam

Malayalam phrases

Tower of Babel in Malayalam

Malayalam learning materials

(E?)(L?) http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malayalam.htm

Malayalam is a Dravidian language with about 38 million speakers spoken mainly in the south west of India, particularly in Kerala, the Laccadive Islands and neighboring states, and also in Bahrain, Fiji, Israel, Malaysia, Qatar, Singapore, UAE and the UK.
...

(E?)(L?) http://www.proz.com/search/

Malayalam

(E?)(L?) https://www.reise-know-how.de/shop?populate=malayalam

Malayalam für Kerala

(E?)(L?) http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/gundert/

Online: Gundert, Hermann. A Malayalam and English dictionary. Mangalore, London, C. Stolz; Trübner & Co., 1872.

(E?)(L?) http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=92&menu=004

Malayalam

Malayalam Citations | Malayalam Links | Select a New Language

Number of Speakers: 36 million

Key Dialects: Malabar, Nagari, South Kerala, Central Kerala, North Kerala, Kayavar, Namboodiri, Moplah, Pulaya, Nasrani, Nayar.

Geographical Center: Kerala state, India

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Malayalam is spoken primarily in southern coastal India by over 35 million speakers. Outside India, it is also spoken in the Laccadive islands off the western coast of India, in Bahrain, Fiji, Malaysia, Singapore, Israel, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom by a total of approximately 400,000 speakers. Malayalam is known by a variety of alternate names/pronunciations including the following: "Alealum", "Malayalani", "Malayali", "Malean", "Maliyad", "Mallealle", and "Mopla". Malayalam is most closely related to "Tamil". Other related languages include "Aranadan", "Kadar", and "Ravula".

LINGUISTIC AFFILIATION

Malayalam is a Southern Dravidian language.

LANGUAGE VARIATION
...
LINGUISTIC SKETCH

Malayalam is considered the Dravidian language most influenced by Sanskrit.
...
ROLE IN SOCIETY
...
HISTORY

Four or five centuries prior to the ninth century, proto-Tamil Malayalam, the common stock of the Tamil and Malayalam languages, began to disintegrate. The result was the emergence of Malayalam as a language and culture distinct from Tamil. The earliest written record of Malayalam is the VazhappaLLi inscription (ca. 830 AD). The earliest work of Malayalam prose is a commentary on Chanakya's Arthasastra. This work dates back to the twelfth century.

REFERENCES

Asher, R.E. and T.C. Kumari. 1997. Malayalam. London and New York: Routledge.

Frohnmeyer, L.J. 1979. A Progressive Grammar of the Malayalam Language. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services.

Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Editor). 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth Edition. Dallas: SIL International.

Ladefoged, Peter, and Ian Maddieson. 1996. The Sounds of the World’s Languages. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

Peet, Joseph. 1972. A Grammar of the Malayalim Language. Osnabruck: Biblio Verlag.

Variar, K.M. Prabhakara. 1979. Studies in Malayalam Grammar. Madras: Rathnam Press.

(E?)(L?) http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/EtatsNsouverains/inde-Kerala.htm

Kerala (Inde)

Capitale: Thiruvananthapuram

Population: 31,8 millions (2001)

Langues officielles: "malayalam" et "anglais"

Groupe majoritaire: malayalam (96,7 %)

Groupes minoritaires: tamoul (1,8 %), toulou (0,3 %), kannada (0,2 %), konkani (0,1 %), télougou (0,1 %), marathi (0,1 %), hindi (0,0 %), gujarati, ourdou, anglais, bengali, oriya, népali, panjabi, sindhi, arabe.

Système politique: État de l'Union indienne

Articles constitutionnels (langue): art. 29, 30, 120, 210, 343 à 350 de la Constitution de 1956 (en vigueur)

Lois linguistiques de l'Union: l'Ordonnance présidentielle de 1960; la Loi sur les langues officielles (Official Languages Act) de 1963 modifiée en 1967; les Règlements sur les langues officielles (Official Languages Rules) de 1976 modifiés en 1987; Directives relatives à la langue officielle de 2009.

Lois de l'État: Loi sur la langue officielle (1969); Loi modifiant la Loi sur la langue officielle (1973).

...

(E?)(L?) http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/EtatsNsouverains/inde-pondicherry.htm

Pondichéry (Puducherry/Putucceri/Poudouchéry)

Capitale: Puducherry (Poudouchéry)

Population: 973 829 (2001)

Langues officielles: anglais (de jure), tamoul (de jure), malayalam (Mahé), télougou (Yanam), français (symbolique)

- Pondichéry: tamoul, anglais et français

- Mahé: malayalam et anglais

- Karaikal: tamoul et anglais

- Yanam: télougou et anglais

Groupe majoritaire: tamoul (88,4 %)

Groupes minoritaires: télougou (5,2 %), malayalam (4,3 %), ourdou (0,7 %), hindi (0,4 %), bengali (0,1 %), gujarati (0,1 %), kannada (0,1 %), oriya, marathi, anglais, français, etc.

Système politique: territoire de l'Union indienne

Articles constitutionnels (langue): art. 29, 30, 120, 210, 343 à 350 de la Constitution de 1956 (en vigueur); Traité de cession des Établissements français de Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé et Yanaon (1956).

Lois linguistiques de l'Union: l'Ordonnance présidentielle de 1960; la Loi sur les langues officielles (Official Languages Act) de 1963 modifiée en 1967; les Règlements sur les langues officielles (Official Languages Rules) de 1976 modifiés en 1987; Directives relatives à la langue officielle de 2009.

Lois de l'État: Loi sur les langues officielles de Pondichéry (1965); Loi sur l'Université de Pondichéry, no 53 de 1985.

...

(E?)(L?) http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/monde/famdravidienne.htm

Nord: brahui, malto, kurux, sauria, etc.

Centre-Sud: télougou, gondi, konda, kui, manda, parji, gadaba, kolami, pengo, naiki, kuvi, etc.

Sud: tamoul, malayalam, kannada, toulou (ou tulu), kodagu, toda, kota, etc.

(E?)(L?) http://www.unicode.org/charts/

(E?)(L?) http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0D00.pdf

Malayalam

(E6)(L?) http://www.unicode.org/charts/charindex.html

chandrakkala, malayalam 0D4D

Chillu Letters, Malayalam 0D7A

Digits, Malayalam 0D66

Malayalam 0D00

malayalam chandrakkala 0D4D

Malayalam Chillu Letters 0D7A

Malayalam Consonants 0D15

Malayalam Dependent Vowel Signs 0D3E

Malayalam Digits 0D66

Malayalam Independent Vowels 0D05

MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA 0D4D

malayalam vowel half-u 0D4D

VIRAMA, MALAYALAM SIGN 0D4D

(E?)(L?) https://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/

Malayalam

(E?)(L?) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_official_languages_by_state

Malayalam (in Kerala, Pondicherry and Lakshadweep)

(E?)(L?) http://ml.wikipedia.org

Malayalam language Wikipedia

(E?)(L?) http://www.word2word.com/dice.html#malayalam

English - Malayalam Dictionaries

(E?)(L?) https://www.yourdictionary.com/malayalam

Malayalam

(E1)(L1) http://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?corpus=0&content=Malayalam
Abfrage im Google-Corpus mit 15Mio. eingescannter Bücher von 1500 bis heute.

Engl. "Malayalam" taucht in der Literatur um das Jahr 1820 auf.

Erstellt: 2015-08

N

Naga Creole Assamese - Language of IN (W3)

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=nag

Naga-Assamese - Language of IN (W3)

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=nag

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P

Q

R

rajiv.com
Urdu Dictionary and Thesaurus

(E?)(L?) http://www.rajiv.com/india/info/

(E?)(L?) http://www.rajiv.com/india/info/urdudic.asp
Die Site über Indien enthält neben einem rudimentären Wörterbuch zu "Urdu" auch folgende (teilweise) sprachlich interessante Themen:

The Current Time in India?
Indian Holidays for 1997, 1996, 1995
Some Hotels in New Delhi.
Lists (with Rates) of Internet Providers in India. More Internet Providers in India.
More Internet Providers in Delhi.
Telephone Long Distance Rates? to India.
List of Indian Regional Languages.
Hindu Names and their Meanings.
Indian Baby Names from the Worldwide Indian Network.
Indian Last Names? complied by Valliappa Lakshmanan.
List of ernet nodes. You will find the e-mail addresses of various organizations in India here. (Local copy over fast connection) or (Master from India)?
Do you remember what a 50 Rupee note looks like ?
Prince Kohli's Travel Agent Survey?
Savithri's FAQ on Travelling to India with a Child
Biographical sketches? of Indian Scientists.
Urdu - Hindi - Dictionary and Thesaurus Usman Qazi is working on.
A larger, older Urdu - English Dictionary
Complete text of the Bhagvad Gita in English
A letter from Ravindranath Thakur (Tagore) to his wife.
Download Indian language fonts and pictures?.
Download an Indian Flag Icon (32x32 VGA Color) for Windows that I drew.

S

Sanskrit (W3)

Die Bezeichnung "Sanskrit" für die altindische Sprache, die noch heute nur noch als Literatur- und Gelehrtensprache ("heilige Sprache der Brahmanen") anzutreffen ist, basiert auf dem sanskrit-Wort "samskrta" = "geregelt", "genormt". Das Wort sanskr. "samskrta" setzt sich zusammen aus "sam" = "zusammen" (das auch in engl. "same" und dt. "zusammen" steckt) und "krta" = "machen", "verrichten" ("krta", mit (proto-)ide. "*k(w)er-" = "machen", "formen" steckt auch in "karma").
Die Sprache erhielt diese Bezeichnung, weil sie zwischen dem 5. und 10. Jahrhundert von Grammatikern normiert (geregelt) wurde. "Sanskrit" ist seit 1617 im Englischen beaknnt.

(E?)(L?) http://www.bhakti-yoga.ch/Buch/SanskritW/WorterklaerungS.html

Sanskrit (samskrta)

Die Kult- und Kunstsprache des alten Indien. Von "Sanskrit" und "Prakrit" stammen "Hindi", "Bengali", "Marathi", "Gujarati" und andere heute in Indien gesprochene Tochtersprachen des "Sanskrit" ab. Die Sprache "Urdu", die von vielen Mohammedanern in Indien gesprochen wird, ist Hindi mit Beimengungen von persischen und arabischen Worten, nur die Schrift ist verschieden, sie wird von rechts nach links geschrieben wie das Hebräische und nicht von links nach rechts wie die indogermanischen Sprachen. "Urdu" bedeutet eigentlich Sprache der Basare und des Marktes.

Auch "Pali", die heilige Sprache des südlichen Buddhismus ist eine Tochtersprache des Sanskrit. Und auch die alten historischen und kultischen Schriften in Burma, Siam usw. sind in Sanskrit verfasst. Der indische Kulturkreis erstreckte sich einst weit über die Länder Hinterindiens und die Inselwelt von Indonesien.

Die "tamilischen Sprachen" im Süden Indiens sind nicht Tochtersprachen des Sanskrit, aber stark mit Sanskrit durchsetzt.

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=san
Sanskrit - Language of IN

(E?)(L?) http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Sanskrit

(E?)(L?) http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=karma

(E?)(L?) https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Sanskrit

Sherpa
Language of India
Sprache von India
Language of IN
Sprache von IN

(E?)(L?) http://users.elite.net/runner/jennifers/Greetings%20S.htm#Sherpa

Sherpa [xsr] (Nepal.)

(E?)(L?) http://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/languages

Sherpa

[xsr] West Bengal, Darjeeling district; Sikkim; Arunachal Pradesh. 18,300 in India (2001 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Serwa, Sharpa, Sharpa Bhotia, Xarba, Xiaerba Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang Comments: A Scheduled Tribe. ‘Sharpa’, easterner, so the term used in different countries may not always refer to Sherpa. Buddhist (Lamaist).

More Information

(E?)(L?) http://www.ethnologue.com/language/xsr

(E?)(L?) http://www.language-archives.org/language/xsr

OLAC resources in and about the Sherpa language

(E1)(L1) http://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?corpus=0&content=Sherpa
Abfrage im Google-Corpus mit 15Mio. eingescannter Bücher von 1500 bis heute.

Engl. "Sherpa" taucht in der Literatur um das Jahr 1840 / 1880 auf.

Erstellt: 2014-08

Standard Assamese - Language of IN (W3)

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=asm

T

Tullu (IN)
Language of IN
Sprache in IN

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tcy

U

Urdu
Language of IN
Sprache von IN

Die Sprache "Urdu" entstand am Mogulhof aus der Mischung von Persisch und Hindi. Sie wurde zur Lingua franca im Reich der Mogulherrscher.

Das tatar. "urdu" = dt. "Lager", türk. "ordu" = dt. "Heer" wird mit dt. "Horde" (15.Jh) = dt. "umherziehende, wilde Schar", poln. "horda" in Verbindung gebracht.

(E?)(L?) http://www.bhakti-yoga.ch/Buch/SanskritW/WorterklaerungS.html

Sanskrit (samskrta)

Die Kult- und Kunstsprache des alten Indien. Von "Sanskrit" und "Prakrit" stammen "Hindi", "Bengali", "Marathi", "Gujarati" und andere heute in Indien gesprochene Tochtersprachen des "Sanskrit" ab. Die Sprache "Urdu", die von vielen Mohammedanern in Indien gesprochen wird, ist Hindi mit Beimengungen von persischen und arabischen Worten, nur die Schrift ist verschieden, sie wird von rechts nach links geschrieben wie das Hebräische und nicht von links nach rechts wie die indogermanischen Sprachen. "Urdu" bedeutet eigentlich Sprache der Basare und des Marktes.

Auch "Pali", die heilige Sprache des südlichen Buddhismus ist eine Tochtersprache des Sanskrit. Und auch die alten historischen und kultischen Schriften in Burma, Siam usw. sind in Sanskrit verfasst. Der indische Kulturkreis erstreckte sich einst weit über die Länder Hinterindiens und die Inselwelt von Indonesien.

Die "tamilischen Sprachen" im Süden Indiens sind nicht Tochtersprachen des Sanskrit, aber stark mit Sanskrit durchsetzt.

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=urd

(E?)(L?) http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Urdu

"Urdu": official language of Pakistan, 1796, from Hindustani "urdu" = engl. "camp". from Turkish "ordu" (source of "horde"); short for "zaban-i-urdu" = engl. "language of the camp". Compare "Dzongkha", a variant of Tibetan and the official language of Bhutan, literally "the language of the fortress".

(E?)(L?) http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=Urdu

Urdu in Dictionaries

(E?)(L?) http://www.runnymedetrust.org/projects/meb/bgMultiEthnicScotland.html

...
English developed as a great world language because the courtiers, military, churchmen, traders and civil servants of Empire adapted and absorbed indigenous concepts and terms. There are several thousand words of foreign etymology from Africa, Asia and the Middle East in the Oxford English Dictionary. Indeed, the process of hybridity is essential if a language is to develop wide range of expression and deep vocabulary as can be understood by reflecting on the history of another language renowned for the raneg and depth of its vocabulary.

"Urdu" is spoken, read and written by many Pakistanis and Indians, and understood by the people of both countries as the medium of "Bollywood" (Anmerkung: gebildet in Anlehnung an "Hollywood" für die indische Filmindustrie in "Bombay".), the prolific Indian film industry, developed in ways analogous to English. It originated as a Turkic language of the "urd" = "camp" = "Heerlager" (?); its basic syntax and verbal forms are indigenous to the northern area of the subcontinent where Punjabi is spoken; its learned diction is drawn from Arabicized Persian; Persian constructions are mainly to be found in poetry, it is renowned for its harmonious musicality. William Shakespeare, the master of the eclectic artistry of English would be fascinated.
...

Der Artikel, aus dem dieser Abschnitt übernommen wurde trägt den Titel:

"Multi-Ethnic Scotland - race, religion and language" - Elinor Kelly

This paper by Dr Elinor Kelly, University of Glasgow, was first published in Scottish Affairs, no 26, winter 1998 pp 83-99. It describes the visit which the Commission on Multi-Ethnic Britain made to Scotland in 1998, and reflects on issues arising.

(E1)(L1) http://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?corpus=8&content=Urdu
Abfrage im Google-Corpus mit 15Mio. eingescannter Bücher von 1500 bis heute.

Dt. "Urdu" taucht in der Literatur um das Jahr 1800 auf.

(E?)(L?) https://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/

Erstellt: 2014-01

Urdu Dictionaries

(E?)(L?) http://www.alldictionaries.com/Languages/Urdu/

UrduWord.com English-Urdu Dictionary and Lessons. - http://www.urduword.com/

Searchable English-Urdu and Urdu-English dictionary with beginner's lessons. - [Read more]

A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi and English. - http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/platts/

Online version of John T. Platts' 'A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi and English' from the Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. - [Read more]

Urduseek.com Urdu English Dictionary - http://www.urduseek.com/

Online English to Urdu dictionary where users can view Urdu meanings in Urdu font. This dictionary also provides English to Urdu, Urdu to English word. - [Read more]

Urdu, Punjabi, Pashto, Balcohi and Sindhi Dictionary. - http://www.ijunoon.com/

Urdu, Punjabi, Pashto, Balcohi and Sindhi Dictionary. - [Read more]

Urdu: Dictionaries - MavicaNET - http://www.mavicanet.com/directory/bel/22391.html

Searchable English to Urdu dictionary. - [Read more]

Urdu Dictionary - Roman Urdu Words and Meanings - http://www.dictionaryurdu.com/

Roman Urdu Dictionary with 1000s of Roman Urdu words and their meanings. - [Read more]

Urdu to English Dictionary | English to Urdu Dictionary - http://www.urduenglishdictionary.org/

Online Urdu Engilsh Dictionary. - [Read more]

Urdu English Dictionary - http://www.ed.brocku.ca/~rahul/Misc/urdu-dict.html

English to Urdu Dictionary. - [Read more]

(E?)(L?) http://www.lexicool.com/dictionaries_urdu.asp

Catalan-Urdu

Children's Illustrated Catalan-Urdu Dictionary (CA<->UR), Microsoft Search Terminology (EN>MULTI), Glosbe - the multilingual online dictionary (MULTI), Global Glossary (MULTI) ...

English-Urdu

TamilCube - English to Urdu Dictionary (EN<->UR), Urduword Dictionary (EN<->UR), iJunoon.com Urdu Dictionary (EN>UR), eBazm.com English-Urdu Dictionary (EN<->UR) ...

Hindi-Urdu

A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English London: W. H. Allen & Co., 1884. (HI-UR>EN), Microsoft Search Terminology (EN>MULTI), Glosbe - the multilingual online dictionary (MULTI), Global Glossary (MULTI) ...

Italian-Urdu

De Judicibus - Italian-Urdu General Dictionary (IT<->UR), Miniglossario urdu-italiano (UR>IT), Microsoft Search Terminology (EN>MULTI), Glosbe - the multilingual online dictionary (MULTI) ...

Norwegian-Urdu

LEXIN Norwegian-Urdu Dictionary (NO>UR), Microsoft Search Terminology (EN>MULTI), Glosbe - the multilingual online dictionary (MULTI), Global Glossary (MULTI) ...

Spanish-Urdu

Microsoft Search Terminology (EN>MULTI), Glosbe - the multilingual online dictionary (MULTI), Global Glossary (MULTI), Glencoe Online - Multilingual Mathematics Glossary (MULTI) ...

(E?)(L?) https://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/?dict=urd_news_2007

Search in 230 Corpus-Based Monolingual Dictionaries
Active dictionary: Urdu case sensitive search

(E?)(L?) http://www.urduseek.com/

Comprehensive English Urdu Dictionary with Advance Search

(E?)(L?) http://www.urduword.com/

English-Urdu Dictionary and Lessons

(E?)(L?) http://www.word2word.com/dicf.html#urdu

Urdu - English Dictionary

Urdu - English Dictionary

Urdu - English Dictionary

Urdu - English Dictionary

Urdu - English Dictionary

Urdu - Hindi - English Dictionary

Urdu - English Dictionary

Erstellt: 2014-01

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Werders - Language of IN (W3)

"Werders" ist die Bezeichnung für eine der Sprachen in Indien.
Wie diese Sprache zu ihrem Namen kam konnte ich jedoch nicht in Erfahrung bringen.

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=wbq
wbq IN LA Werders

Western Assamese - Language of IN (W3)

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=asm

wikipedia - Indian English

(E?)(L?) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_English

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Bücher zur Kategorie:

Etymologie, Etimología, Étymologie, Etimologia, Etymology, (griech.) etymología, (lat.) etymologia, (esper.) etimologio
IN Indien, India, Inde, India, India, (esper.) Barato, Hindio, Hindujo
Sprache, Lengua, Langue, Lingua, Language, (esper.) lingvo - lingvoj

Amtssprache, Langue Officielle, Official Language:
Hindi, Englisch, (17 gleichberechtigte Regionalsprachen)

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

Morgenroth, Wolfgang
Lehrbuch des Sanskrit
Grammatik, Lektionen, Glossar

Gebundene Ausgabe: 365 Seiten
Verlag: Verlag Enzyklopädie; Auflage: 6., unveränd. A. (1993)

A

Amtssprache von IN Amtssprache von Indien

angelfire Sanscrit Etymological Sources sanscritic roots for Indo-European words

Assam Khamti - Language of IN (W3)

Assamese - Language of IN (W3)

Assami - Language of IN (W3)

B

Barbar Barbarossa

C

csmonitor - A Hindi-English jumble, spoken by 350 million

D

E

ethnologue.com - Languages of / Sprachen von India (Asia)

ethnologue.com - Aariya - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Aba - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Abadi - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - A'beng - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - A'bengya - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Abhor - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Abohi - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Abor - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Abujhmadia - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Abujhmaria - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Abujmar Maria - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Abujmaria - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Abujmariya - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - A'chick - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - A'chik - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Adewada - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Adi - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Adi - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Adi Dravida - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Adi, Galo - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Adi-Gallong - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Adi-Galo - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Adilabad - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Adivasi Wagdi - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Adiwasi Girasia - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Adiwasi Gujarati - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Adiwasi Oriya - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Adiya - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Adiya - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Adiyan - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Adkuri - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Agari of Kolaba - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Agaria - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Agariya - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Agharia - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Agoria - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Aheri - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Ahirani - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Ahiri - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Ahiri - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Ahmedabad Gamadia - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Ahom - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Aimol - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Aine Kuruba - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Aiton - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Aitonia - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Aiyangar - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Aiyar - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Ajiri of Hazara - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Ajmeri - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Aka - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Aka Lel - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Aka-Bea - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Aka-Beada - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Aka-Bo - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Aka-Cari - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Aka-Jeru - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Aka-Kede - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Aka-Kol - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Aka-Kora - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Akar-Bale - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Alan - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Alanmar - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Alar - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Alealum - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Allan - Language of IN

ethnologue.com - Allar - Language of IN

Amtssprache von IN
Amtssprache von Indien

angelfire
Sanscrit Etymological Sources
sanscritic roots for Indo-European words

Barbar
Barbarossa